The leading life sciences clusters in Europe

September 2015

A study commissioned by: Map of the Clusters

Oslo

Stockolm - Uppsala

Medicon Valley Scotland

Ireland North-West England The Netherlands

Berlin – Brandenburg London Cambridge Oxford Flanders Heidelberg - Rhine-Neckar

Vienna BioValley Île-de-France Munich-Bavaria Zurich

Rhône-Alpes

2 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Foreword

Europe is lauded for the quality of its science, but there To define the most innovative life sciences clusters, key are also well-signposted shortcomings in the systems for quantitative criteria were analysed. These include the commercialising this research. percentage of GDP allocated to R&D, the number of life science companies and their turnover, the number The comparison of life sciences clusters across Europe is of researchers, the level of education, the number of a way not only to track down excellent science, but also teaching hospitals, the number of patents, and so on. to assess the relative strengths of different regions when it comes to engaging with industry and supporting These quantitative measures say something of course, innovation. However, it is also a complex task. but they do not read across directly to a qualitative assessment. To put flesh on these numbers, the study Clusters can be formed at a variety of levels: they can be considered the reputation of local universities, the concentrated in a city, they can spread across borders, academic excellence, the capacity to absorb EU funding, they can be the result of a national strategy to boost the quality of the R&D infrastructure and support innovation. It is also the case that depending on their services and the ease of doing business. It also looked at audience, clusters may like to present themselves as policy measures, such as public investment policies and independent clusters in their own right, or on other tax incentives. In other words all the reasons why one occasions to be seen as part of a larger entity. In the cluster or another could be a source of innovation for a UK, for example, Cambridge is promoted both as the large science-driven company such as Sanofi — and the area around the city and also as part of the ‘Golden ease with which this innovation can be tapped. Triangle’ of Cambridge, Oxford and London. Nodding to the American view of geography, the UK BioIndustry To complement the analysis, some key figures in Association recently began referring to ‘The UK the clusters were interviewed to give their personal Cluster’. perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of the clusters. France is a champion in multiplying its innovation nodes. Areas covered by umbrella organisations such as This study offers an overview of the leading life sciences Lyonbiopole or Medicen, which are defined as clusters, innovation hubs across Europe – some of which are contain within them multiple sub-groups, labelled as also world leaders. It can form the basis for setting out “clusters” by the French state. The city of Oslo counts no a strategy for systematic engagement with Europe’s less than 11 life sciences clusters. leading scientists, to enrich discovery research and generate innovation. Juggling with this diversity of definitions, this study, commissioned by Sanofi, covers 17 geographical areas Maryline Fiaschi that fit a common preliminary criterion: that they Director, Science|Business form a coherent structure where universities, research labs, science parks, incubators, hospitals, start-ups, large companies and government agencies cooperate, with the joint aim of generating innovation. They also respond to a national, regional or local strategy to join forces with the objective of strengthening the area’s competitiveness and economic growth.

3 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Table of Contents

Map of the clusters 2

Europe’s leading life sciences clusters Vienna 5 Flanders 7 Medicon Valley 9 Île-de-France 11 Rhône-Alpes 13 Berlin – Brandenburg 15 Heidelberg - Rhine-Neckar 17 Munich – Bavaria 19 Ireland 21 Oslo 23 Stockholm-Uppsala 25 BioValley 27 Zurich 29 The Netherlands 31 London – Cambridge – Oxford 33 North-West England 35 Scotland 37

References and credits 39

4 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Vienna

Facts and figures Areas of excellence % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.84% (Austria 2013) > Medical biotechnology Total private R&D investment €1.51 billion (2011) > Anti-infectives Total public R&D investment €242.924 million (2011) > Immunology Economic growth 0.3% (2012) > Oncology Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €9.089 billion (2013) > Respiratory diseases Life sciences companies 378 (2012) > Medical technology (in particular Number of employees 21,031 (2012) electromechanical medical Students with tertiary education 150,000 (38,290 in life devices and software for medicine, sciences) (2012) telemedicine and e-health) Number of researchers 40,398, including 7,744 in life sciences (2014) Number of scientific publications 8,030 (2013-2014) university business incubators, have Total citations (2013-2014) 19,256 helped to pull in private investors and Geographical coverage of the cluster 415 km² fostered cooperation with multinational companies. Cluster overview employ 14,289, staff of whom 7,744 are The Vienna region has 25 research researchers. As one demonstration of the Business and investment institutions and five universities, with quality of the research, LISAvienna cites Vienna is home to 378 biotech, pharma more than 38,290 life sciences students. 5,733 papers published in international and medical technology companies, The cluster is concentrated within the city journals in 2013. In 2012, researchers in which in 2012 employed 21,031 people. of Vienna which covers approximately the region filed 42 life science patents, The cluster has the attraction of being 415 km2 on both banks of the Danube. while the active portfolio totals 745 close to growing markets in Eastern Inward investment and development of patents. A total of 22 products discovered Europe. The corporation tax rate is the cluster is supported by LISAvienna, in the region are in clinical trials. 25 per cent and there is the option of a body that is jointly funded by the national government and the City of R&D infrastructures and Universities: Vienna. In the past 15 years, the Austrian • University of Natural Resources and government has invested over €400 support services Life Sciences million in R&D infrastructure in Vienna. Vienna has particular strengths in • Medical University of Vienna In 2013, the total annual turnover for the anti-infectives, immunology, oncology, • University of Veterinary Medicine life sciences sector in the region was €9.09 respiratory diseases and medical Vienna billion. Multinationals including Baxter, technology. Since 1998, the Austrian • University of Vienna Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novartis national funding bank, Austria • Vienna University of Technology and Sandoz have made investments here, Wirtschafts service, has awarded and are working with small companies, roughly €206 million in grants, loans Academic institutes – Applied universities and research centres. and guarantees to life science companies Universities: in Vienna. In the same period, the • University of Applied Sciences FH Technology Agency of the City of Vienna, Campus Vienna Academic excellence the Vienna Science and Technology • University of Applied Sciences In the 2014 Shanghai Ranking, the Fund and the Vienna Business Agency Technikum Vienna University of Vienna ranks in the top 200 have invested €190 million in life science while the Medical University of Vienna projects and infrastructure. These and Other academic institutes: ranks among the top 300 universities. other funding agencies, such as Austrian • Austrian Centre of Industrial Vienna’s 25 research institutions Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and Biotechnology

5 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS The European Research Council (ERC) has awarded a series of grants to Vienna-based life

sciences researchers - Medical University • Alwin Kohler, of the Medical of Vienna University of Vienna, was awarded - LISAvienna €1.48 million for “Nuclearpore - Campus Vienna Biocentre connection: adaptor complexes bridging genome regulation”. • Wulf Eckhard Haubensak, of the Vienna Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, was awarded €1.5 million Austria for “Circuit mechanics of emotions in the limbic system”.

• Daniel Wolfram Gerlich, of the Campus Vienna Biocentre Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, The Campus Vienna BioCentre is home to a number of laboratories, several was awarded €1.5 million for internationally successful biotech companies and recent start-ups. Services “Bridging spatial and temporal available on the campus include the Campus Science Support Facilities, which resolution gaps in the study of cell provides access to a range of new technologies. division”.

• Barbara Greineder, of the University LifeScience Vienna Muthgasse of Veterinary Medicine, was awarded LifeScience Vienna Muthgasse is the newest life science park in Vienna. It brings €1.23 million for the “Evolution of together university and research institutions, including the University of Natural sensory organ morphology: Genetic Resources and Life Sciences and the Austrian Institute of Technology, with a analysis of eye size”. number of life science companies and organisations. The first phase, ‘Biotech I’ with more than 24,000 square metres is already in use. The next building, ‘Biotech II’ will provide 29,000 square metres of office and lab space. group taxation, allowing international companies with Austrian subsidiaries for the start-up phase. Other support Success stories to transfer profits and losses between includes up to €50,000 in Temporary and international subsidiaries to reduce the overall Management grants, to help companies corporate tax liability. Austria offers attract management expertise. There acknowledgement R&D allowances of up to 25 per cent is a strong environment for start-ups, Austrian scientists have won the Nobel and in special cases up to 35 per cent. In and over 19 per cent of firms in the Prize for Physiology or Medicine seven 2012, 68 life science projects in Vienna Vienna cluster are less than five years old. times since 1927. The most recent attracted total funding of €29.5 million However, Sonja Hammerschmid, Rector award, in 2000, went to Eric Kandel for from Austria Wirtschaftsservice, the of Veterinary University of Vienna, says discoveries about signal transduction Austrian Research Promotion Agency, the tax system does not incentivise big in the nervous system. Since 1925, Vienna Business Agency, Vienna Science companies to invest in Austrian research five Austrians have won the Nobel and Technology and the Technology projects and university spin-offs and that Prize for Chemistry. Most recently, Agency of the City of Vienna. Between the Austrian Research Fund is not able to in 2013 Martin Karplus won for the 2014 - 2018, the City of Vienna and the allocate sufficient funding to life sciences development of multiscale models for national government are investing €52 projects. “Compared to neighbouring complex chemical systems. million in the Campus Vienna Biocentre. countries like Germany and Switzerland, From 2014 to 2024, the city will invest Austria cannot fund projects at the same another €10 million in equipment for rate because the competition for money the Vienna Institute of Biotechnology at is much higher and the allocated funds The life sciences sector Life Science Vienna Muthgasse. Austria are much lower,” said Hammerschmid. In accounts for 5.5 per cent of Wirtschaftservice provides financial addition, basic research is underfunded Austria’s GDP, and life sciences support to high-technology start- and universities need to look beyond ups through LISA PreSeed and LISA public funding bodies. companies generated revenues SeedFinancing. LISA PreSeed offers up of €9.09 billion in 2013 in the to €200,000 for the pre-start phase, while Vienna Region. SeedFinancing offers up to €1 million

6 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Flanders

Facts and figures “Belgium is the only European % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.4% (2013) country where you can start Total private R&D investment €3.474 billion (2013) your clinical trial within 14 Total public R&D investment €1.271 billion (2013) days,” Veerle de Colvenaer, Economic growth 0.2% (Belgium 2013) Project Manager Healthcare at Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €1.9 billion (2013) Life sciences companies 146 (2013) FlandersBio. Number of employees 13,000 (2013) Students with tertiary education 229,923 (2013-2014) 2013-2014 of the World Economic Number of researchers 56,195 (2013) th Number of scientific publications 12,036 (2013-2014) Forum, Belgium was ranked the 17 most Total citations 30,124 (2013-2014) competitive economy in the world, out Geographical coverage of the cluster 13,522 km² of 152 countries. The Flanders cluster includes five major Belgian universities: KU Leuven, Vrije University Brussels, University of Antwerp, Hasselt University Areas of excellence and Ghent University. In the 2014 > Clinical research Shanghai Ranking, KU Leuven made > Gene research associated with disorders such as cancer, coronaries or it into the top 100 universities for the Alzheimer’s disease first time at 96th, and it also ranks 39th in > Cell therapy clinical medicine and pharmacy. > Antibody constructs and fragments including nanobodies There are four research centres closely connected to the universities, focusing Cluster overview on nanoelectronics and nanotech The Flanders cluster has a well-structured Most of the life sciences companies are (Imec), biotech (VIB), ICT (iMinds) and academic and research network situated in 13 science parks, 14 incubators, technological innovation (VITO). The based around Leuven, Antwerp and research institutes such as VIB (Vlaams University of Antwerp, KU Leuven R&D Ghent. The area has a well-educated Instituut voor Biotechnologie), and and the VIB research centre are the main workforce, low unemployment and a university hospitals. The region also technology transfer offices in the Flanders government that takes an active role in has a pharmaceutical manufacturing life sciences cluster. Spin-off companies stimulating the life sciences sector. There base. Pfizer’s second biggest production from KU Leuven have raised more than is close collaboration between pharma and packaging site, in Puurs, Flanders, €500 million in the last seven years. companies, which include Janssen, employs about 1,300 people. In June UCB, Genzyme and GlaxoSmithKline, 2014, Johnson & Johnson announced a R&D infrastructures and and the sizeable cohort of listed and €56.5 million investment to modernise private biotechs, such as Galapagos, the Janssen chemical production plant support services Ablynx, Movetis, Innogenetics, Tibotec, in Geel, which manufactures active Belgium ranks first in clinical trials per ThromboGenics, and Tigenix. There is substances for medicines. capita and the government claims it also good interchange between start-ups, offers one of the fastest approval times research centres, academic institutes and for clinical trials, taking less than two government agencies. Flanders has a Academic excellence weeks to give a decision in the case of dense network of 167 hospitals, including The education system in Flanders is Phase I trials. Jo Bury, Managing Director seven university hospitals, and has a good highly ranked by the OECD. Meanwhile, at VIB, notes the strong roots, with the reputation in conducting clinical trials. in the Global Competitiveness Report push to develop a life sciences cluster in

7 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Antwerp Imec and Johns Hopkins University - Antwerp University struck up a partnership in October - Antwerp University Hospital 2013 to develop new diagnostic devices, beginning with a device that could be Ghent loaded with a sample of blood, saliva - Ghent University or urine and quickly analysed using - Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie – VIB a smartphone, tablet or computer, - FlandersBio making diagnostic testing faster and easier. Leuven - KU Leuven - imec

Flanders dating back to the 1990s. The Brussels Agency for Innovation through Science - Vrije University Brussels and Technology (IWT) was established - The Agency for Innova- Flanders tion through Science by the Flemish government in 1991 and Technology (IWT) to provide financial support, advice, Belgium coordination and networking. At the same time VIB was formed. Today, VIB has more than 1,200 scientists and 65 research groups from over 60 countries ERC supports a new working across four universities. It covers Researchers from FlandersBio fields including bioinformatics, cancer, single cell analyser cardiovascular medicine, developmental have received a total of 34 biology, inflammation and immunity and grants in the last five years Liesbet Lagae, R&D Manager Life microbiology. FlandersBio is the umbrella from the ERC. Science Technologies at imec and networking organisation. professor in Nanobio Physics at KU Leuven, was awarded a €2 million Business and investment Success stories grant in January 2014 for a five-year Flanders offers tax and other inducements research project in which she aims to to companies that locate R&D operations and international develop a single cell analyser based in the region. Since 2008 companies acknowledgement on lens-free digital imaging. This are allowed to deduct 80 per cent of the will make it possible to analyse the income derived from patents from their Flanders has produced well known morphology of single cells flowing at taxable net profits. Companies doing scientists including Walter Fiers, high speeds through a microfluidic R&D in Flanders are eligible for an Raymond Hamers, Herman Van Den network, with cell sorting switches exemption from payroll withholding tax Berghe, Jeff Schell and Marc Van to route the cells towards different for researchers. Recently, the maximum Montagu. In 2014, researchers in Flanders outlets. exemption was increased to 75 per cent. identified a new genetic cause for autism, The Flemish Government provides grants including a series of mutations that are and subsidies of up to 80 per cent for not hereditary. The findings open up new R&D of new products. IWT distributes avenues for research. €300 million in subsidies for innovation annually, including €120 million to private companies, with one third going Ablynx: nanobody technology drives deals with pharma to SMEs. The Flanders life sciences cluster One of the undoubted stars of the Flanders cluster is Ablynx of Ghent, which also gets funding from private investors is developing antibody constructs called nanobodies as the basis of new and VC funds including Gimv, KBC, therapeutics. The company has signed a number of corporate partners and has its Versalius, LRM, Biovest LSP, Credit own in-house clinical development programmes. Agricole, MP Healthcare, Ventech and As an example, in October 2013, Ablynx agreed a collaboration with Merck Gilde. The European Investment Bank Serono under which a dedicated discovery unit will be set up at Ablynx. Merck (EIB) has recently backed life sciences Serono paid €11.5 million up front to finance the creation of the unit and will projects in Flanders, for example with provide a further €13.5 million over the next four years to fund the research. a loan of €150 million announced in The aim is to deliver at least six programmes with proof of principle in relevant November 2013 for the new hospital of animal models. AZ Saint-Maarten in Mechelen. Between Also in October 2013, Ablynx announced an €850 million tie-up with Abbvie 2010 and 2014, the EIB granted €325 Inc. for ALX-0061, a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus million for the construction of the Health erythematosus. The product, which is the most advanced of the company’s single Sciences Campus Gasthuisberg, a medical domain antibody fragments, or nanobodies, and university centre providing acute is targeted against the cytokine interleukin-6 care, education and research in a single receptor (IL-6R). location.

