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Star Alliance

Star Alliance is the world's largest global alliance.[2] Star Alliance Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Jeffrey Goh[4] and its headquarters is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.[3] As of April 2018, Star Alliance is the largest of the three global alliances by passenger count with 762.27 million, ahead of both SkyTeam (630 million) and (528 million).[5][6] Its Launch date 14 May 1997 slogan is "The Way the Earth Connects". Full members 26

Star Alliance's 26 member operate a fleet of approximately Non-voting members 40 affiliates 5,033 , serving more than 1,290 in 195 countries Pending members 0 on more than 19,000 daily departures. The alliance has a two-tier Destination airports 1,294[1] rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including [2] priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Destination countries 195 share terminals (known as co-location) Annual passengers (M) 762[2] and many member planes are painted in the alliance's livery. Annual RPK (G) 1,739[1] Fleet size 5,033[1] Contents Headquarters Frankfurt am Main, Germany[3] Management Jeffrey Goh, CEO[4] History Calin Rovinescu, Chairman 1997–1999: First alliance Alliance slogan The Way the Earth Connects. Additions 2000–2006: Expansion Website www.staralliance.com (http://w 2007: First decade ww.staralliance.com) 2008–2010: Second decade of operations 2011–present: further expansion and stability Member airlines and affiliates Members and affiliates Connecting Partners Former members Former affiliates of current members Customer service Premiums Star Alliance Silver Star Alliance Gold Qualifying tiers by airline Livery and logo Controversies Ethnic profiling by partner airline References External links

History

1997–1999: First alliance On 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents: , , , Air , and .[7][8] The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for , with a budget of $25 million (€18 million).[9] The airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, "The Airline Network for Earth",[7] with its goal "an alliance that will take passengers to every major city on earth".[8]

"The Star Alliance is Born" – Additions of the five founding members of the alliance gathered together, May [7][10] The now defunct Brazilian airline joined the Star Alliance network on 22 1997. October 1997, extending the alliance into South America. Also joining were Ansett and Air , expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific.[11] With the addition of the latter two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was (ANA), the group's second Asian airline, on 15 October 1999.[12][13]

2000–2006: Expansion

During the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance; the Group (Austrian Airlines, and Air) joined on 26 March Four United Airlines planes at San 2000[14][15] and on 1 April.[16] BMI (British Midland) and Francisco International Airport. One Mexicana joined on 1 July, bringing the alliance's membership to 13.[17] With Singapore is painted the Star Alliance special livery. Airlines' entry into the alliance, Thai Airways considered moving to One World, but eventually decided to remain.[18] The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances. During the year, considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it.[19] That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member but did not.[20] In 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers (in Los Angeles, Frankfurt, and ) and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team (AMT), the partnership's executive body.[21] In September 2001, (the alliance's only Australian member) left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy, giving most of the Australian market to (a Oneworld member). That year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht.[21]

Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003,[22] on 1 May,[23] and LOT Polish Airlines ('s ) in October.[24] Around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld.[21] US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004,[25] becoming its second US-based airline. In November , and joined the alliance as its first three regional members.[26]

Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, the airline filed for bankruptcy. TAP Air Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network.[27][28] In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliance's sixth European airline, and (its first African carrier) became the 17th and 18th members.[29]

2007: First decade

By May 2007, Star Alliance's 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. The alliance introduced Biosphere Connections, a partnership with UNESCO, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to promote environmental sustainability.[30][31]

Today, nearly 30% of global air travellers use the services of our member carriers or, looking at it from an overall industry perspective, two-thirds of worldwide air travellers use one of the three airline alliances.

