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50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-51744-3, 276 pages, 8.5 x 11, (2000) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html CONTENTS i 50 YEARS OF OCEAN DISCOVERY NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1950 2000 Ocean Studies Board Ocean Studies Board National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. Library of Congress Catalog Number 99-67879 International Standard Book Number 0-309-06398-1 Additional copies of this report are available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Box 285 Washington, D.C. 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html Preface Oceanography is a relatively young branch of science. retired). The planning committee put together a two-and- The Challenger Expedition in 1872-1876 began the explora- one-half-day symposium to highlight the achievements of tion of the deep sea but it was during World War II that the ocean sciences and the individuals who made the advances significance of this knowledge became of national impor- over the past 50 years. We emphasized the development of tance. The U.S. Office of Naval Research, formed soon af- the institutional structures within NSF required to work suc- ter the war, sponsored basic research as well as work rel- cessfully with the expanding ocean science community. We evant to the Navy. The National Science Foundation (NSF), ensured discussion of the major issues that emerged in re- created in 1950, gradually augmented and diversified fund- cent decades; especially the balance of large and small sci- ing in oceanography until, now, NSF is the major federal ence. We wanted a glimpse into the future of ocean sciences supporter of marine science. through the ideas of the next generation. During the first few decades after WWII there was a These topics, the speakers, and a highly participatory tremendous efflorescence in our understanding of fundamen- audience of almost 400 made the symposium an exciting and tal processes in the sea; in ocean circulation, plate tectonics, enjoyable event. A poster session highlighted the history of and the biochemical basis for the productivity of marine life. individual institutions and some of the major ocean science Oceanography expanded rapidly and then, of necessity, grew programs. An exhibit of photos of marine organisms pro- more slowly until it is now a mature discipline. So this is a vided a backdrop for a reception at the historic National very suitable point to look back at our achievements and the Academy of Sciences building. NSF sponsored participa- major role of NSF, as well as looking to the future of this tion in the symposium by ocean science students nominated field. by their institutions. There was a genuine feeling of celebra- The United Nations declared 1998 the International tion among several generations of ocean scientists coming Year of the Ocean and NSF, along with other federal agen- together to discuss the past and future of our field. cies, celebrated the U.S. commitment to the oceans. As part This volume contains the presentations from the sym- of these activities and to commemorate, ahead of time, the posium speakers. Nearly all of them were directly involved NSF Fiftieth Anniversary, NSF’s Division of Ocean Sci- in the events they discuss and this gives an immediacy to ences approached the National Research Council’s Ocean their stories. The appendices provide other information that Studies Board (OSB) to plan and execute a symposium on we hope will serve those who delve into this period of the Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery. The OSB formed a plan- history of our science and NSF’s role in it. We are grateful to ning committee composed of scientists and managers who Dr. Gary Weir and Dr. David van Keuren for checking the have observed NSF’s role in U.S. ocean sciences from out- historical accuracy of several of the historical papers from side and inside NSF. The following members of the plan- the first day of the symposium. Videotapes of the sympo- ning committee did a great service to the oceanography com- sium are also available from the National Science Founda- munity in planning and participating in this symposium: tion and the Ocean Studies Board. On behalf of the planning Feenan Jennings (National Science Foundation and Texas committee, I wish to express our appreciation for NSF’s A&M University, retired), John Knauss (University of sponsorship of this activity, and thank the OSB staff, espe- Rhode Island), Marcia McNutt (Monterey Bay Aquarium cially Ed Urban and Ann Carlisle, for all their work. Above Research Institute), Walter Munk (Scripps Institution of all we are grateful to the many individuals who took such a full Oceanography), Andrew Solow (Woods Hole Oceano- part in this event and made it a very memorable occasion. graphic Institution), Sandra Toye (National Science Foun- dation, retired), Karl Turekian (Yale University), and Robert John Steele Wall (National Science Foundation and University of Maine, Chair, Planning Committee iii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html Contents KEYNOTE LECTURE The Emergence of the National Science Foundation as a Supporter of Ocean Sciences in the United States John A. Knauss 3 LANDMARK ACHIEVEMENTS OF OCEAN SCIENCES Achievements in Biological Oceanography Richard T. Barber and Anna K. Hilting 11 Achievements in Chemical Oceanography John W. Farrington 22 Achievements in Physical Oceanography Walter Munk 44 Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics Marcia K. McNutt 51 Deep Submergence: The Beginnings of Alvin as a Tool of Basic Research Sandra Toye 65 The History of Woods Hole’s Deep Submergence Program Robert D. Ballard 67 CREATING INSTITUTIONS TO MAKE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES POSSIBLE A Chronology of the Early Development of Ocean Sciences at NSF Michael R. Reeve 87 Ocean Sciences at the National Science Foundation: Early Evolution Mary Johrde 93 Ocean Sciences at the National Science Foundation: An Administrative History Sandra Toye 96 Two Years of Turbulence Leading to a Quarter Century of Cooperation: The Birth of UNOLS John V. Byrne and Robertson P. Dinsmore 107 Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST Edward L. Winterer 117 Technology Development for Ocean Sciences at NSF H. Lawrence Clark 128 LARGE AND SMALL SCIENCE PROGRAMS: A DELICATE BALANCE The Great Importance of “Small” Science Programs G. Michael Purdy 137 The Role of NSF in “Big” Ocean Science: 1950 to 1980 Feenan D. Jennings 141 Major Physical Oceanography Programs at NSF: IDOE Through Global Change Richard B. Lambert, Jr. 149 v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9702.html vi CONTENTS Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry Peter G. Brewer 152 OCEAN SCIENCES TODAY AND TOMORROW Futures Workshops The Future of Physical Oceanography William R. Young 165 The Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States FOCUS Steering Committee 169 The Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics: A Summary Marcia K.
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