8 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Medicon Valley

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Clinical trials % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.6% (2012) > Personalised medicine Total private R&D investment Not available > Cancer Total public R&D investment 3.1% of GDP (2008) > Diabetes Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector Not available > Neuroscience Students with tertiary education 150,000, incl. 45,000 > Drug delivery students in life sciences (2011) Life sciences companies 350 (2013) of the R&D in both Denmark and Number of employees 44,000 (2013) Sweden. R&D expenditure is 4.9 per Number of researchers in life sciences 10,000 (2011) cent of GDP, with 73 per cent coming Number of scientific publications Not available from private sources. Total investment Geographical coverage of the cluster 21,000 km² in biotechnology in Denmark stands at €3.8 billion and the country has the third Cluster overview and Lund University and Technical largest commercial drug development The opening of the Oresund Bridge University of Denmark between 101 pipeline after the UK and Germany. in 2000 put the Danish capital of and 150. Within Medicon Valley, 27 Medical products are Denmark’s largest Copenhagen within 20 minutes per cent of people aged 25-64 have a export, earning close to €8 billion travelling time of the Swedish university higher education degree. The cluster has per year. Pharmaceutical research city of Malmö. The subsequent 7,000 students graduating every year in accounts for 21 per cent of total private development of the Medicon Valley life sciences and 10,000 professionals research spending in Denmark, with represents one of Europe’s few working in R&D. approximately €130 million invested transnational life science clusters. in clinical research each year. “The It spreads over 21,203 km2, with a Medicon Valley is home to two large definite strength of the cluster is the workforce of 3.5 million people, of biotechnology centres, the Biotech ability to work together on creating which 44,000 are employed in life Research and Innovation Centre in new technologies and innovation across sciences. Medicon Valley is home to Copenhagen and the Biomedical Centre universities, hospitals and industry. In 27 pharmaceutical companies, over 85 in Lund. Private and government many clusters this is a mere concept, biotechs, 166 medtech companies, 32 research institutes include the John F. but in Medicon Valley it is a natural laboratories, 25 investment companies, Kennedy Institute for neurology and way of doing business – also across 69 contract research organisations, 28 genetics, the Hagedorn Institute for borders, with our Swedish neighbours,” contract manufacturing organisations Diabetes and Molecular Endocrinology, says Hans Christian Lindstrom Wegge, and 17 public organisations. It also has the Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre Business Development Manager of Life seven science parks and six incubators. and the Danish Cancer Society’s Cancer Science at Copenhagen Capacity, the Copenhagen University and the Epidemiology Centre. leading technology transfer office in Technical University of Denmark are Medicon Valley. The cluster also has a the region’s main research institutions. R&D infrastructures and number of science parks and incubators, including Ideon, DTU Symbion Academic excellence support services Innovation, Medicon Village, Cobis, There are 11 universities spread on both There is a focus on pharma R&D in and Medeon. Support for technology sides of the Oresund Bridge. Three of the Medicon Valley cluster, with Novo transfer is specifically focused on disease these made it into the top 150 in the Nordisk, LEO Pharma and Lundbeck areas where the region has particular 2014 Shanghai Ranking, which placed having research facilities in the area. strengths, including metabolic diseases, the University of Copenhagen at 39 The region accounts for a large share central nervous system, infectious

9 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Aarhus - University of Aarhus Medicon’s universities Copenhagen and schools - Copenhagen University - Copenhagen Business School - Copenhagen Hospital - University of Copenhagen Cooperative - Biotech Research - Danish University of Education - Copenhagen Capacity - Kristianstad University - Lund University Kongens Lyngby - Malmö University - Technical University of Denmark - Roskilde University - Technical University of Denmark Lund - University of Copenhagen - Lund University - The Danish University of - Biomedical Centre in Lund Pharmaceutical Sciences - The Royal Veterinary and Medicon Valley Malmö Agricultural University Denmark - Sweden - University of Malmö

diseases, immunotherapy and cancer. Sweden recently cut its rate to 22 per Medical technology in However new strategic focus areas are cent. Foreign nationals with skills that developing and there is a push to develop are in high demand pay only 25 per cent Denmark traces its roots to new specialties, in structural biology income tax in the first three years. To the 1900s and the invention and around the European Spallation maintain its competitiveness, Medicon of hearing aids by William Source in Sweden, in which Denmark Valley will need to deal with shifts in the Demant. There are now more is a partner and host of the data centre. corporate and investment environment, than 1,000 organisations such as downsising at some of its Business and investment leading companies, increasing global involved in medtech, including Denmark was ranked 5th in the World competition and a decrease on R&D more than 220 companies. Bank’s 2013 ‘Ease of Doing Business’ return investment seen in recent years. league table. Life sciences companies The cluster’s support body, the Medicon method for purifying insulin that was in the Medicon Valley employ 2.7 per Valley Alliance has put in place The invented at the University of Toronto, cent of the total workforce of the region, Beacon Initiative to address some of the setting up the first purification facility while pharmaceuticals account for 5 challenges the region faces. The aim is and treating the first patients in per cent of Sweden’s exports, and 10 per to identify 3-5 focus areas, or beacons, Denmark. cent of Denmark’s. There are 12 venture where Medicon Valley can become top capital firms specialising in life sciences, of the class, and which will become including Novo Ventures. There is also global sign-posts to attract talent, Exiqon: A leading support for inward investors through business, and capital. supplier of high-value the Nordic Venture Network, Invest in Skane and Copenhagen Capacity. gene expression analysis Success stories products and international Exiqon is dedicated to personalising “One weakness of Medicon is acknowledgement treatment selection for cancer patients the lack of available capital to Diabetes is an area in which Denmark is by optimising the use of existing further develop some of our dominant, with Novo Nordisk holding medicine and avoiding unnecessary promising technologies,” Hans a leading position in the field. In total, and non-effective treatment. Christian Lindstrøm Wegge, 13 Danes have won the Nobel Prize, It operates in two business segments: Business Development Manager including the immunologist Niels Kaj Exiqon Life Sciences is one of the market’s leading providers of research at Copenhagen Capacity Jerne in 1984 and the chemist Jens Christian Skou in 1997. The Danish products for microRNA analysis. biochemist, Henrik Dam was awarded Exiqon Diagnostics develops novel The governments of both countries are the Nobel Prize for the discovery of molecular diagnostic tests for supportive of the sector, with the Danish vitamin K, which is essential in blood stratification of patients, for clinical government currently putting in €874 clotting. August Krogh won his Nobel trials, early detection of diseases, and million to renew university research Prize in 1920 for the discovery of the to help physicians make treatment facilities, while the Swedish government capillary regulatory mechanism in decisions based on RNA profiling. is investing €1.2 billion from 2013-16 skeletal muscle. He was also responsible Exiqon is listed on the NASDAQ to strengthen life sciences. Denmark’s for Denmark’s standing in the treatment OMX in Copenhagen. corporate tax rate is 24 per cent, while of diabetes, obtaining a license to the

10 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Île-de-France

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Clinical trials % of GDP allocated to R&D 3.1% (2014) > Oncology Total private R&D investment €11.3 billion (2013) > Neurodegenerative, sensory and Total public R&D investment €6.1 billion (2013) psychiatric diseases Economic growth 0.3% (2013) > Infectious disease Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector Not available > Cardio-vascular diseases Life sciences companies 1,000+ (2014) > Nutrition and health Number of employees 36,600 (2011) > Imaging Students with tertiary education 635,353 (2012-2013) Number of researchers 91,000 (2012) of which 11,900 in life sciences Number of scientific publications 23,813 (2013-2014) Centres of excellence Geographical coverage of the cluster 12,012 km² Oncology • Gustave Roussy Institute and the associated Cancer Campus Cluster overview research in France is concentrated • Curie Institute With 11.85 million inhabitants, a GDP in Ile-de-France. The region has • Saint-Louis Hospital of €572 billion, 17 universities, 40 per 45 hospitals and 71,800 healthcare Infectious diseases cent of the researchers and the highest professionals. • Pasteur Institute BIOASTER concentration of pharma companies in • Technology Research Institute Paris the country, Ile-de-France is the leading Academic excellence • LabEx ParaFrap – French Parasitology Alliance region of France. It also ranks number The Paris region is home to 17 for Healthcare one in Europe for technology research, universities, 300 public and private with 6.2 per cent of European patent research centres and 11,900 life sciences Immunology applications originating here in 2013. researchers. The Pierre-and-Marie Curie • Pasteur Institute It is number two, behind London, for University was 35th in the 2014 Shanghai Degenerative diseases and ophthalmology academic research with 5.8 per cent of Ranking and ranks fifth among • The Institute for Translational Neurosciences – European scientific publications. Paris European universities. Other Paris- one of three new model research institutes called is also home to a number of research based universities placed in the top 100 Instituts hospitalo-universitaires, founded in institutes, including Inserm (National are University of Paris Sud (Paris 11) 2009, which are based in and around Paris Institute of Health and Medical at 46 and Ecole Normale Superieure • NeuroSpin – Neuro Imaging Research Institute Research), CEA (Atomic Energy Paris at 67. The main challenges faced • The Vision Institute Paris Commission), the Pasteur and Curie by Ile-de-France’s academic sector Rare diseases and gene therapy Institutes, and private R&D facilities. are the fragmentation of the regional • IMAGINE – The Institute for Genetic Diseases Ile-de-France has more than 1,000 life university network and the resulting low • Necker Paediatrics Hospital – Gene Therapy sciences companies, about 300 pharma international visibility. Platforms companies including Sanofi, Servier, • Nanotechnology: CEA – The French Ipsen, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, 200 In 2010, the Investments for the Future Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy biotech companies, including Genzyme Programme, financed by the French Commission and Cellectis, and over 360 medtech government was announced, with the • Mathematics: Saclay Centre; ENS Cachan companies, including GE Medical aim of ending the fragmentation in the • Chemistry: ESPCI – The School of Industrial Systems research centre, Siemens, French higher education system. The Physics and Chemistry Philips and Sorin Medical. More than 40 most significant initiative is the creation per cent of the total public healthcare of Idex (initiatives of excellence) to

11 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Paris - Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC) - Paris V René Descartes bring together existing institutions to University form larger university systems. Four of - Instituts hospitalo- the eight Idex are located in the Paris universitaires (IHU) - Institut de la vision region. Among the Idex recipients in the (IDV) wider Ile-de-France region, the Paris- - Institut Curie Saclay campus, still under construction, - Institut Pasteur is designed to host 22 higher education Villejuif institutions and 100,000 students. - Gustave-Roussy One of the world’s leading cancer Institute institutes, Gustave Roussy, with 3,000 staff including 239 doctors and 300 Saclay - CEA Saclay researchers, is based just south of Paris - Paris Sud Unversity (11) at Villejuif. It is home to the Cancer - CNRS Campus biocluster and works in collaboration with the companies in Île-de-France Evry - Genopole the cluster to translate its research into France new cancer treatments. Gustave Roussy also leads the Cancer Core Europe, a consortium of six leading centres and industry leaders working together of excellence conducting oncology to put in place measures such as R&D research at a European level. Université Paris-Saclay tax credits, more efficient clinical testing Funded through the Investments for and funds to assist biotech companies. the Future Programme, Paris-Saclay Companies can benefit from a 30 percent R&D infrastructures and brings together two universities, tax credit (Credit d’Impot Recherche) eleven ‘grandes écoles’ and seven support services applicable to all R&D activities. “Despite research organisations, with a brief to Sixty four per cent of R&D in Ile-de- the quality of the fundamental research create a world-class campus around a France is conducted by the private sector. conducted in Paris and the regional single, coordinated research strategy. Pharma companies with R&D activities network of universities, hospitals and Amongst the research institutes are in the region include Sanofi, Roche, research infrastructures in France, we CNRS and NeuroSaclay, specialising Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson, Pierre Fabre, have to admit that the cluster doesn’t in neuroscience research, the Institute Servier, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Meyers produce enough innovation,” says Yves of Integrated Biology, with a focus Squibb. Medicen Paris Region global Champey, Adviser to the Director on medical applications of genomics, competitiveness cluster, founded in 2005, General, Genopole. and the Institute of Physics and brings together over 170 small businesses Engineering in Medicine. Paris-Saclay and start-ups, 12 large multinational has attracted a number of leading Success stories companies, nine universities, 38 research-based companies to co- research hospitals as well as incubators and international locate on its campus. and bioparks for innovative start-ups, acknowledgement including Genopole, Paris Biotech, Major breakthroughs in modern medicine Agoranov, Paris Biopark, Biocitech, volume and is among the main global include Louis Pasteur’s discovery of Villejuif Biopark. The “Paris Biotech pharmaceutical exporters. The French life pasteurisation and vaccines for anthrax Vallee” cluster spans from Villejuif to Evry. sciences industry produces yearly revenue bacillus and rabies virus. It is at the Pasteur of about €47 billion and reinvests more Institute that Albert Calmette and Charles Paris Biotech Sante, founded in 2000 by than €1 billion each year. In 2013, the Guerin developed the first successful the Paris Descartes University, INSERM, total R&D expenditure in Ile-de-France vaccine against tuberculosis in 1921. Since Ecole Centrale Paris and ESSEC Business amounted to €17.4 billion, of which 65 per 1903, the Paris region has had 18 Nobel School, is an incubator specialising in cent was invested by the private sector. Prize winners in Physics, Chemistry and the development of new drugs, medical Medicine. devices and services. Every year, 865 Since the Medicen cluster was created in clinical trials are run in the Paris region, 2005, a total of 226 R&D projects have involving 20,000 patients. “A number been funded by the French government of foreign companies come to run their and local authorities, for a total project French scientists discover clinical trials in Paris. The reason is that budget of €846 million and €390 million HIV the ratio between the quality of healthcare of public subsidies. Meanwhile, at Saclay, In 2008, Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, a and the number of patients in Paris is the French government committed to a €5 French virologist and Director of the excellent,” says Franck Lethimonnier, billion investment over 10 years, of which Regulation of Retroviral Infections Research Director, CEA Saclay. €1.3 billion is dedicated to research and Division at the Institut Pasteur in innovation programmes and €2.5 billion Paris, was awarded the Nobel Prize Business and investment to scientific and academic buildings. in Physiology or Medicine, with Luc France ranks first in Europe in terms The Strategic Council for the Health Montagnier, for their discovery of of pharmaceuticals manufacturing by Industries involves government agencies HIV in 1983.