— Jaan Albrecht, former Star Alliance CEO[32] VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007,[33] and the two Chinese airlines, Air and Airlines joined on 12 December.[34]

2008–2010: Second decade of operations

On 1 April 2008, joined the alliance after a 15-month integration process beginning in December 2006, becoming its 20th member.[35] EgyptAir, Egypt's national airline and Star Alliance's second African carrier, joined on 11 July 2008.[36]

On 27 October 2009, became the 25th member of Star Alliance after leaving SkyTeam three days earlier. According to alliance CEO Jaan Albrecht, "Bringing Continental Airlines into Star Alliance has been a truly unique experience. This is the first time an airline has moved directly from one alliance to another and I would like to thank all those involved in ensuring a smooth switch". At the time, it was rumoured that the switch was Continental's first move in a planned merger with United Airlines.[37] Two months later, joined the alliance.[38]

Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines joined Star Alliance on 13 May 2010,[39] increasing its foothold in South America.[40] , Greece's largest airline by number of passengers, joined on 30 June.[41]

Shanghai Airlines left the alliance on 31 October 2010 when it merged with , a SkyTeam member.[42] On 29 September, the chief executive board approved as Star Alliance's 30th member.[43][44] In 2010 the alliance flew to 1,172 airports in 181 countries, with about 21,200 daily departures.[43]

2011–present: further expansion and stability

Since 2011, the alliance has gained several large members but has lost others due to collapse or mergers. On 13 December 2011, Ethiopian Airlines joined, adding five countries and 24 destinations to the alliance's map.[45]

Star Alliance saw a tumultuous 2012–13, starting with two key departures but ending with a major move into Latin America. In Europe, Spanair ceased operations, and BMI left after being acquired by International Airlines Group (IAG), the parent company of Oneworld members and . BMI was integrated into British Airways.[46][47] In North America, Continental merged with United Airlines, reducing Star's membership further, even if it effectively stayed in the alliance after the merger.[48] On 21 June, though, , TACA Airlines and joined, massively increasing the alliance's Latin American presence.[49] In November, Blue1 left after becoming an affiliate of parent Scandinavian Airlines.[50] and Airlines joined, augmenting 's Chinese network.[51] Taiwanese carrier EVA Air then joined on 18 June 2013, and after TACA's integration into Avianca, the alliance grew to 28 members, making it the largest of the three major airline alliances.[52][53] On 13 December, Air was again invited to begin an integration process with Star Alliance and joined the alliance on 3 July 2014.[54]

Following this string of expansions, 2014 opened with two major departures through mergers. First, Brazilian carrier TAM Airlines merged with LAN Airlines to become LATAM Airlines Group, leaving the alliance without a presence in the world's fifth-largest country.[55] Next, US Airways completed its merger with and also left the alliance.[56] Both parent companies stayed with Oneworld. On 24 June, though, the alliance finally approved which joined on 11 July, leaving the alliance at 27 members, where it stands today.[57][58][59][60]

Future expansion centers around the addition of Connecting Partners, subsidiaries or partners of alliance members which will add connectivity to the alliance without becoming full members. Avianca joined in this way on 22 July 2015, bringing the alliance back into the Brazilian market partially filling the void left by TAM.[61] South African Airways' low-cost subsidiary, , was initially announced to join as a Connecting Partner in Q3 2016[62] but has since been delayed. Juneyao Airlines, which codeshares with , joined as a Connecting Partner on 23 May 2017.[63][64][65] , subsidiary of Thai Airways, will join as a Connecting Partner in 2020.[66] On 20 August 2019, Star Alliance announced affiliate member Avianca Brazil's exit from the alliance from 1 September 2019. The departure, however, won't affect Avianca's membership.[67][68] On 30 September 2019, Adria Airways ceased operations, and the airline exited the alliance on 2 October 2019.[69]

On 16 November 2020, announce their plans to exit the alliance due to the Korean Government confirmed that the airline will be acquired by , a SkyTeam member for $1.6 billion.[70] Four members of Star Alliance at Narita Airport: Thai, United, Swiss and SAS

Member airlines and affiliates

Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways and United Airlines are the five founding members of the alliance.

