TransnationalismTransnationalism andand GlobalismGlobalism WhatWhat isis thethe differencedifference betweenbetween andand globalismglobalism andand transnationalismtransnationalism??

►GlobalismGlobalism:: thethe removalremoval ofof barriersbarriers toto freefree tradetrade andand closercloser integrationintegration ofof nationalnational economieseconomies ((StiglitzStiglitz)) ►TransnationalismTransnationalism:: humanhuman activitiesactivities andand socialsocial institutionsinstitutions thatthat extendextend acrossacross nationalnational boundariesboundaries ((ØØstergaardstergaard--Nielsen)Nielsen) ►TheseThese termsterms areare closelyclosely related.related. MutuallyMutually influencing.influencing. OftenOften usedused interchangeably.interchangeably. RecentRecent StagesStages ofof EconomicEconomic GlobalizationGlobalization

►ExportExport ofof rawraw materialsmaterials andand slavesslaves toto developeddeveloped nationsnations ►TransnationalTransnational corporationscorporations establishingestablishing manufacturingmanufacturing facilitiesfacilities inin developingdeveloping nations,nations, particularlyparticularly inin centralcentral andand LatinLatin AmericaAmerica andand Asia.Asia. OutsourcingOutsourcing labor.labor. ►ImportingImporting laborlabor suchsuch asas domesticdomestic help,help, seasonalseasonal workers,workers, sexsex workers,workers, etcetc…… TransnationalTransnational EntitiesEntities

►TransnationalTransnational CorporationsCorporations ((CowieCowie):): bananasbananas toto carscars ►TransnationalTransnational AdvocacyAdvocacy NetworksNetworks (Keck(Keck andand SikkickSikkick)) ►DiasporicDiasporic Communities:Communities: assimilation,assimilation, integration,integration, remittances,remittances, identityidentity ►MediaMedia andand Technology:Technology: FoxFox Network,Network, CNN;CNN; InternetInternet (digital(digital divide);divide); transportationtransportation SupranationalSupranational OrganizationsOrganizations

►WorldWorld BankBank (rebuilding(rebuilding EuropeEurope afterafter WWII),WWII), IMFIMF (After(After depression,depression, monitormonitor economiceconomic stabilitystability ofof nations),nations), WTOWTO (Enforce(Enforce agreementsagreements likelike NAFTA,NAFTA, GATT)GATT) ►EuropeanEuropean UnionUnion ►UnitedUnited Nations,Nations, NATO,NATO, LeagueLeague ofof ArabArab Nations,Nations, AsianAsian Development,Development, AfricanAfrican NationalNational Congress,Congress, etcetc…… GlobalizationGlobalization TheoriesTheories

► World Systems Theory (Wallerstein 1974) Core-Periphery ► Critique of World Systems-gives no agency to peripheral nations and homogenizes both core and periphery nations, glosses the complexity of relationships between nations (Wolf 1982) ► 1990s scholars argued the decline of the nation state due increasing transnational and supranational organizations based in global cities (Sassen), expansion of media and migration (Appadurai), renders invisible emerging forms of membership and relationships to nation states (Soysal 1994) ► Keohane and Nye (2000), Harvey and others argue that the nation-state is not obsolete. However there are more players to consider such as NGOs, private sector actors and supranational organizations. Transparency and accountability emphasized. Sovereignty,Sovereignty, NationalismNationalism andand CitizenshipCitizenship

► To what extent do countries have sovereignty? What impinges on a nation’s sovereignty? (Krasner) ► Nationalism: Imagined Communities (Anderson), Who’s Imagined Community? (Chatterjee), Nationalisms (Hutchinson, Calhoun) ► Citizenship: substantive verses formal citizenship; Flexible Citizenship (Ong), Limits of Citizenship (Soysal), Citizenship and Nationshood in France and Germany (Brubaker) PositivePositive andand NegativeNegative AspectsAspects ofof GlobalizationGlobalization

► Positive: Reduced cost of transportation and communication; increased flow of information, people, goods, services, and capital; Transnational Organizations: Human rights (Amnesty), health improvement (WHO, Red Cross), debt reduction programs (Jubilee), working conditions (ILO) ► Negative: Increasing economic inequality both within and between countries; Structural Adjustment Programs, sanctions go in one direction making it difficult to impose on 1st world nations. AdditionalAdditional AreasAreas ofof GlobalizationGlobalization toto ConsiderConsider

► Migration: patterns, reasons, barriers, work, residency, citizenship, family ► Labor: outsourcing, labor importation; Capital Moves (Cowie); Servants of Globalization (Parrenas); Threads (Collins); Doing the Dirty Work (Anderson) ► Gender Issues: human rights, gender mainstreaming ► Medical Issues: drug patents, trafficking in organs ► Ethnicity and Race: religion, discrimination ► Culture, Art: McDonaldization of…, Starbucks, Target’s international campaign, Pier One, etc… ► Regulations: chemicals, illegal substances, GMO, environment HowHow dodo transnationalismtransnationalism andand globalismglobalism affectaffect TVE?TVE? ► Cultural issues such as religion, polygamy in France or ethnicity in Germany ► Changing immigration policies within the EU and EU expansion ► Schengen agreements allowing free movement between EU states ► Citizenship ► Labor migration and remittances ► Gender relationships ► Reunification ► Identity ► And many more….