12 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Rhône-Alpes

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Infectious diseases % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.7% (2013) > Cancer Total private R&D investment €3.4 billion (2010) > Neurosciences Total public R&D investment €2.28 billion (2012) > Medical technologies Economic growth Not available Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector Not available 150 group of the best world universities Life sciences companies 600 according to the 2014 Shanghai ranking. Number of employees 50,000 Claude Bernard University and the Ecole Students with tertiary education 255,130 (2012-2013) Normale Superieure of Lyon are in the top Number of researchers 19,000 of which 6,500 in life 300.There are 650 research laboratories, sciences of which 150 are affiliated to a higher Number of scientific publications 5,508 (2013-2014) education institution. Major national Total citations 13,222 (2013-2014) research institutes such as CNRS (the Geographical coverage of the cluster 43,698 km² National Centre for Scientific Research), and INSERM, the National Health and Medical Research Institute, operate in Cluster overview companies. The cluster claims to be Rhone-Alpes. The Hospices Civils de Rhone-Alpes covers an area roughly equal number one in the world in human Lyon is the second largest university to the size of Switzerland or Belgium. It is vaccines, veterinary products and hospital in France, with over 22,000 the fifth ranking European region in terms bacteriological diagnostics. Over €1 staff. Rhone-Alpes has broad support of R&D expenditure and ninth in the billion was invested in vaccines and for technology transfer including tech number of patents filed by both public and diagnostics between 2004 and 2010. private stakeholders. Amongst its French “Given its history in the field for years, peers, Rhone-Alpes ranks third in terms the life sciences sector in Rhone-Alpes is Universities in Rhône- of percentage of GDP invested in R&D, focused on infectious diseases,” says Kevin behind Ile-de-France and Midi-Pyrenees. Romani, Director for SME development, Alpes region With more than 20 per cent of French Lyonbiopole. “More recently, the • Université C. Bernard (Lyon 1) research capacity, 12 per cent of French challenge has been to develop new areas • Université Lumière (Lyon 2) scientific publications and 16 per cent of excellence in the region.” Neuroscience • Université J. Moulin (Lyon 3) of French patents, it is France’s second and medical imaging are both growing. • Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble most important centre for scientific and Rhone-Alpes has one of the highest 1) technical research across all sectors. concentrations of healthcare facilities in • Université Pierre Mendès-France Europe, with three university hospitals (Grenoble 2) Overall Rhone-Alpes ranks fourth and 400 public and private treatment • Université Stendhal (Grenoble 3) in Europe in terms of number of centres. • Université Jean Monnet Université researchers. In total there are 12 de Savoie (Chambéry – Annecy) competitiveness centres, or ‘poles de Academic excellence • Université Jean Monnet (Saint- competitivité’ and nine sub-clusters, The Rhone-Alpes region has eight Etienne) of which two, Lyonbiopole and i-care, universities and 37 grandes ecoles located ‘Grandes écoles’ include : are dedicated to life sciences. The Lyon across Lyon-Saint-Etienne, Grenoble and • Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lyon) Region is the second most important Chambery-Annecy. • Ecole Centrale de Lyon centre of excellence for the life sciences • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire sector in France and is a major player For the third year in a row Grenoble’s • Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, in biotechnology, with around 140 Joseph Fourier University was in the 101- Physique, Electronique

13 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Lyon transfer offices directly connected to - Bioaster academic institutions, and technology - Claude Bernard University transfer consortiums, such as Lyon - Hospices Civils de Lyon - Accinov incubator Science Transfert. Chambéry - Savoie University Neuroscience: a fast- Grenoble growing field - Joseph Fourier University - Minatec Lyon’s Pierre Wertheimer hospital - Synchrotron specialises in the treatment of neurological disorders, while the Lyon Centre for Neuroscience Research (CRNL) and the Institute of Cognitive Science (ISC) carry out applied and Rhône-Alpes fundamental research. Capabilities France include CERMEP, which is dedicated to collecting biological samples and associated clinical data. A nationally funded Research and Patient Care Business and investment well-integrated in European networks. “In Network, the Neurodis Foundation, The biotechnology and pharmaceuticals terms of public investment, researchers was set up in 2007 to speed the industry employs more than 80,000 benefit from generous grants from the translation of neuroscience research people, with companies including Sanofi French state. For years, little attention into clinical applications. Pasteur, Merial, bioMerieux, Stryker, has been given to European funding Becton Dickinson, Depuy and Genzyme opportunities,” says Muriel Malbezin, located here. The region has a number of Director of the clinical research and start-ups including Altrabio, Varioptic, innovation division, Hospices Civils de R&D infrastructures and Bioviron, ImmunID, ProteinXpert, Lyon. However, this is now changing support services Cytoo and Helioscopie. However, the and in the past three years the region has had success in bidding for EU grants. The region has several significant Lyon region is often criticised for the Grenoble’s Joseph Fourier University research facilities, including the European low number of companies set up to currently hosts 37 ERC grant holders. Synchrotron, the P4 Laboratory, CERN’s commercialise publicly-funded research Prevessin site, the CERMEP biomedical and the small number of patents cyclotron, Genopole, and the Rovaltain applications. A regional innovation Eco-toxicology and environmental strategy aims to correct this by supporting Bioaster - a new model of toxicology pole, MINATEC. In more market-oriented R&D projects. public private partnership addition, the Lyon region is home to the Greater Lyon has two international-scale The Bioaster Technology Research International Cancer Research Centre, the technology parks, the Gerland Biopole Institute was set up in 2012 to European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Rockefeller Health Complex. promote the translation of research in in Grenoble, the Laue Langevin Institute, The Accinov innovation platform, infectious diseases and microbiology and the World Health Organisation. inaugurated in November 2013 in Lyon into new treatments. The Institute Lyonbiopole is the main life sciences Gerland, provides shared-infrastructure carries out multidisciplinary projects cluster. In 2013, the cluster saw the launch for biotechnology companies. While there bringing together academics, SMEs of the new incubator, Accinov, with 6,000 has been some private investment in R&D and large companies to advance square metres of space for start-ups and from Sanofi and the Merieux family, most the development of vaccines, SMEs. of the research conducted in the region antimicrobial drugs, diagnostics for is funded by the national government. A infectious diseases and products based number of public-private partnerships “Rhône-Alpes benefits from on the growing understanding of the such as Lyon biopole and CLARA have human gut microbiome. Bioaster a great complementarity been formed to attract more private provides state-of-the-art equipment between Lyon and Grenoble: investment. and infrastructure required by these large scale industrial high-level teams, each of which is production and functional Success stories led by a scientist with industrial biology in Lyon, and structural experience, who understands how and international to align the research to the needs of biology and micro and acknowledgement industry. nanotechnology in Grenoble,” Although the researchers in the region says Kevin Romani, Director are actively engaged in national R&D for SME Development, collaborative projects, the relatively Lyonbiopôle. low participation of Rhone-Alpes in Framework Programme 7 means it is not

14 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Berlin-Brandenburg

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Molecular diagnostics and % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.92% (2013) bioanalysis Total private R&D investment €1.4 billion (2011) > Therapeutics and regenerative Total public R&D investment €363.3 million (2011) medicine Economic growth 1.2% (2014) > Infectious diseases Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €6 billion (2013) > Chronic inflammatory diseases Life sciences companies 500+ (2013) > Oncology Number of employees 313,700 (2013) > Bioinformatics Students with tertiary education 210,000 (2012-2013) Number of researchers 39,000 (2013) Number of scientific publications 14,825 (2013-2014) “What keeps clusters Total citations 32,455 (2013-2014) Geographical coverage of the cluster 30,000 km2 competitive is bottom-up activity, and I think we have a good framework to develop Cluster overview Academic excellence the Berlin-Brandenburg The German state of Brandenburg is Berlin-Brandenburg ranks as one of the life sciences cluster from the home to more than 230 biotechs, 280 largest and most diverse science regions bottom-up and create networks medical technology businesses and in Europe. Berlin has four public between different actors of life over 30 pharmaceutical companies. research universities and 27 private, Together with several hospitals and professional and technical colleges. sciences and health sector,” universities these form the core of Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Freie says Kai Uwe Bindseil, Head the Berlin-Brandenburg life sciences Universitat Berlin and Technische of Division Life Sciences and health cluster. Overall, the cluster Universitat Berlin are the three largest Healthcare Industries at Berlin hosts over 20,700 organisations that universities in the region. Together they Partner for Business and are involved in healthcare. Europe’s enrolled approximately 100,000 students largest university hospital, Charite in 2013. “The best researchers look for Technology. - University Medicine Berlin, is the top research infrastructure, a critical flagship of the cluster, together with mass and appropriate opportunities for Business and Technology. The Europe’s largest hospital laboratory, for funding,” said Kai Uwe Bindseil, region has put in place comprehensive Labor Berlin Charite Vivantes. The Head of the Division Life Sciences, policies to promote the development cluster has seven technology parks with Healthcare Industries at Berlin Partner of life sciences, he said. The region is a focus on life sciences and Germany’s largest concentration of universities Research infrastructure and colleges. Berlin-Brandenburg is 2 also home to a number of research - 100,000m lab space for biotech companies in Buch, Charlottenburg, Adlershof, institutions, including four Max Planck Hennigsdorf, Luckenwalde and Potsdam Institutes, two Fraunhofer Institutes, - Lab Berlin - Charite Vivantes GmbH: Europe’s largest hospital lab two Leibniz Institutes and two - Berlin is ranked the top start-up region in Germany by Foreign Direct Helmholtz Centres. Across the cluster, - According to Investment (fDi) Magazine, over 33,000 new companies across all universities, companies and research sectors launched there in 2011 institutes perform over 3,000 clinical - Seven biotech parks at Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin-Adlershof, Biotech Park studies every year. Luckenwalde, co:bios Technology Park Hennigsdorf, Berlinbiotechpark, Biotech Campus Potsdam and GO:IN Golm Innovation Centre

15 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS able to attract top researchers who can get access both to funding via institutes Berlin such as Max Planck, Fraunhofer, - Charité – University Leibnizand Helmholtz, and to a network Medicine Berlin of researchers and infrastructures. - Friei Universtät Berlin - Universität zu Berlin - Max Planck Institute for R&D infrastructures and Molecular Genetics support services Postdam The cluster has put in place a - Hasso Plattner Institute framework and supporting services to promote technology transfer and commercialisation. One of the most recent infrastructure developments is the Berlin Institute for Health, a joint Berlin-Brandenburg venture between Charité university Germany hospital and the Max Elbrus Centre for Molecular medicine. Other recent investments include the founding of the Centre for Molecular Diagnostics Business and investment and Bioanalytics and the Berlin Centre Several large life sciences companies Cell-Free Protein for alternative therapies. Much of the including Pfizer, Carl Zeiss Meditec Synthesis activity is concentrated in a small area: and Takeda, recently settled in Directly from DNA to protein – Berlin has 24 large research institutes Berlin. Others, such as Sanofi, Braun Scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute and university departments focusing Melsungen and Swisslab, expanded for Biomedical Engineering have on the healthcare industry, one of the existing locations. It is forecast that by invented a method for manufacturing greatest concentrations in Europe. 2030, around 368,000 people will be human proteins that does not require employed in the healthcare industry, cell culture. The technique for generating a gross value added of going directly from DNA to protein The Charité around €20 billion. Currently, 313,700 production, called in vitro-translation, The Charité is the joint medical people work in the Berlin region dramatically increases the diversity school of the Freie Universitat Berlin healthcare industry. The cluster benefits of proteins that can be expressed. and the Humboldt-Universitat zu from a broad range of public funding Development and analysis of pro- and Berlin. The hospital has 3,700 doctors from local and central government eukaryotic in vitro-translation systems and scientists treating patients, doing grants and loans and from EU grants. are expanding fields of research. research and teaching. Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology Success stories hailing from the Charite, include Emilvon Behring, Robert Koch and and international Berlin. ITFoM will develop computer Paul Ehrlich. acknowledgement models by which personalised “virtual patients” will be derived from the Berlin heads one of the EU’s most molecular, physiological, anatomic prestigious health-related research and environmental data of every In addition to the Charite hospital, programmes, the Future and Emerging individual patient. The aim is to develop research institutes with international Technologies project, the IT Future individually-optimised prevention and renown include the Max Delbruck of Medicine (ITFoM), which aims therapy and minimise the potential Center for Molecular Medicine and to exploit the digitisation of biology side-effects of therapies. the German Heart Institute Berlin. The and promote the development of cluster is making targeted efforts to personalised medicine. In total, 60 build an interface between life sciences institutions and companies are involved and the ICT sector. “Berlin has a lot in ITFoM, which is being coordinated of IT start-ups and within the life by the Max Planck Institute for sciences cluster we are interested in Molecular Genetics in collaborating with IT firms especially in the field of big data for clinical studies, health monitoring applications and disease prevention,” said Bindseil. One Polymer-based Drug Delivery Systems The Institute of Biomaterial Science of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht in challenge has become increasingly Teltow specialises in the development of polymer drug delivery systems for important: the need to learn how to biopharmaceuticals. These range from soft hydrogels to solid implants, and deal with legal questions regarding injectable nano- or microparticulate carriers. These allow the targeted delivery data protection which is slowing down and sustained release of biologics. technical development.