Members and affiliates Member Joined Affiliates

Aegean Airlines[71] 30 June 2010

Air Canada Express[B][D] Air Canada[A][71] 14 May 1997 Air China[71] 12 December 2007 Air Air India[71] 3 July 2014

Air New Zealand[71] 3 May 1999 N/A

Air All Nippon Airways[71] 15 October 1999 ANA Wings Air Asiana Airlines[71] 1 March 2003 Air

Austrian Airlines[71] 26 March 2000 N/A

Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Avianca El Salvador Avianca[71] 21 June 2012 Avianca Guatemala Avianca Honduras

Brussels Airlines[71] 9 December 2009 N/A

Copa Airlines[71] 21 June 2012

Croatia Airlines[71] 18 November 2004 N/A

EgyptAir[71] 11 July 2008 N/A

ASKY Airlines Ethiopian Airlines[71] 13 December 2011 Ethiopian Mozambique Airlines Malawian Airlines

EVA Air[71] 18 June 2013 [J]

LOT Polish Airlines[71] 26 October 2003 Nordica Airlines[P]

Air Dolomiti [B][C][F] Lufthansa CityLine Lufthansa[A][71] 14 May 1997 SunExpress Deutschland[I] [O] [O]

Scandinavian Airlines[A][71] 14 May 1997 Scandinavian Airlines Ireland

Shenzhen Airlines[71] 29 November 2012 [K]

SilkAir[N] Singapore Airlines[71] 1 April 2000 Scoot[N] South African Airways[71] 10 April 2006 Mango[H]

Swiss International Air Lines[71] 1 April 2006 [M]

TAP Air Portugal[71] 14 March 2005 TAP Express

Thai Airways[A][71] 14 May 1997 N/A

AnadoluJet Turkish Airlines[71] 1 April 2008 SunExpress[L]

United Airlines[A][71] 14 May 1997 [B][G] A Founding member. B Airlines operating under , Link, Lufthansa Regional and United Express are not necessarily members of Star Alliance. However, flights are operated on behalf of the respective member airlines, carry their designator code and are Star Alliance flights. C Members of Lufthansa Regional that are fully owned by Deutsche Lufthansa AG. D Air Canada Express flights are operated by[72][73] EVAS Air, Aviation, . E Air India Regional flights are operated by Alliance Air. F Lufthansa Regional flights are operated by and Lufthansa CityLine. G United Express flights are operated by Air Wisconsin, CommutAir, GoJet Airlines, , Republic Airways, and SkyWest Airlines. H South African low-cost airline Mango will join the alliance as a Connecting Partner but until now the new date is still unannounced.[62] I SunExpress (owned by member airlines Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa) and SunExpress Deutschland (owned by SunExpress) is not part of Star Alliance. J UNI Air is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eva Air, although it is not a part of Star Alliance. K Kunming Airlines is a wholly owned subsidiary of Shenzhen Airlines, although it is not a part of Star Alliance. M Edelweiss Air is a subsidiary of Swiss International Air Lines but not a Star Alliance member.[74] N SilkAir and Scoot are wholly owned subsidiaries of Singapore Airlines but not Star Alliance members. SilkAir is scheduled to be gradually merged into Singapore Airlines starting from 2020. Scoot is a member of . O Eurowings and Eurowings Europe are subsidiaries of Lufthansa but they are not Star Alliance members. P Nordica is owned by (owner of LOT Polish Airlines), but is not part of Star Alliance.

Connecting Partners

Connecting Partner Joined Affiliates

Juneyao Airlines[63] 23 May 2017 N/A

Thai Smile[A][66] 25 February 2020 N/A

A Thai Smile is a subsidiary of Thai Airways.

