Unit II: Nationalism

Outline: Chapter 8, Section 2 (p. 253-257)

Europe in Revolt: • After the Congress of Vienna: European nations are peaceful w/ each other (up until the Crimean War), but are facing internal instability • Philosophical Differences (vis-à-vis political organization): o Conservatism  the wealthy, nobles, landowners, who argued for maintaining traditional monarchies (legitimacy) o Liberalism  emerging industrial middle class (business leaders & merchants), argued for more power to elected parliaments (constitutional monarchies), in which ONLY the educated and landowners could vote (no friend to the working class); usually favor non- violent reform o Radicalism  promoted by members of the working class, argued for FULL democracy for ALL citizens (don’t “fix” monarchies, replace them!); maintain ideals of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity)… favor radical reform, using violence, if necessary • Nationalism: pride & loyalty in a nation (territorial grouping of people who share a common culture or history… or, common ethnic identity!); patriotism; NOT having loyalty to a monarch or [multi-ethnic] empire; loyalty to the nation you have, want, or had • Jingoism: extreme nationalism (blind nationalism) • Nation-State: possesses the following: o a SOVEREIGN government o a group of people under the political authority of that government (may be homogeneous or multiethnic… consider: what conditions make for a more united population?) o a defined territory • Nation-states could be created either by uniting smaller states / kingdoms (i.e. Germany), OR splitting away from existing larger empires to establish “self-rule” (i.e. Austrian Empire) • “The rise of modern nationalism is tied to the spread of democratic ideas and the growth of an educated middle class. People wanted to decide how they were governed, instead of having monarchs impose government on them”. (!) • Nation-States (existing or aspired to) strengthened by the following unifying factors: 1. Ethnicity 2. Culture 3. Religion 4. Common History 5. Common Language 6. Common Territory • POSITIVE effects of nationalism: o People uniting for a common purpose (emphasizing similarities over differences) o Fighting for independence, against oppression & tyranny o Tend to be democratic o Productive competition: “scientific & technological advances”; Olympics! • NEGATIVE effects of nationalism: o Oppression of minority cultures & national sub-groups: forced assimilation, “ethnic cleansing”, subjugation, tyranny, genocide! o Jingoism o Destructive competition: warfare

Nationalism Spurs Action: • Balkans: SE Europe • First SUCCESSFUL nationalist revolution for independence in EUROPE: GREECE (from Ottoman Empire) in 1830… HELPED by European monarchs (UK, France, Russia)! o Greek Christians v. Muslim Turks (Europe identifies w/ Christians… goes back to the Crusades) o European affinity w/ ancient Greek culture • NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS: o American Revolution (successful) o  French Revolution (failed) o  Latin American revolutions (successful) o  Greek independence (1830: successful) o  Belgian independence (1830: successful) o  Italian unification (1830: crushed by Austria & Metternich… failed, for now) o  Polish Revolution (1830: crushed by Russia… failed) • MORE NATIONALIST ETHNIC revolutions: 1848 o Hungary (failed), Bohemia (failed) o When liberals and radicals can’t unite, conservatives win o When liberals learn to unite w/ radicals, conservatives lose o 1849: conservatives (monarchs) still in control (for now) • FRANCE: o 1830: Constitutional monarch (Charles X) attempts to become ABSOLUTE monarch… French radicals revolt… Charles X replaced by Louis-Philippe (liberal constitutional monarch) o 1848: French radicals overthrow Louis-Philippe, make SECOND attempt at democracy (the “SECOND Republic”… lasts 4 years) o Aftermath: Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon III) o French radicals and liberals unable to work together: radicals want political AND economic reform (democracy and socialism); liberals only want political reform (democracy… keep capitalism); result: failure, civil war (again). o Aftermath: radicals lose popular support due to violence; Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon (aka Napoleon III) elected president o Four years later, Louis-Napoleon elected (!) EMPEROR NAPOLEON III (French population prefers stability to democracy) o France begins to industrialize • RUSSIA o Early 1800’s: NOT industrialized, still stuck in FEUDALISM (poor serfs enslaved to wealthy nobles) o After Russia loses Crimean War (to Ottoman Empire, UK, France, and Sardinia), czar (Russian monarch) SLOWLY begins to modernize Russia. o Russian czar ends serfdom (slavery) & pre-industrial feudalism (agricultural economy of poor peasants owned by rich nobles) o Russian czar finally ends serfdom (the day before Lincoln becomes president!) o Freed serfs get ½ of Russian farmland… nobles keep other ½. o To compensate nobles for lost land, serfs lived on communal farms and were taxed to pay off debt (not really free… debt tied them to the land) o Poor Russian peasants still angry… radicals assassinate Russian czar (Alex II) o Next Russian czar (Alex III) cracks down on Russians, tightens control, begins to industrialize Russia (still WAY behind Britain & the rest of Europe)