16 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Heidelberg – Rhine-Neckar

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Cell-based molecular medicine % of GDP allocated to R&D 5.05% (Baden-Württemberg, 2011) > Cancer research Total private R&D investment €15.698 billion (Baden-Württemberg, 2011) > Personalised medicine Total public R&D investment €1.633 billion (Baden-Württemberg, 2011) > Translational medicine Economic growth 1.7% (Baden-Württemberg, 2012) Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €26 billion (Baden-Württemberg, 2014) Karls-Universität Heidelberg, the Life sciences companies 935 (Baden-Württemberg, 2014) University of Heidelberg, Germany’s Number of employees 85,000 (Baden-Württemberg, 2014) oldest. Central to the region’s life Students with tertiary education 94,000 (Rhine-Neckar, 2013) sciences profile is BioRN, the Biotech Number of researchers 105,422 (Baden-Württemberg, 2011) Cluster Rhine-Neckar, which was Number of scientific publications 7,233 (2013-2014) formed in 1995. Total citations 20,776 (2013-2014) Geographical coverage of the cluster 5,637 km² (Rhine-Neckar) In 2007, the region won the Leading- edge Cluster Competition and with it funding of €40 million.Today, BioRN Cluster overview Bioscience, BioGeneriX, Cellzome, Cluster Management GmbH is a The city of Heidelberg is at the Cytonet, Complex Biosystems, public-private partnership between fulcrum of one of the most successful Gene Bridges, Heidelberg Pharma, the BioRN Network, the Rhine- areas of life science research and LION bioscience, mtm laboratories, Neckar Chamber of Commerce and industry in Europe. The Rhine-Neckar Phenex Pharmaceuticals, Santhera the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Metropolitan Region, often referred Pharmaceuticals, Synthon and TF Region. The cluster encompasses the to as the Rhine-Neckar-Triangle, Instruments have been founded in the Heidelberg Technology Park, founded has a population of 2.4 million and region. The Rhine-Neckar Region is in 1984, home to some 80 companies encompasses the cities of Mannheim, dominated academically by Ruprecht- and research groups, employing 1,600 Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg itself. staff. The European Molecular Biology Some 6,000 scientific and technical Laboratory is a driving force in the staff work in life sciences at the Health Axis Europe cluster. University of Heidelberg and in In 2011 three of Europe’s leading research institutions that link to it, biomedical clusters in Cambridge, Academic excellence including the European Molecular Leuven, and Heidelberg, formed Heidelberg University is Germany’s Biology Laboratory, the German a strategic alliance, “Health Axis oldest, dating to 1386. It is also the Cancer Research Centre, the Max- Europe” with a brief to pool highest ranked in Germany, and Planck Institute for Medical Research innovation and ultimately to increase ranked at 49th in the 2014 Shanghai and the Central Institute for Mental the competitiveness of each cluster. ranking (it shares its score with the Health in Mannheim. The region’s The partners collaborate in the University of Munich). It is one of research base has longstanding areas of regenerative medicine, stem 22 institutes of higher education relationships with global chemical cell research, medical devices and in the Rhine-Neckar Region. Some and pharmaceutical companies personalised medicine. The focus 94,000 students are enrolled in the such as BASF and Abbott, Roche is on research, development and region, roughly one in 10 of whom Diagnostics and Merck. In the last education, and in making joint bids are international students. There is 15 years approximately 100 biotechs, for funding, in particular from the a strong interdisciplinary research including Affimed Therapeutics, EU. approach in the region. Faculty- Alantos Pharmaceuticals, AXARON independent institutes of Heidelberg

17 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS University include the Centre for Molecular Biology, the Biochemistry Centre, the Interdisciplinary Heildeberg Centre for Neurosciences and the - Heidelberg University Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific - BioRN Calculation. There is also a Molecular - European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Medicine Partnership Unit, set up between EMBL and Heidelberg Mannheim University, and including a small - Central Institute for Mental Health molecule screening facility.

R&D infrastructures and support services Around 40 R&D projects in the Rhine-Neckar fields of biomarkers, tumour stem cells, drug development, and cluster Germany management, have been supported by BioRN. In medicine, the region is pioneering translational medical Rhine-Neckar in inter-regional and Success stories research. One notable project is the national biotech organisations and is and international National Centre for Tumour Diseases, the point of contact for the state of the first comprehensive cancer Baden-Wuerttemberg and the Federal acknowledgement centre in Germany which is driving Ministry of Education and Research. Fifty-five Nobel Laureates share innovation in cancer diagnostics, a connection with Heidelberg therapy and prevention. The centre Technology transfer is the single University or Heidelberg city. Most is working with the Heidelberg Ion biggest challenge facing the Rhine- recently Harald zur Hausen won the Radiation Therapy Centre, to advance Neckar cluster says Tidona. BioRN prize for Medicine in 2008 for his new applications of proton therapy. is trying to tackle the issue with a discovery that human papillomavirus EMBL’s research is underpinned by concentrated programme of coaching causes cervical cancer. Research enabling technologies that are made and mentoring of research scientists. breakthroughs at EMBL Heidelberg available at Core Facilities, of which “We are going into research units to include the first systematic genetic eight are located at EMBL Heidelberg. teach them how to identify product analysis of embryonic development opportunities and how to present in the fruit fly by Christiane Nussle Business and Investment themselves to pharma companies.” in-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus, At its annual conference in May Technology transfer in the region is which won them the Nobel Prize for 2014, BioRN assessed the progress not limited to BioRN though. Another Medicine in 1995. the cluster has made in the last five body, Technology Transfer Heidelberg years. BioRN Network managing GmbH commercialises research from director Christian Tidona attributes the Medical Faculty and University BioRN’s success to a special set of Hospital Heidelberg. EMBL has its Merck and BASF circumstances. “It is not just a matter own technology transfer body, EMBL boost InnovationLab of building critical mass –other Enterprise Management Technology clusters around Europe have that. Transfer. Another body, Innovation involvement in Here we have a favourable situation Lab GmbH, specialises in research Heidelberg where a group of senior individuals and knowledge transfer in science In May 2014, Merck and BASF from academia, life sciences industry, and business in the Rhine-Neckar took a majority stake in Innovation finance and government have known metropolitan region. It is supported Lab GmbH, the Heidelberg-based each other through our Association by the Universities of Heidelberg research and technology transfer – and shared a vision – for 20 years. and Mannheim, the Karlsruhe platform for organic electronics That’s a huge advantage,” he said. Institute of Technology and by the in the Rhine-Neckar metropolitan The BioRN Network association companies BASF, Merck, Heidelberger region. InnovationLab GmbH arose provides the principal conduit Druckmaschinen and SAP. from the Forum Organic Electronics between science and business cooperation network, which until in the region. Its activities cover the end of last year was funded by networking, public relations and the German Federal Ministry of building contacts to other European Education and Research. life sciences clusters. The association represents the Biotech Cluster

18 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Munich - Bavaria

Facts and figures Areas of excellence > Biopharmaceuticals % of GDP allocated to R&D 3.2% (2012) > Therapeutics and diagnostics Total private R&D investment €11.593 billion (2013) > Devices and reagents Total public R&D investment €3.696 billion (2013) > Bioinformatics Economic growth 0.4% (Germany, 2013) > Preclinical services Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €3.155 billion (2013) > DNA/protein analytics Life sciences companies 377 (2014) Number of employees 26,476 (2013), excl. medtech Students with tertiary education 350,000 (2013-2014) has 1,100 beds. There are more than 65 Number of researchers 146,619 (2012) further public or private hospitals in the Number of scientific publications 11,177 (2013-2014) region, making Munich a good place Total citations 28,731 (2013-2014) to carry out trials, including for rare Geographical coverage of the cluster 70,553 km² diseases.

R&D infrastructures and Cluster overview Academic excellence Bavaria is involved in all major areas Munich has close connections support services of biotechnology, including biologics, between academic research and Around 250 SMEs in Bavaria carry personalised medicine and biomarker industrial application, providing good out R&D alongside, and together with, research. Several sub-clusters are located conditions for the development of multinational medical technology and in the region, including Medical Valley, new technologies and concepts. There pharmaceutical companies. Bavaria also Wurzburg, Straubing-Sand BioCampus, is a high standard of basic research provides good conditions for medical BioPark Regensburg and Munich in all fields of life sciences at the two technology, with related manufacturing biotech. There are partnerships with internationally renowned universities, capabilities and research in areas multinational pharmaceutical companies the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat including mechatronics, photonics worldwide. In total there are more than and the Technische Universitat and optics. Universities in Bavaria 140 drugs in clinical development. Munchen, and at academic research have specialist centres that support Over 60 of the biotechnology SMEs institutions including three Max- medtech. Examples are the Centre specialise in therapeutics or diagnostics. Planck institutes — of Biochemistry, for Medical Physics and Technology This has enabled the cluster to attract Neurobiology and Psychiatry — and at Friedrich-Alexander Universitat significant public money, notably the m4 the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Erlangen-Nurnberg, the University programme for personalised medicines which has 40 institutes and departments Clinic of Regensburg telemedicine and targeted therapies, which was carrying out health-related research, centre and the Technical University awarded €100 million in the Federal with the emphasis on translational of Munich’s department of medical Ministry of Education and Research 2010 research. technology. In addition to universities, competition. Seven start-ups were formed Bavaria also has organisations such as in 2013, and there were 37 pharma The university hospital Klinikum der the Innovation Centre for Therapeutic companies and 63 Clinical Research Universität München of the Ludwig- Medical Technology in Garching. Horst Organisations based in the region. In total, Maximilians-Universität is one of the Domdey, Managing Director of BioM the pharmaceutical and biotechnology largest hospitals in Europe with about AG, an industry support body, says that industry in Bavaria, excluding medtech, 2,300 beds. Its largest facility is the both state and federal governments employed 26,476 staff in 2013. In addition, Klinikum Großhadern. The university offer strong support for life sciences around 10,000 researchers work in life hospital of Technische Universität activities. The business support body sciences in Bavarian research institutions. München, Klinikum rechtsder Isar, BioM Biotech Cluster Development

19 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Munich coordinates the activities of the Munich - Ludwig-Maximilians- Biotech Cluster and serves as the first Universität contact point for firms and start-ups of - Technische Universität the life science sector. Medical Valley München represents medical technology in the - Munich Biotech European metropolitan area Erlangen- - Helmholtz Zentrum München Nuremberg, where many specialised research institutions and international Wurzburg and emerging companies are active. - Medical Valley The Innovation and Start-up Centre for Biotechnology in Planegg-Martinsried Regensburg has a focus on medical biotechnology, - Regensburg Straubing- while the centre located in Freising- Sand BioCampus, Weihenstephan specialises in bio, - BioPark Regensburg agricultural and nutritional sciences. Munich - Bavaria “We are financially equipped and we Germany are able to support our cluster members and encourage entrepreneurship and

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 • Awarded to Karl von Frisch, Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Munich, for discoveries concerning the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964 • Awarded to Feodor Lynen, Max-Planck-Institut fur Zellchemie, Munich, for discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. the creation of new companies,” said Domdey. Over the past five years, the Success stories Challenges for the future? Bavarian healthcare cluster received Most Bavarian life sciences companies €40 million in federal grants, €10 and international are strongly committed to drug - 15 million in state funds, and the acknowledgement development and thus more venture contribution of the local industry A turning point in the Bavarian capital is needed. “In Germany amounted to more than €40 million. life sciences sector came when we have very good access to seed the German Research Association financing but financing for expansion Business and investment started the ‘competition in excellence’ is extremely difficult because of the The total amount of public and private where universities had to compete lack of sufficient venture capital financing rounds in Bavarian biotech for funding. This is why, nowadays, funds. This is the biggest challenge SMEs in 2013 rose to €176.6 million, more than 95 per cent of Bavarian in the region,” says Horst Domdey, up from €70 million in 2011. Much of life sciences companies are spin-offs Managing Director, BioM AG this increase was due to a follow-on from the local research institutes and funding by one of the leading biotechs universities, said Domdey. In terms of in the region, the antibody specialist prizes and international recognition Morphosys, which raised €130 million. Domdey believes, “The highest prize On the other hand, only 20 per cent you can get is the positive result in a of German venture financing, or €28.6 merger and acquisitions, or in licensing million, was attracted to Bavaria, out a specific product.” One notable according to “The German Biotech M&A success was the acquisition of Sector” report 2014. “The success of Micromed, a company producing a good cluster depends mainly on new antibody formats, by Amgen for how well the technology transfer is $1.2 billion. While most of the time managed and how cluster organisations multinational companies acquire the and umbrella institutions can support IP and close the local subsidiaries, entrepreneurship,” says Domdey. Micromed has become Amgen’s only Entrepreneurs need more support in the research facility outside the US, with commercialisation stage and universities over 200 people working in Munich. need to be more open and make Horst Domdey, Managing Director, partnerships with the industry. BioM AG

20 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Ireland

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Medical technologies % of GDP allocated to R&D 1.58% (2012) > Pharmaceuticals Total private R&D investment €2.02 billion (2013) > Diagnostics Total public R&D investment €733 million (2013) > Therapeutics Economic growth 0.3% (2013) > Biopharmaceuticals Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector Not available Life sciences companies 226 (2013) In 2012, Science Foundation Ireland Number of employees 50,000+ (2013) (SFI) announced a €30 million Students with tertiary education 192,600 (2012) investment in 37 research infrastructure Number of researchers 24,783 (2013) projects including a facility at University Number of scientific publications 10,134 (2013-2014) College Cork for food and life-science Total citations 18,564 (2013-2014) research and an electron microscope Geographical coverage of the cluster 84,421 km²

Although the science base is small, Universities: Cluster overview the government is committed to its • Trinity College Dublin Over the past four decades the Irish development and to growing the • University College Dublin government has systematically capabilities in specific areas, for example • University College Cork targeted inward investment incentives in bioprocessing. While in effect the • Dublin City University towards the pharmaceutical country can be viewed as a single • University of Limerick industry, with the result that there cluster, there are concentrations of • National University of Ireland, is a significant manufacturing base, activity around the university cities of Galway with companies including Johnson Cork, Dublin, Limerick and Galway, • National University of Ireland, & Johnson, Pfizer, Merck and with a number of specialist centres GlaxoSmithKline having facilities in attached to these universities. Technology institutes: the country. Three factors underlie • Maynooth-Athlone Institute of this success, a low corporation Academic excellence Technology tax rate of 12.5 per cent, a highly Ireland has seven universities, three • Blanchardstown Institute of educated work force, and the fact that of which, Trinity College Dublin, Technology, Ireland is the only English-speaking University College Cork and University • Carlow-Cork Institute of country in the Eurozone. As a result, College Dublin, are ranked in the Technology Ireland is the largest net exporter of world’s top 500 in the 2014 Shanghai • Dundalk Institute of Technology pharmaceuticals in the world, with Rankings. There are also 14 institutes • Dun Laoghaire Institute of exports of more than €45 billion of technology, many of which have a Technology annually. strong life sciences focus. The Irish • Galway-Mayo Institute of educational system rates highly in Technology Medtech is also a strength, with a international surveys, ranking ninth in • Letterkenny Institute of total of 43 companies, including 17 of the world in terms of meeting the needs Technology the top 25 global medtech companies of a competitive economy, while the • Limerick Institute of Technology having a base there. On a per capita Irish workforce ranks first in the world • Institute of Technology, Sligo basis Ireland is the largest medtech for flexibility and adaptability according • Institute of Technology Tallaght, employer in the EU with 25,000 to the IMD World Competitiveness Dublin people employed by the sector. Overall Yearbook 2013. • Institute of Technology Tralee employment in life sciences is 50,000. • Waterford Institute of Technology.