Former members Former member Joined Exited Affiliates Notes Left the alliance on 30 September 2019 Adria Airways 18 November 2004 30 September 2019 after cessation of operations. Left the alliance on 12 September 2001 after suffering financial collapse.[75] Ansett resumed operations on 1 Ansett Australia 3 May 1999 12 September 2001 October 2001, but would permanently Skywest Airlines cease operations on 4 March 2002. In 2002, Hazelton and Kendell merged to become Regional Express Airlines. Left the alliance on 31 August 2019 22 July 2015 31 August 2019 N/A after cessation of operations. Left the alliance on 1 November 2012 after SAS took over operations, was a member Blue1 3 November 2004 1 November 2012 N/A affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, and is now a part of CityJet.[50][76] Left the alliance on 20 April 2012 as a result of its merger into British Airways, BMI Regional British Midland International 1 July 2000 20 April 2012 an International Bmibaby Airlines Group division and a Oneworld member.[46] Merged with United Continental Airlines 27 October 2009 3 March 2012 Continental Express Airlines on 3 March Continental Micronesia 2012.[77] Left the alliance in 2004 after deciding not to renew a codeshare alliance with United Airlines, Mexicana 1 July 2000 31 March 2004 Aerocaribe opting instead to codeshare with American Airlines. Ceased operations on 28 August 2010.[78] Left the alliance on 31 October 2010 as a result of its merger 12 December 2007 31 October 2010 with China Eastern Airlines, a SkyTeam member.[79] Ceased operations Spanair 1 May 2003 27 January 2012 AeBal on 27 January 2012.[80] TACA Airlines 21 June 2012 27 May 2013 TACA Regional Merged with Avianca on 27 May 2013; renamed Avianca El Salvador. Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a result of its merger TAM Airlines 13 May 2010 30 March 2014 TAM Paraguay with LAN Airlines, a Oneworld member.[81] Left the alliance on 30 March 2014 as a US Airways Express result of its merger US Airways 4 May 2004 30 March 2014 US Airways Shuttle with American Airlines, a Oneworld member.[82]

Nordeste Ceased operations VARIG 22 October 1997 31 January 2007 Rio Sul on 20 July 2006.[33] PLUNA

Former affiliates of current members Former Joined Left Affiliate of Notes affiliate Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Air BC 1997 2001 Air Canada Canada.[83] Air Canada 2001 2004 Air Canada Now part of Air Canada.[84] Tango Air Nelson 1997 2019 Air New Zealand Now part of Air New Zealand.[85] Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air 1997 2001 Air Canada Canada.[83] Air Next 2004 2010 All Nippon Airways Now part of ANA Wings, a subsidiary of ANA.[86] Air Nippon 1999 2012 All Nippon Airways Merged with ANA Wings.[86] Now known as Air Canada Express, a subsidiary of Air Air 1997 2001 Air Canada Canada.[83] Ceased operations when Avianca filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy Avianca Perú 2012 2020 Avianca amid COVID-19 pandemic.[87] Scandinavian Blue1 2012 2015 Now part of Cityjet after ceasing operations.[50][76] Airlines LOT Polish Centralwings 2004 2009 Now part of LOT Polish Airlines, ceased operations.[88] Airlines Cyprus Turkish 2008 2010 Turkish Airlines Now part of Turkish Airlines after going bankrupt.[89] Airlines EgyptAir 2006 2019 EgyptAir Merged with EgyptAir. Express Korongo 2009 2015 Brussels Airlines Now part of Brussels Airlines after not gaining enough traction.[90] Airlines Replaced by Austrian Airlines operations, now known as Austrian 2000 2013 Austrian Airlines myHoliday.[91] 2009 2011 Lufthansa Now part of Lufthansa.[92] Mount Cook 1999 2019 Air New Zealand Now part of Air New Zealand. Airlines United Shuttle 1997 2001 United Airlines Became part of United Airlines.[93] Swiss Swiss Global Operations now folded into Swiss International Air Lines after 2007 2018 International Air Air Lines being dissolved Lines Swiss Swiss Private 2007 2011 International Air Absorbed into Swiss International Air Lines.[94] Aviation Lines Tigerair 2003 2017 Singapore Airlines Merged with Scoot under Scoot .[95] Tyrolean 2000 2015 Austrian Airlines Now part of Austrian Airlines.[96] Airways 2002 2004 Air Canada Absorbed into Air Canada.[97] 2004 2009 United Airlines Became part of United Airlines.[98]