21 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Dublin - Trinity College Dublin - University College Dublin for the nanoscience institute at Trinity - Science Fundation Ireland College Dublin. In 2013, SFI invested €200 million in seven research centres Cork - University College Cork across the country, leveraging in a - Alimentary Pharmabiotic further €100 million from industry. Centre “Each of our centres must receive at - Irish Centre for Feotal and Neonatal Translational least 30% of its funding from industry Research and at least 10% of this must be in cash,” said Mark Ferguson, Director General Galway - Regenerative Medicine of SFI and Chief Scientific Adviser to Institute the Irish government. - National University of Ireland, Galway - Medtronic R&D centre Research focus areas Limerick In 2012, the government identified - University of Limerick fourteen R&D areas where Ireland could achieve maximum commercial Ireland impact, including: • Connected health and independent living • Medical devices Business and investment Success stories • Diagnostics Ireland has made a specific effort to and international • Therapeutics. try and root inward investors in the country by persuading them to set acknowledgement up R&D facilities. One measure in The seven centres include the Synthesis support of this, is the 25 per cent tax and Solid State Pharmaceutical credit for companies engaged in in- Preeclampsia research Centre at the University of Limerick house R&D, including expenses on University College Cork (UCC) has which focuses on crystallisation in wages, machinery and buildings, as well developed a world-leading position pharmaceutical manufacturing. The as a tax exemption of up to €5 million in metabolomics. This expertise Alimentary Pharma Biotic Centre per annum for income derived from has enabled a research team led by in Cork, a collaboration between qualifying patents. Louise Kenny, director of the SFI- the pharma, food and agricultural funded Institute INFANT and a sectors, investigates the impact of “If you draw a graph of professor of obstetrics, to develop gastrointestinal bacteria on population and commercialise the first predictive health. The Irish Centre for Foetal and innovation output against diagnostic for preeclampsia that Neonatal Translational Research, also public expenditure, Ireland is sensitive enough to detect the based in Cork, is developing screening would be the most innovation condition early in pregnancy (15 tests for the most common diseases and efficient country in the EU,” weeks). Kenny established a spin-off, disorders of pregnancy and early life. Mark Ferguson, Director Metabolomics Diagnostics Ltd in 2011, and the company is preparing General of Science Foundation R&D infrastructures and to launch the test on the US market Ireland. in 2015. support services Irish research facilities have benefitted from a series of funding initiatives over the past 15 years. As a result, Increasing the talent pool Medtronic One challenge for the R&D sector Medtronic, the world’s second largest up to date equipment is available in a small country like Ireland medical devices company, made its in fields including nanotechnology, is having expertise on hand to first investment in Ireland in 1999 biotechnology, materials development meet the changing needs of fast- when it opened an R&D centre in and characterisation, high-performance moving markets. “For example, Galway. The site, which now employs computing, software engineering while 59% of Ireland’s GDP is over 2,000 people, specialises in the and telecommunications. The Irish derived from manufacturing, the development and manufacture of government has also put in place country has relatively few leading technologies to treat and manage measures to promote technology manufacturing researchers,” said cardiovascular and cardiac rhythm transfer, launching a national IP Mark Ferguson, Director General of diseases. Medtronic also has a sales protocol and setting up a national Science Foundation Ireland. To fill and shared services office in Dublin. Technology Transfer Office. this gap, SFI has launched a world- In June 2014, the company acquired wide recruitment campaign for Covidien Plc, an Irish medical devices researchers who will be hosted by company, for $42.9 billion. Irish universities.

22 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Oslo

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Cancer diagnostics and treatment > Infectious diseases % of GDP allocated to R&D 1.278% (2012) > Neuroscience Total private R&D investment €1.388 billion (2012) > Cardiovascular Total public R&D investment €517.964 million (2012) > Immunology Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €691.3 million (2013) > Functional genomics Life sciences companies 121 (2012) Number of employees 2,500 (2011) Students with tertiary education 49,093 (2012) help educate tomorrow’s researchers Number of researchers 26,047 (2012) and entrepreneurs,” says Erik Yssen, Number of scientific publications 6,243 (2013-2014) Counsellor for Science and Research at Total citations 14,375 (2013-2014) the Mission of Norway to the EU. Geographical coverage of the cluster 4,918 km2 R&D infrastructures and Cluster overview Academic excellence support services The Olso life sciences cluster has In the EU Innovation Scoreboard, Alongside cancer research, Norway has significant human capital on which Norway was placed 17th in 2013. That significant strengths in cardiovascular to build, with one in four employees same year, Oslo University rated 69th disease. There is also considerable having a tertiary education in in the Shanghai University ranking. focus on marine biotechnology and science or technology, or working Nina Elizabeth Sindre, from the bio prospecting. The country’s fjords in the science or technology sector. Norwegian University of Science and coastal waters have yielded a In addition, there are a number of and Technology says, “The cluster’s wealth of novel enzymes, anti-cancer organisations and sub-clusters in strength, from an academic point of and anti-microbial compounds. The the area, including the Oslo Cancer view, comes from good collaboration research is supported by the Centre for Cluster with 70 members and Oslo between three main driving forces, Marine Bioactives and Drug discovery, Medtech with 140 members, and partnerships and network capacity, which is home to a marine bio bank support groups including the Oslo Bio establishing new knowledge, research, and associated screening platforms. In Network and Olso Teknopol. There is and not least, financing.” The region clinical research Medinnova, a non- also a high level of industry/academic has three universities that are strong profit government agency, negotiates collaboration. Most of the research in life sciences: the University of Oslo, clinical trials on behalf of the in the Oslo cluster is carried out in the Norwegian School of Veterinary Norwegian National Hospital. universities and hospitals, with five Science and the Agricultural University Meanwhile, SINTEF is the largest university hospitals connected to the of Norway. One gap is a lack of skilled independent research organisation University of Oslo, and 11 research management professionals in the life with international expertise in institutes and centres of excellence sciences industry and to address this, technology, medicine and the social in the region. Institutions including Oslo is looking for new ways to attract sciences. The Research Foundation Medinnova, SINTEF/Unimed and the investors and is organising events of the Norwegian Radium Hospital Research Foundation of the Norwegian and conferences to encourage people provides pre-seed, early-stage, and Radium Hospital have research parks to visit the region. “Attracting and project development growth capital. attached to them, offering support for developing top talent within cancer The region’s two research parks, biotech start-ups. R&D and entrepreneurship is one of Forskning Parken Oslo Innovation Oslo Cancer Cluster’s key strategic Centre and Rogaland Science Park, areas. It has also developed links to also offer assistance and services for education institutions, in order to biotech start-ups. Norway has 14

23 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Oslo: centres for Research-based Innovation, - University of Oslo of which four are in life sciences or - Norwegian School of medicine. The centres fund long term, Veterinary Science - Oslo University Hospital industry-driven research as public - Inven2 (Technology Trans- private partnerships. Norway’s Radium fer Office) Hospital has a long tradition in cancer Lysaker research and has fostered several spin- - Research Foundation of off companies, including PhotoCure the Norwegian Radium and its subsidiary PCI Biotech, Hospital Biomolex, GemVax, Optomed and Âs: Algeta. In 2013 Algeta won both US - Norwegian University of and European approval for its prostate Life Science cancer treatment Alpharadin, putting Oslo’s capabilities in cancer firmly on the international map. Following the Oslo approvals, in December 2013, Algeta was acquired by the German pharma Norway Bayer for US$2.3 billion. In total, Norway has 50 drugs in clinical or late preclinical development. be examined. It is hoped to develop Although not a member of the EU, new understanding of the immune Norway is active in EU research system signalling that contributes to programmes, and is working to open development of the disease. From lab to market up publicly-funded R&D in the Norway’s largest technology transfer country to international researchers. office, Inven2, accounts for 80 per The government encourages companies cent of all medical research in the to invest in R&D through the Skatte country. The company has close to fund system of R&D tax credits, 200 invention disclosures annually introduced in 2002. This currently and since 2006 has established offers a 18 per cent tax break on R&D 17 start-up companies in the life expenditure. sciences and more than 30 long-term collaborations between academics and national and international companies. Success stories and international acknowledgement The famous Norwegian arctic explorer, Fridtjof Nansen also pioneered routes to the mind and is the inspiration behind the new Nansen Neuroscience Business and investment Network. Nansen developed the neuron In 2011, total R&D expenditure in doctrine, with the insight that the Norway was €5.4 billion. Within the nervous system is made up of discrete Oslo region there are two main sources individual cells. The discovery of the of public funding, Innovation Norway role of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and the Research Council of Norway. as a key regulator of metastasis and a The Research Council of Norway strong predictor of poor overall survival First Norwegian to win has several programmes focusing on in breast cancer patients was made in ERC Consolidator Grant health, medical nanotechnology and Norway. In 2014, Frederik Froen of the medical applications of advanced Norwegian Institute of Public Health materials. In recent years, Norway In 2013, Norwegian researchers, was the first Norwegian researcher has seen an increase in funding for working in collaboration with scientists to win an ERC consolidated grant. biotech, even during the recession, in UK, made a potential advance in Froen’s project, “Harmonised with innovation capital totalling the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Reproductive Health Registries” €132 million in 2013. A number of by showing that large doses of Vitamin was granted €2.2 million to improve Norwegian-based venture capital firms B can reduce brain shrinkage by up health data collection in Palestine, back life sciences companies, including to 90 per cent. Norway is running which it is hoped will help in reducing Neomed Management, Tekno the largest study of the genetics of maternal and child mortality. invest, Sarsia Management, Selvaag multiple sclerosis in the world, in Venture Capital and Sakorn Invest which DNA from a total of 10,000 Management. patients and 17,000 healthy people will

24 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Stockholm - Uppsala

Facts and figures Areas of excellence > Neuroscience % of GDP allocated to R&D 3,41% (Sweden, 2012) > Cancer Total private R&D investment €183.171 million > Infectious diseases (Stockholm 2011) > Regenerative medicine Total public R&D investment €3.169 billion > Cardiovascular diseases (Stockholm2011) > Stem cells Economic growth 1.6% (Sweden, 2013) > Protein research Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €15.12 billion (2011) Life sciences companies 611 (2014) Number of employees 20,852 (2014) the four main universities in Stockholm Students with tertiary education 114,286 (2012) and Uppsala: Stockholm University, Number of researchers 25,000 (2012) the Karolinska Institutet, the Royal Number of scientific publications 15,312 (2013-2014) Institute of Technology (KTH) and Total citations 37,432 (2013-2014) Uppsala University. The centre has Geographical coverage of the cluster 13,826 km² more than 100 research groups with broad knowledge in translational medicine and molecular bioscience. Cluster overview organisations and service (6%) and Ola Bjorkman, Senior Adviser at Sweden has strong foundations in diagnostics 1,108 (5%). The three largest Stockholm Uppsala Life Science says, the life sciences, with 60 per cent of companies, AstraZeneca, GE Healthcare “Molecular bioscience and protein all university research focusing on and Fresenius Kabi, account for 30 per science is an area where the Stockholm- biosciences and biotechnology, in cent of the workforce. Sweden offers Uppsala region in particular is in the areas such as functional genomics, a good environment for conducting international forefront.” The main proteomics, regenerative medicine, clinical trials, particularly Phase I and innovation hubs and incubators stem cells and technological platform II, with access to patients in a high include: Innovation Akademiska, development. The Stockholm/Uppsala quality healthcare system. The country within Uppsala University Hospital; SLL region is the most R&D intensive region has invested in supporting technologies Innovation, serving several hospitals in Sweden and home to more than 50 including electronic patient records, in Stockholm, including Karolinska per cent of Sweden’s biotech companies. biobanks and health care databases. University Hospital; Uppsala Innovation The life science cluster in the Centre, which was recently ranked as Stockholm-Uppsala region includes five Academic excellence the world’s 18th best business incubator universities, 620 life sciences companies, Swedish researchers turned out 95 with a university connection; the two university hospitals, innovation articles per million inhabitants in business incubator STING, which support services, and government 2007, a rate that is bettered only by offers early funding and support from innovation agencies, for example the Switzerland, which has the highest business coaches, and Karolinska Swedish Medical Products Agency publication volume per head of Institute Innovations, which works with (Vinnova). Life sciences companies any OECD country. The distinctive Karolinska Institute to help researchers in the Stockholm-Uppsala region intellectual property regime in Sweden further raise funds for research employ 20,852, equivalent to 60 per allows researchers to retain the patent commercialisation. The Karolinska cent of Sweden’s workforce within life rights in their work. While some say Institute ranked among the top sciences. The work force is spread across this incentivises entrepreneurship, recipients of Framework Programme 7 pharmaceutical 10,982 (53%), medical others see it as an obstacle to technology funding, with cumulative grants of €134 technology 4,971 (24%), biotech tools transfer and commercialisation. million from 2007-2012. & supply 2,535 (12%), contract research SciLifeLab is a collaboration between

25 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Stockholm - Stockholm University - Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Universities - Stockholm Uppsala (SULS) • Karolinska Institutet • Stockholm University Solna • KTH Royal Institute of Technology - Karolinska Institute - Karolinska University • Stockholm School of Economics Hospital • Uppsala University Uppsala - Uppsala University - Uppsala University Hospital R&D infrastructures and - Uppsala Innovation Centre support services The national system for innovation is headed by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova), which has a budget of round €200 million Stockholm- Uppsala per year. Sweden is fifth in Europe in terms of the number of products in its Sweden clinical development pipeline and boasts more European patents in science and technology per million inhabitants than just a handful of the scientists-turned- any other OECD country. It is also 12th Sweden is the most R&D entrepreneurs driving growth in this in the world in terms of its output of intensive country in the OECD. region. Of the 16 Nobel Prizes Sweden clinical trial research and 6th in terms has been awarded, six were in Physiology of most cited papers. The country has or Medicine and were given for research 81 long established patient registries, discovery, clinical research, antibiotic conducted in the Stockholm-Uppsala providing an important resource for research, health in ageing, and the use of region. clinical research collaborations. R&D patient registers. Private sector funding, expenditure in Sweden increased to from industry and private donors, makes approximately €9.6 billion in 2010, a a significant contribution to university GERD-to-GDP ratio of 3.4 per cent. research. A number of local VC firms, Stockholm Uppsala typically attracts including Karolinska Development, Bengt Agerup: a reference around 70 per cent of national life Serendipity Innovation and nxt2b, invest science research budgets. A new seed money in the area. VC investment serial entrepreneur in the city, Hagastaden, currently under in biopharma and med tech totaled €232 region construction and due to be finished in million in 2009, according to the OECD. Bengt Agerup, a former Pharmacia 2025, includes building a new university Of this, 36.9 per cent went to the life executive, started Q-Med, which was hospital that will be open in 2017, the sciences. Despite the high quality of its subsequently sold to Galdermain expansion of the Karolinska Institute R&D, Sweden faces challenges, including 2011 for €862 million. Q-Med’s Science Park and the opening of a new the level of patenting and the amount of main product was the dermal filler cancer therapy clinic in Uppsala. investment available to commercialise IP. Restylane. Agerup subsequently In common with other parts of Europe, founded his own VC firm, which the country also faces difficulties in has taken a stake in more than 30 Business and investment generating sustainable growth, with companies. Funding for life sciences in the small companies increasingly seen as Stockholm Uppsala region comes intermediaries to take on products and from a mixture of public and private then out license them to big pharma, or sources, including research councils, else being acquired. As a result, start-up strategic foundations and private R&D companies never grow to the size that investment, especially from multinational they can form the basis of a sustainable companies. Over 80 per cent of funding home-grown sector. for Sweden’s universities comes from the government, of which 78.2 per cent is Success stories from direct grants. In 2012, a total of 84.9 per cent of the income of institutions and international came from public funds. At the end of acknowledgement 2012, the government committed €250 In 2014, Sweden ranked first in the EU million to life sciences, with the majority Innovation Scoreboard. Karolinska of the investment due to be made in the Development, the technology transfer Stockholm-Uppsala region. €78 million arm of the Karolinska Institute recently was allocated to Sweden’s Science for Life th recorded its 1,000 innovation. Landegren, Bengt Agerup Laboratory, and €171 million to drug Ager up, Nilsson, and Tryggvason are

26 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS BioValley

Areas of excellence Facts and figures % of GDP allocated to R&D Basel: 10%; Alsace: 1.78%; Freiburg: 2.78%; > Biopharmaceuticals Karlsruhe: 4.36% (2011) > Medical and surgical devices Total private R&D investment Basel: €1 billion; Alsace: €0.511 billion; > Imaging Freiburg: €1.245 billion; Karlsruhe: €2.578 > Robotics billion (2011) > Stem cell transplants Total public R&D investment Alsace: €429 million; Freiburg: €261 million; Karlsruhe: €0.866 billion (2011) more than 200 scientific publications Economic growth 5% (Basel, 2014) each year, it ranks in the top quarter of Total annual turnover research institutes internationally. The for the life sciences sector €8 billion (Basel, 2012) university also has close links with Basel Life sciences companies 600+ (2014) University Hospital, which has 5,000 Number of employees 50,000 (2014) staff. Students with tertiary education 100,000 (2014) Number of researchers Basel: 15,000 in life sciences; Alsace: 5,917; The broader BioValley cluster is home Freiburg: 15,316; Karlsruhe: 29,462 (2011) to the University of Freiburg, the Max Geographical coverage of the Planck Institute for Immunology, five cluster 25,074 km2 Fraunhofer Institutes, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Cluster overview Academic excellence Basel is home to 40 per cent of the The University of Basel is Switzerland’s world’s pharmaceuticals companies, oldest university and ranks in the including two of the top five, Roche top 50 universities for life sciences Transnational university and Novartis. The life sciences industry in the world, according to the 2014 in the Rhine valley employs one in 10 of the region’s one Shanghai Academic Ranking of World There are plans to create a European million inhabitants and creates 1,000 Universities. Basel holds the highest university campus in the border to 2,000 new jobs annually. Formed in number of registered patents per capita region of Germany, France and 1998, BioValley has 50,000 employees, in the world and has produced over Switzerland, involving the sharing of 100,000 students and 15,000 scientists 100 young companies in the past 10 research, teaching and administration across 10 academic research institutions years alone. The university’s centre for personnel between the universities of and 14 technology parks. More than 350 molecular life sciences, the Biozentrum, Basel, Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Mulhouse pharmaceutical and 250 medical devices hosts more than 30 interdisciplinary and Strasbourg, as well as joint companies operate in the cluster. research groups and with an output of qualifications and joint large-scale research infrastructure. “This project will trigger a number of collaborative Collaboration at the heart of Europe initiatives and will reinforce the BioValley arose as a result of fallout from the merger between Ciba and Sandoz to regional areas of excellence,” says form Novartis in 1996, when 3,000 high-level life sciences jobs were axed in the Gunther Neuhaus, Vice-President and Rhine valley region. Local governments and companies came together to form a Vice-Rector for Research, University single structure with a budget of €1 million to support the development of spin- of Freiburg. offs. The project has since received over €7 million in EU cohesion policy funding and now consists of one central association with three national platforms in Basel, Freiburg and Strasbourg.

27 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Universities Basel - University of Basel and its • University of Basel Biozentrum • University of Freiburg - Basel University Hospital • Karlsruhe University of Applied Freiburg Sciences - University of Freiburg • Haute-Alsace University - Max Planck Institute for (Mulhouse) Immunology • University of Strasbourg Karlsruhe - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institutes: technology • Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Strasbourg - University of Strasborug - CNRS Alsace

Mulhouse BioValley - Haute-Alsace University Social networking in the Switzerland - Germany - France BioValley The BioValley cluster consists of 14 technology parks. For an annual fee, Business and investment “BioValley is a good trademark researchers, students and companies Basel has a gross domestic product can join the national BioValley (GDP) twice as high as the Swiss but I don’t think that it will platform, giving access to the private average, while life science companies develop any further. The BioValley extranet, with member in the city invest over $1 billion in problem is not the money, it’s company profiles and a partnering research infrastructures annually. The exchange. A matchmaking service the borders,” says Gunther central European location is attractive Neuhaus, Vice Rector for is available and there are regular for trade, with a dense rail and road networking events. “Beyond the system and an international airport. A Research, University of national function of BioValley Alsace, liberal regulatory framework—second Freiburg. of supporting the development of life only to the UK and US—also facilitates sciences SMEs, the value of BioValley growth of the life sciences sector. derived monoclonal antibodies. In as a whole is mainly translated in 2013, Martin Karplus, professor at event organisation,” says Mona Unlike many other European regions, the University of Strasbourg, was Boye, Trinational Affairs Manager, there are no tax incentives for R&D awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, BioValley Alsace. in Basel. However, new companies together with Arieh Warshel, for the or companies that move from abroad development of multiscale models can claim tax relief for up to 10 years. for complex chemical systems. R&D infrastructures and Despite the cost of doing business in Researchers from the University support services Switzerland, multinationals continue of Basel and its affiliated research to invest. In 2013, Roche announced institutes are frequently awarded top The Basel region benefits from over the construction of a €154 million research grants from the ERC. 100,000 square metres of laboratory antibody-drug conjugate production space and rising. In December 2013, facility in Basel, following the the Swiss government dedicated CHF completion of its €325 million biotech 16.9 million for a national centre of production centre for the cancer drug Award for Basel Scientist competence in molecular systems Avastin. The region is also home to In December 2013, Basel-based engineering at the University of Basel. a wide array of venture capital and scientist Michael Hall won a “This will allow us to build a national private equity funds. “Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences network of collaborating laboratories 2014” award for his discovery of the which will be unique worldwide,” Success stories enzyme M-Tor (mammalian target of said Antonio Loprieno, Rector of the rapamycin) and its role in controlling university. “A particular feature of the and international cell growth. Over the last 20 years, [centre] is the way in which individual acknowledgement Hall has studied the involvement of research leaders and groups will It was in Basel that Friedrich Miescher this enzyme in the development of bring their own areas of expertise and extracted nucleic acids from white cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular excellence into a broader structure. blood cells in 1871 – work that diseases, publishing over 160 We thus achieve a major research underpinned the discovery that DNA scientific articles. Hall currently leads infrastructure that is genuinely greater is the basis of genes and inheritance. a team of 12 researchers at the Basel than the sum of its parts,” he said. And it was at the Basel Institute for Biozentrum. Immunology that the 1983 Nobel Prize winner Georges Kohler first

28 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Zurich

Facts and figures Areas of excellence > Biotechnology % of GDP allocated to R&D 3.1% (Switzerland 2012) > Biomedical science Total private R&D investment Not available > Pharmaceuticals Total public R&D investment €0.78 billion (2013) > Medical technology Economic growth 1.3% (2011) Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €38.25 billion (2013) Life sciences companies 945 (2013) and more than 1,000 collaborative Number of employees 21,000 (2013) research contracts annually. Switzerland Students with tertiary education 44,000 (2013) continuously out performs other Number of researchers Not available European countries in the EU’s Regional Number of scientific publications 9,716 (2013-2014) Innovation Scoreboard. Total citations 23,535 (2013-2014) Geographical coverage of the cluster 11,755 km² (Greater Zurich Area) Attracting the Top Talent The chance to work with the world Cluster overview Academic excellence renowned professors at ETH, the Switzerland ranks among the top In 2014, ETH retained its place as the University of Zurich and University 10 countries worldwide for R&D top university in continental Europe Hospital Zurich, is a major draw investment, with Swiss scientists in the Shanghai Rankings, while the for international researchers, said generating the highest number of University of Zurich with its university Marjan Kraak, Business Development scientific papers per researcher, and hospital is one of the top five European Manager at the Lab for Life Sciences their publications having a strong universities in biomedical science. “This (ieLab) at ETH. The support offered impact factor. Life Science Zurich, an makes Zurich an obvious choice for by Zurich’s life sciences clusters, such academic joint venture set up by the any industry looking to partner up with as Biotechno park Schlieren, and University of Zurich and the Swiss academia,” Sieber said. The exchange Zurich’s entrepreneurial networks, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), between industry and academia in also appeals to researchers who promotes Zurich as an international Zurich is institutionalised, with each have an interest in innovation. centre for research, education and of Zurich’s universities having well- For individual researchers, higher innovation in life sciences. Zurich’s established technology transfer offices, salaries compared to other European attractions include its tax structures, Sieber noted. Spin-outs from ETH countries and the accessibility of liberal labour laws and highly qualified secured more than CHF80 million Zurich are major attractions, said workforce. Life sciences companies in in 2013. Another example of the Kraak. Following a referendum in the cluster generate annual revenues support available is the life sciences February 2014, immigration quotas of €38.25 billion and have over 21,000 Innovation and Entrepreneurship are in place. This may, “Restrict employees. In 2010, Zurich had Lab (ieLab) launched in 2012 at ETH. the hiring of top researchers and 339.6 patents per million inhabitants, This research facility, with 30 labs managers needed to develop the compared to the average of 290.7, and 12 office spaces, offers coaching industry,” said Benoit Dubuis, according to the OECD. “The research services and gives young scientists the President of the western Switzerland centres in Zurich are all situated close opportunity to create prototypes with a cluster BioAlps. to one another, generating a cluster view to commercialisation. Meanwhile, effect,” said Lukas Sieber, of the regional Unitectra, the technology transfer economic development agency, Greater office of the universities of Basel, Bern Zurich Area. and Zurich, agrees 50 new licenses

29 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Shared expertise in genomics Zurich One example of a competence centre - ETH Zurich shared between the University of - University of Zurich Zurich and ETH is the Functional - Biotechnopark Schlieren Genomics Centre in Zurich, where Geneve researchers work with academic and - BioAlps industrial partners on R&D projects.

R&D infrastructures and support services Switzerland In 2013, the Swiss National Science Foundation invested CHF819 million in basic research. Of this, 40 per cent was awarded to biology and medicines million. Seventy-five per cent of R&D in research across three programmes: Switzerland is funded privately. Over the National Research Programme, National last few years, Zurich has attracted major University of Zurich Centres of Competence in Research life sciences companies, including Amgen, at the Roche Pharma and the International Programme. The Baxter, Pfizer and Novo Nordisk. Actual 27 National Centres of Competence in Oncology Awards tax rates of under 8 per cent are possible Research are research infrastructure When Roche held its first Pharma in Zurich, far below most European networks throughout Switzerland that Research & Development Oncology counterparts. The relatively unregulated mix scientific knowledge with business science awards in 2013 to recognise labour market is also appealing, while activities. A number of patents have outstanding European research in the non-wage costs and social security resulted from these networks, including field of antibody-based cancer therapy, contributions are low. Salaries are high, 50 in neuroscience, 23 in genetics and Krishna Chaitanya of the Oncological but high productivity and long working 20 in structural biology. The Swiss Institute at University Hospital Zurich hours are said to mean employers get Commission for Technology and took first place for his studies on a value for money. Switzerland continues to Innovation is a government agency that radioisotope-coupled antibody. top the World Economic Forum’s Global supports R&D projects, entrepreneurship Competitive Index. and start-ups. In 2001, the University of Zurich and ETH established the Life Science Zurich network, which now Success stories BioAlps encompasses five units: business; young and international In Geneva, academic and research scientists; graduate school; a learning institutions have come together to centre; and communication and events. acknowledgement form BioAlps, a collection of science parks and incubators, which provides In total, 21 researchers associated with start-ups with access to more than 500 ETH have been awarded the Nobel Prize, research facilities and other resources. including Werner Arber, who received Business and investment Benoit Dubuis, President, and Claude Switzerland’s capital markets have a long the award in Medicine in 1978 for his Joris, Secretary-General say the top track record of investment in healthcare discovery of restriction enzymes and their class research infrastructure of the and life sciences companies have raised application to molecular genetics, and Kurt region helps to draw international more money in Switzerland than Wuthrich, who received the Chemistry talent. “The BioAlps region houses anywhere else in Europe. A full 40 per award in 2002 for developing nuclear state-of-the-art scientific parks and cent of the Swiss Stock Exchange’s capital magnetic resonance methods for studying incubators with modern laboratory is invested in life sciences. In addition, biological macromolecules. Switzerland equipment, facilities and resources to the country has one of the highest levels received over 200 grants from the ERC support the development of highly of venture capital investment in Europe, from 2007 to 2012. innovative start-up companies often with 20 professional venture firms and set up with those top researchers,” average annual investments of CHF200 they said.

30 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS The Netherlands

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Medical imaging % of GDP allocated to R&D 2.1% (2014) > Patient monitoring Total private R&D investment €1.387 billion (2012) > Biomaterials Total public R&D investment €7.316 billion (2012) > Infectious diseases Economic growth 0.7% (2014) > Oncology Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €19 billion (2014) > Immunology Life sciences companies 900 (2014) > Neurology Number of employees 98,000 (2014) > Gene therapy Students with tertiary education 793,700 (2012) > Regenerative medicine Number of researchers 170,913 (2011) Number of scientific publications 50,410 (2013-2014) Geographical coverage of the cluster 41,526 km² Developmental Biology and Stem Cell research, TNO Pharma, TNO Nutrition and Food and TNO Quality of Life. Cluster overview a BioMedical Materials programme is Leiden Bio Science Park is home to more The Netherlands has more than 900 working on new medical devices and than 85 medical life sciences companies life sciences companies, all within the Centre for Translational Molecular and institutions, the largest number of a 200 km radius. Of these, 400 are Medicine is advancing new in vivo and bioscience start-ups in the Netherlands active in biopharmaceuticals and in vitro diagnostics. and several multinationals, and also has 400 in diagnostics. The clusters are its own technology transfer office, LURIS. concentrated in university regions In addition to the Utrecht Science Park a around Amsterdam, Leiden and Academic excellence new medical technology campus is being Utrecht. The Amsterdam region leads The Netherlands has 12 universities developed, called the Health Park. This the group with more than 60 life and eight university medical centres. will house medical companies such as sciences companies, of which over Researchers in the Netherlands publish Simed-Stopler and Mediq, the new St. 20 are university spin-offs. Leiden an average of 7,500 papers annually Antonius Hospital and the Netherlands’ has over 60 medical life sciences and perform over 2,000 clinical studies largest concentration of private health care companies. In the Utrecht region, the every year. Of 12 Dutch universities, facilities. Immuno Valley specialises in infectious eight were ranked among the top 200 diseases and immunology. In 2011, World Universities in the 2014 Shanghai R&D infrastructures and the Dutch government identified life academic ranking. The 2014 OECD fact sciences as one of nine priority sectors book ranked Holland sixth on the number support services for future growth, and said it would of patents per capita. Amsterdam has over The Netherlands has 63 life sciences be investing €1.5 billion per annum 5,330 academic researchers in 36 research parks, most recently adding NovioTech in the sector from 2015 onwards. It and educational institutes, 17 hospitals, in Nijmegen, the Delft Science Park also announced plans to set up an 120 R&D-intensive life science companies Technopolis and the Bio Science Park innovation fund to enable companies and 36 university spin-offs. Researchers Lelystad. The Dutch government has to borrow capital. In addition, the in the region filed more than 270 patents backed a number of other public private government is contributing 50 per between 1997 and 2007.The province of partnerships including the Netherlands cent towards a €1 billion Life Sciences Utrecht houses the University Medical Genomic Institute, which has €1 billion & Health programme under which Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s funding over 10 years, Cyttron, which three public private partnerships are hospital and several research institutes, the specialises in technologies for molecular being set up with the biotech industry National Institute of Public Health and the and cellular imaging, and the ‘String and universities. The first of these, TI Environment, the Netherlands Vaccine of Pearls’ initiative, which links the Pharma is developing new drugs, while Institute, the Netherlands Institute for biobanks of eight Dutch university

31 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Amsterdam - University of Amsterdam - VU University Amsterdam - The Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam Vumc Cancer Centre - The Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) Amsterdam - The Pan-Amsterdam Vumc Institute for Cancer and Technology Transfer Office Immunology has 475 scientists Utrecht working on 350 research projects. - University Medical Centre It receives funding of €7.5 million Utrecht - Utrecht University every year. The Institute has been - Utrecht Science Park awarded a number of grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Leiden - Leiden University Scientific Research and produces - Leiden University Medical about 625 peer-reviewed articles a Centre year. - Leiden Bio Science Park Delft The - TNO Headquarters The Neuroscience Netherlands Campus Amsterdam (NCA) The NCA houses 600 scientists and help to connect the whole industry, students amongst four faculties representing the Dutch sector abroad and “Researchers choose the and 25 departments, including 100 helping to set up collaborative projects Netherlands for its cutting edge MSc students, 150 PhD students with international companies. and 150 affiliated technical staff. research infrastructure, the NCA specialises in brain imaging easy access to international technology, brain mechanisms Business and investment players and the possibility to in health and disease, neuro When asked what the main barriers are consolidate their scientific degeneration, neuro inflammation for doing business in the Netherlands and the neurobiology of mental careers,” the respondents of the Global Annemiek Verkamman, health. Competitiveness Report cited access to finance, restrictive labour regulations, Managing Director of insufficient capacity to innovate and HollandBIO. medical centres. In Utrecht, life sciences government bureaucracy. “Financing employs approximately 7,000 people in new companies is very difficult in the around 50 companies and institutions. Netherlands,” Annmieke Verkamman attracts international talent and has a The industry is concentrated within the said. This is despite Amsterdam having professional, well-educated, multilingual Utrecht Science Park. Leading institutes a dynamic life sciences community workforce. The Netherlands has been include Hubrecht Institute, Netherlands working within a global business hub, consistently above the EU28 average in Organisation for Applied Scientific with the city of Amsterdam being home terms of number of patents registered. Research (TNO), and Deltares. In 2012, to 2,200 international companies. It UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Success stories Eindhoven University of Technology and Philips announced the formation and international of the Institute for Diagnostic and European Infrastructure acknowledgement Interventional Imaging. The Pan- for Translational Dutch life sciences companies have been Amsterdam Technology Transfer successful at developing internationally Office was founded in 2013 to serve the Medicine (EATRIS) recognised products and therapies. One Located in Amsterdam, EATRIS helps University of Amsterdam,VU University globally recognised product coming researchers and companies in need Amsterdam and the Amsterdam from the Netherlands is Quinvaxem, a of support to advance biomedical University of Applied Science. All these five-component fully liquid paediatric innovations. EATRIS comprises over research facilities collaborate among vaccine, developed by Johnson & 70 leading academic institutions themselves and use cross regional Johnson subsidiary, Crucell, of Leiden. across Europe, each recognised for platforms designed to promote deeper Another is uniQure, which holds the its individual expertise and high end collaboration in life sciences. crown as the first company to win research facilities. Its infrastructure approval for a gene therapy in a regulated provides a single point of access to The industry body HollandBIO has over market. Glybera, for the treatment of expertise and facilities, expedites the 125 member life sciences organisations. the rare genetic disorder, lipoprotein development process and facilitates Annemiek Verkamman, Managing lipase deficiency, was approved by the access to large and diverse clinical Director of HollandBIO, says although European Medicines Agency in October patient cohorts. the Netherlands has regional hotspots, 2012. national organisations like HollandBIO

32 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS London - Cambridge - Oxford

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > London: stem cells, oncology, % of GDP allocated to R&D 1.72% (UK, 2012) neurology, cardiovascular diseases, Total private R&D investment €5.216 billion (2011) infection and drug delivery Total public R&D investment €961.171 million (2011) Economic growth 1.7% (UK, 2013) > Oxford: cancer, diabetes, Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €7.8 billion (2013) immunology, inflammation Life sciences companies 1,904 (2013) Number of employees 79,681 (2013) > Cambridge: medtech, small Students with tertiary education 385,000 (London, 2014) molecules, antibody engineering, Number of researchers 74,210 (London, 2011) eancer, genomics Number of scientific publications 58,139 (2013-2014) Geographical coverage of the cluster 8,500 km2 R&D infrastructures and Cluster overview and the DNA sequencing specialist support services The London-Cambridge-Oxford Oxford Nanopore. Between 2007 and 2011, the number bioscience cluster, 8,500 km2 and of clinical trials conducted in the UK home to 13 million people, is the Academic excellence fell by 22 per cent, prompting moves strongest in Europe. In the past the The 2014 Shanghai Ranking places by the government to reduce barriers region was seen as having three clusters, Cambridge University fifth, Oxford to getting approvals, for example by each in competition with the others. ninth, University College London streamlining ethics committees and Now the three are positioned as ‘the (UCL) 20th, Imperial College London by making an approval in one NHS Golden Triangle’. The components are 22nd, King’s College 59th, and London hospital valid in others. strong, with world-class science and School of Economics just outside the London, as Europe’s leading financial top 100. With 40 higher education The Genome Campus in Cambridge market, providing access to funding institutions, London has one of the is home to the Sanger Institute, where for life sciences. The UK capital is also largest concentration of universities the UK’s contribution to the Human home to 28 universities, over 1,500 and colleges in the world. In 2014, Genome Project was carried out. The biomedical researchers and 15 hospitals. 385,000 students, including 101,000 Genome Campus also hosts the European A new addition to the life sciences foreign students, were studying in the Bioinformatics Institute and will be home infrastructure, the £500 million Francis city. London has five medical schools, to the centre where the whole genome Crick Institute opening in 2015, will including Imperial College School sequencing for the 100,000 Genomes specialise in translational medicine. of Medicine, King’s College London Project will be carried out. Cambridge was the home of some School of Medicine and Dentistry of the earliest biotech companies in and UCL Medical School, and three The Wellcome Trust is the world’s Europe and continues to create start- dental institutes. London HEIs teach second largest health research charity ups. AstraZeneca has chosen to locate more than 65,000 students in medical, in the world, providing more than £600 its new global R&D and corporate dentistry and allied health subjects. million in grants each year. headquarters in the city. The University When the Francis Crick Institute The UK has a unique position in of Oxford is ranked first in the world opens in 2015, it will have 1,500 staff, the commercialisation of university in clinical, pre-clinical and health and including 1,250 scientists, and an research, having technology transfer has 23 Nobel Prize winners in medicine annual budget of over £100 million, companies that are quoted on the and chemistry. It has also spawned some making it the biggest centre for London Stock Exchange. One example significant start-ups, such as the gene translational biomedical research in is IP Group plc, another is Imperial therapy company Oxford Biomedica Europe. Innovations.

33 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS The European Medicines Agency is in Cambridge - Cambridge University London and, from 2015, the EU Unified - Cambridge Science Park Patent Office’s life sciences branch will - MRC Laboratory of also be based there. Molecular Biology - Babraham Research Campus

Oxford - Oxford University - Isis Innovation

London - University College London - Imperial College - King’s College London-Cambridge-Oxford - Wellcome Trust - UK Cell Therapy Catapult England

In May 2014, Imperial College announced plans for a biomedical In July 2013, the EIB awarded a £30 engineering centre. The university is million loan to Imperial Innovations for Selling Cells also developing a £3 billion campus investments in biotech and therapeutics. The Cell Therapy Catapult, founded in extension, Imperial West, which 2012, is based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ will be devoted to data science MedCity’s aim is to convince investors Hospital in London. “We have £70 and biomedicine. The centrepiece from around the world to put their million for the first five years and we will be a £200 million research money behind research from Oxbridge also hope for contract research from and translation hub where large and the major London universities. industry, which could be £10 million technology companies will work It will receive £2.9 million from the extra,” Keith Thompson, Head of alongside start-ups and research Higher Education Funding Council the Catapult, said. In addition the scientists. The building will house for England, and £1.2 million from the Catapult will bid for grant funding as around 1,000 researchers, working mayor of London’s office. part of research consortia. A survey in fields including biomedicine and carried out by the Catapult shows plastic electronics, as well as incubator Success stories there were 41 regenerative medicine space for 50 spin-off companies. products in clinical trials in the UK in “It’s a national institute which and international 2014, up from 34 in 2013. In its first will serve the national biomedical acknowledgement collaboration, the Catapult worked research endeavour,” said David Scientists in the South East have done with one of Europe’s leading stem Gann, Imperial’s Vice President particularly well out of the ERC grants cell companies, ReNeuron, on the Development and Innovation. – UCL, along with Oxford, has been development and optimisation of awarded nine consolidator grants, the the processes required to scale-up highest number awarded to any UK manufacture of the company’s cell university. line, which is in Phase II development Business and investment in treating the after effects of stroke. The UK is the third easiest place, after UCL’s life science faculty has been In addition, the Catapult has signed Denmark and Norway, to set up and associated with six Nobel Laureates. collaborations with GlaxoSmithKline run a business in Europe (World Bank: Fourteen current faculty academics and Smith and Nephew. In May 2014, ‘Doing Business 2013). There are low have been made Fellows of the Royal the Catapult was awarded a further barriers to entrepreneurship, according Society and a further 25, Fellows of the £55 million to build a facility for to the OECD’s index ranking. The Academy of Medical Sciences. King’s manufacturing cell therapies for late UK’s main corporate income tax rate College have seven Nobel Laureates in stage clinical trials and commercial is 20 per cent. There are tax credits for life science. supply. R&D expenditure, with an enhanced deduction of 130 per cent for large companies. In 2011 the UK government introduced a life sciences strategy, increasing R&D tax credits and creating a patent box that lowers the tax rate to 10 per cent on profits earned from inventions patented in Britain.

34 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS North-West England

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Tropical and infectious diseases % of GDP allocated to R&D 1.72% (UK, 2012) > Personalised medicine Total private R&D investment €2.603 billion (2011) > Clinical trials Total public R&D investment €96.094 million (2011) > Regenerative medicine Economic growth 1.7% (UK, 2013) > Vaccines Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €3.211 billion (2013) > Systems biology Life sciences companies 343 (2013) > Bioprocessing Number of employees 17,022 (2013) > Structure-based drug discovery Students with tertiary education 232,760 (2013) > Cancer Number of researchers 36,631(2011) Number of scientific publications 7,444 (2013-2014) Total citations 17,247 (2013-2014) is just outside the top 100. There Geographical coverage of the cluster 14,000 km² are a number of cross-disciplinary institutes and departments, for example, the Centre of Excellence for Cluster overview However, there was a significant blow to Biocatalysis at Manchester University, The North-West bioscience cluster of the cluster’s prestige in March 2013 when where microbiologists, geneticists, the UK covers an area of 14,000 square AstraZeneca announced it was moving bioinformatics scientists and material kilometres and has a population of seven its small molecule R&D from Alderley scientists all work together under one million people. Between 2002 and 2012, Park to a new research laboratory in roof. the number of companies grew by 86 Cambridge. per cent and employment increased R&D infrastructures and by 10 per cent per annum. The region’s Academic excellence main universities for life sciences are The Manchester University is one support services Manchester and Liverpool, however there of Europe’s top universities and The region has 73 hospitals and the is also a high degree of interchange and rose three places to 38th in the 2014 largest clinical campus in Europe is in collaboration with other universities in Shanghai Ranking, while Liverpool Manchester. It also hosts some important the North of England in Sheffield, York, research resources, for example, the Leeds and Newcastle and their associated UK Biobank, which holds DNA and university hospitals. The North-West is medical data on half a million volunteers home to 10 per cent of the UK’s bioscience Tropical Diseases recruited between 2006 and 2010. North The Liverpool School of Tropical employees, and has a turnover of nearly £7 West England is also home to one of Medicine, founded in 1898, was the billion in life sciences. The region is one of the longest-established science parks in first of its kind in the world. Just four the top areas for cancer research in Europe Europe, the Manchester Science Park, years after its foundation, a scientist at and hosts a number of research centres formed in 1984. The park currently the school, Ronald Ross, won a Nobel and partnerships aimed at translational has 31 life sciences companies. On Prize in 1902, for the discovery that research in cancer, such as the Manchester 10 September 2014, the government mosquitoes carry malaria. Today, the Cancer Research UK Institute and the officially launched City Labs, a £25 school retains a global reputation as Liverpool University Wolfson Centre for million biomedical hub on the site of a leader in research on tropical and Personalised Medicine. Companies with Manchester’s former Royal Eye Hospital. infectious diseases. a presence in the North West include The trade body BioNow has been Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva, Recipharm, representing the interests of companies Pharmaserve, Medimmune, Intercytex, in the biomedical sector since 2000. Carbogen, Amcis and Baxter Healthcare. There are several bio-incubators in the

35 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Liverpool - University of Liverpool - Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine region, including the Med Tech Centre - National Biomanufacturing Centre Incubator, a joint venture between the - Liverpool University National Health Service and Manchester Wolfson Centre for Science Park. Liverpool has the UK’s Personalised Medicine biggest biologics manufacturing cluster, Manchester with GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, - University of Manchester - Manchester Science Park Novartis and Actavis all having facilities - Manchester Cancer here. The building of the new Royal Research Centre (MCRC) Liverpool University hospital, which will - Northern Health Science Alliance (NHSA) be the largest in the country, is underway. Cheshire “Better data-sharing between companies - Alderley Park is a key project for us,” said Hakim Yadi, - Chester University CEO of the Northern Health Science Salford Alliance, a partnership of eight of the North-West - University of Salford largest NHS teaching hospitals and eight Lancaster universities in the North of England. England - Lancaster University “Also, we want to organise a consortium to address the strengths and weaknesses of the cluster.” Porter, 1972. John Sulston, joint winner The ERC has awarded six life science of a Nobel Prize in 2002 for his role in grants to Manchester University. Business and investment spearheading the UK’s contribution to Manchester will be Europe’s City of The UK is the third easiest place after the Human Genome Project, is Chair Science 2016 and will host the large Denmark and Norway, to set up and of the Institute for Science, Ethics and EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) run a business in Europe, according Innovation at Manchester University. conference the same year. to the World Bank’s ‘Doing Business 2013’. There are low barriers to entrepreneurship, according to the OECD. The main corporate tax rate is 20 per cent. Tax incentives for R&D expenditure are available. In 2011, the UK government introduced a life sciences strategy that increased R&D tax credits and created a patent box that lowers the tax rate to 10 per cent on profits earned from inventions patented in the UK. For government support for life sciences R&D, companies can draw from the Regional Growth Fund, which Case Study 1 has pumped cash into 180 projects Manchester: Integrating Medicine and Innovative Technology brings together around the UK so far. Bidders in the Manchester University, six leading NHS hospitals and major healthcare North-West have included pharma companies. Amongst other projects it is developing a point of care device companies and research bodies, for for diagnosing lung diseases such as emphysema, by looking for particular example, Lilly, the Liverpool School biomarkers in the breath. of Tropical Medicine, AstraZeneca, Redx Pharma, DePuySynthes and SCM Pharma. Case Study 2 The Manchester University, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, created the Success stories Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research in May 2011, with the two pharma companies each investing £5 million over five years. This and international collaboration brings together scientists from the pharmaceutical industry and acknowledgement academia to work on inflammation research and translation.

The North-West has a clutch of Nobel Prizes for life sciences. Aside Case Study 3 from Ross’ win in 1902 for malaria, RedX Pharma is a spin-out from AstraZeneca, specialising in the early stages of Liverpool University has produced five drug discovery. It has two R&D facilities in Liverpool and one at Alderley Park. In more life sciences winners: Charles a deal signed in September 2014, AstraZeneca entered into a collaboration with Sherrington, 1932, James Chadwick, RedX Pharma to discover and develop new molecules targeting a genetic driver of 1935, Robert Robinson, 1947, Har tumour growth. Gobind Khorana, 1968, and Rodney

36 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Scotland

Areas of excellence Facts and figures > Medical technology % of GDP allocated to R&D 1.55% (2013) > Electronic patient records Total private R&D investment €940 (2013) > Stem cell technology Total public R&D investment €262 million (2013) > Regenerative medicine Economic growth 0.2% (2014) > Animal health Total annual turnover for the life sciences sector €1.795 billion (2013) Life sciences companies 343 (2013) campus on a green field site close to Number of employees 11,530 (2011) the city centre. The BioQuarter is Students with tertiary education 278,765 (2012-2013) the new base for the Scottish Centre Number of researchers 38,479 (2011) for Regenerative Medicine, which in Number of scientific publications 19,612 (2013-2014) addition to providing a single facility Total citations 44,983 (2013-2014) for 650 researchers focused on the Geographical coverage of the cluster 78,770 km² application of stem cell research to diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Cluster overview Thermo Fisher, GlaxoSmithKline, diabetes and heart disease, also includes With the 2014 referendum confirming Johnson & Johnson, Millipore, and a good manufacturing practice facility Scotland will remain part of the UK- ClinTec. The Scottish life sciences for producing clinical grade stem cells. with greater devolved powers – the industry saw company turnover increase country will be able to continue its by 5 per cent to £3.2 billion in 2011 The life sciences sector contributes dual track approach to building on its compared to 2010. Overall spending on some £1.5 billion of gross value added status as a centre of excellence for life R&D was £1,922 million in 2012. a year, and turnover of £3.1 billion to sciences, working at a local level when the economy. The country offers good appropriate, but also leveraging the Scotland’s capital city Edinburgh and resources for clinical development, greater economies of scale that being its hinterland is one of the strongest with an established network of over part of the UK affords. Importantly, locations for life sciences in the UK. The 50 clinical trial support and research R&D in Scotland will continue to be region has nine research organisations, organisations. Five of the world’s top funded from the UK national budget. including four universities and three 10 Contract Research Organisations Scotland is a nation of some 5.3 million university teaching hospitals that Quintiles, PPD, Charles River taking up about a third of Great Britain’s together house a further 11 institutes Laboratories, INC Research and Aptuit, land mass and it has a long heritage in dedicated to the life sciences. The cluster have bases here. life sciences – medicine has been taught extends along the M8 corridor into in Edinburgh since the 1580s. Scotland’s second city of Glasgow. In Academic excellence addition to the strengths in medical Scotland has 19 autonomous higher Today Scotland boasts some 650 research of Glasgow University and its education institutions of which 17 organisations in life sciences, ranging associated teaching hospital, Strathclyde are universities. The Scottish Funding from Higher Education Institutions University has noted expertise in Council also funds 37 colleges. In 2012- to companies. Two of its stronger medical devices. Although there 2013 there were 278,765 students in subsectors are medical technologies and has been significant investment into higher education in Scotland. In 2011- pharmaceutical services. Scotland is also infrastructure for life sciences across 2012, over 48,000 overseas students at the forefront of research in stem cells the country, and in particular around enrolled at Scottish HEIs and Colleges, and regenerative medicine, nutrition, universities and teaching hospitals in an increase of 1,170 from 2011-2012. animal health and signal transduction. cities including Dundee, Aberdeen Total public funding in the academic The country is home to companies and Glasgow, the jewel in crown is the year 2014/15 for universities is £1.07 including Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh BioQuarter, a £600 million billion. Edinburgh University is the

37 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Scottish Life Sciences Aberdeen Strategy - University of Aberdeen “Our ambition is to double the economic Dundee contribution of life sciences to the - University of Dundee Scottish economy by 2020,” says the Glasgow Scottish Life Sciences strategy. To achieve - University of Glasgow this growth, the focus will be put on - University of Strathclyde high productivity subsectors including Edinburgh clinical, translational and regenerative - University of Edinburgh medicine, and on promoting existing - Edinburgh BioQuarter areas of strength in Medtech, Diagnostics - Roslin Institute - Heriot-Watt University and Pharma services. most internationally prestigious in Scotland Scotland, ranking 45 in the Shanghai Index.

Business & Investment backdrop. “Our biggest challenge is getting R&D infrastructures and If Scotland is to deliver its 2020 vision, access to sophisticated venture capital. support services it must generate more companies from Scotland is well served by the “angel” Edinburgh BioQuarter is at the heart of its life sciences research and more of its community but bio-pharma requires a lot Scotland’s R&D commercialisation effort. indigenous life sciences companies must of capital to get to key inflection points – The campus brings together clinicians, grow into major international businesses. and that is difficult,” Blair says. industrialists, patients, scientists, state-of Bill Blair, Head of Business Creation at the-art pre-clinical and clinical research Edinburgh Bioquarter, says there are Success stories facilities, and an academic teaching three main strands to achieving this. “The hospital on one campus. It is a joint first is cultural change. Traditionally the and international venture between Scottish Enterprise, University of Edinburgh and Edinburgh acknowledgement the University of Edinburgh and NHS Medical School have been highly successful Lothian. The BioQuarter has 1.4msq at winning grant money, but strategic ft of specialist accommodation for collaboration with pharmaceutical Australian biotech Actinogen academic, healthcare and commercial companies or generating spin-outs has acquired Edinburgh BioQuarter tenants. Scottish Enterprise is also very not been on a par. So we need to shift spinout company Corticrine Ltd, supportive of life sciences elsewhere in the culture—engage with our academic which is developing a treatment the country, especially around Aberdeen, colleagues to foster more collaboration for Alzheimer’s disease. Corticrine Dundee and Glasgow. with industry and create more spin outs,” has worldwide development and he said. The second priority is business commercialisation rights to UE2323, development and strategic collaboration which was discovered at the University Dundee University boasts one of the with the pharmaceutical industry. Third of Edinburgh. Bill Blair, Head of longest running academic/industrial is business creation. “We are trying to pull Business Creation at Edinburgh collaborations in the world, focusing together intellectual property, management BioQuarter says, “The deal is on protein phosphorylation and teams and finance to fund spin-out indicative of the innovative approaches the kinase enzymes that control companies.” The last few years have adopted by Edinburgh BioQuarter to this central aspect of cellular provided the most challenging financial commercialise novel IP.” function. The Division of Signal Transduction Therapy (DSTT) was formed in 1998 in an agreement between Dundee University and five leading pharmaceutical companies, Edinburgh BioQuarter and remains one of the world’s largest collaborations between a basic research institute and the pharmaceutical industry. Research carried out at DSTT has been instrumental in propelling kinase inhibitors from first screens and assays to become one of the pharma industry’s most important class of targets.

38 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS References and credits General references

Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011 - Research and 2014: Innovation Union Scoreboard; Pro Inno Europe, Inno http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2014.html Metrics http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/ Life Sciences Cluster Report, Global 2012; Jones Lang files/ius-2011_en.pdf LaSalle http://www.joneslanglasalle.com/Documents/ Soumitra Dutta, The Global Innovation Index 2011, life_science_report/pdf/Life-Sciences-Cluster-Report- Accelerating growth and development; INSEAD Global-2012.pdf http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/ gii-2011_report.pdf Economy Rankings 2013; Doing Business - World Bank Group: http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings Klaus Schwab and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012; World Economic The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - Forum 2014: http://www.weforum.org/reports/global- http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_ competitiveness-report-2013-2014 Report_2011-12.pdf

Regional Innovation Monitor Plus; European Outputs and efficiency of science and technology in Commission: Europe, Innovation Union Competitiveness Report http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/ 2011 policy/regional-innovation/monitor/ http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/ pdf/competitiveness-report/2011/chapters/part_i_ The Cluster Scoreboard: Measuring the performance chapter_6.pdf of local business clusters in the knowledge economy, 2012; OECD local economic and employment development working papers For a complete list of sources used, region by region, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/industry-and- in the compilation of this report, go to http:// services/the-cluster-scoreboard_5k94ghq8p5kd- sciencebusiness.net/OurReports/ en;jsessionid=js5om910qnng.x-oecd-live-01

Contributors Photographs Eanna Kelly Bigstock Florin Zubascu BioM Joanne O’Dea Edinburgh Bioquarter Ruxandra Cracea ENTREPRENÖRSKAPSFORUM Dave Madden Fondation France Répit Imperial College London Editor Nuala Moran Printing PMR Brussels Project Director Maryline Fiaschi Publisher Science|Business Publishing Ltd Design and Production Avenue des Nerviens 79, Box 22 Science|Business Publishing Ltd 1040 Brussels, Belgium [email protected] © Copyright Science|Business Publishing Ltd 2015

39 - SCIENCE I BUSINESS Science|Business Publishing Ltd Avenue des Nerviens 79, Box 22 1040 Brussels, Belgium 40 [email protected] SCIENCE I BUSINESS