Customer service

Codeshare flights of Star Alliance airlines are consistent. This cooperation led to suspicions of anti-competitive behaviour; the alliance was suspected by the European Union of being a virtual merger of its members, and speculation existed that if government regulations were relaxed the members would merge into one corporation.[99]

Star Alliance developed a "regional" concept in 2004, which helped it penetrate markets with participation by smaller regional carriers. Regional Star Alliance members had to be sponsored by an alliance member. The alliance no longer designates airlines as "regional" members, now referring to its 27 airlines as "members".[100] In 2007, alliance members flew 18,521 daily flights to 1,321 airports in 193 countries with a fleet of 4,025 aircraft. Its members carried a total of 627.52 million passengers, with revenue of US$156.8 billion (€145 billion). It had 28 percent of the global market based on revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), greater than the combined market share of all airlines not in one of the three major alliances. All alliance carriers combined employed over 405,000 pilots, flight attendants, and other staff.

Premiums

Star Alliance has two premium levels (Silver and Gold), based on a customer's status in a member's frequent-flyer program. Member and regional airlines recognize Star Silver and Gold status, with a few exceptions mostly about access. Membership is based on the frequent-flyer programs of the individual airlines. Many members have a premium status with their individual airline program that goes beyond Gold, however these levels are all grouped together as Gold status when being recognized by Star Alliance overall.[100]

Star Alliance Silver

Silver Status recognizes that customers having shown loyalty to Star Alliance member airlines and earns them two privileges that can make their journeys smoother. This includes priority reservations waitlist and priority airport stand-by.[101]

Star Alliance Gold

Star Alliance Gold status is given to customers who have reached a higher of a member airline's frequent-flyer program. Benefits are priority reservations waitlist, airport stand-by, check-in and baggage handling; an additional checked luggage allowance of 20 kg (or one extra piece, where the piece rule applies), and access to designated Star Alliance Gold lounges the day and place of departure with the presentation of a Star Alliance boarding pass. Some airlines also offer preferred seating (an exit seat or a special section of the plane); guaranteed seating on fully booked flights, subject to the booking class code and notice period, and free upgrades in the form of a voucher, certificate or automatic upgrade at check-in. United restricts US lounge access for their Gold Members to long-haul international passengers; Gold members from other carriers are welcome in US lounges run by United on all itineraries.

Qualifying tiers by airline Star Silver Star Gold Member airline Mileage program (qualifying tiers) (qualifying tiers) Austrian Airlines Brussels Airlines Croatia Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Senator Lufthansa Miles & More Frequent Traveller Swiss International Air Lines HON Circle

Luxair

Aegean Airlines Miles+Bonus Silver Gold Elite 50K Prestige 25K Air Canada [102] Elite 75K /Air Canada Altitude Elite 35K Super Elite 100K Air China Gold PhoenixMiles Silver Shenzhen Airlines Platinum Golden Edge Club Air India Flying Returns Silver Edge Club The Maharajah Club[103] Gold Air New Zealand Airpoints Silver Elite Super Flyers All Nippon Airways ANA Mileage Club Bronze Diamond Platinum Diamond Asiana Airlines Asiana Club Gold Diamond Plus Platinum Gold Avianca LifeMiles Silver Diamond Cenit Gold Copa Airlines ConnectMiles Silver Platinum Presidential Platium Gold EgyptAir EgyptAir Plus Silver Elite Platinum Gold Ethiopian Airlines ShebaMiles Silver Platinum Infinity MileageLands Gold EVA Air Infinity MileageLands Infinity MileageLands Silver Infinity MileageLands Diamond Gold Scandinavian Airlines EuroBonus Silver Diamond Pandion Elite Gold Singapore Airlines KrisFlyer Elite Silver PPS Club Solitaire PPS Club Gold South African Airways Voyager Silver Platinum TAP Air Portugal Miles&Go Silver Gold Gold Thai Airways International Royal Orchid Plus Silver Platinum

Elite Turkish Airlines Miles & Smiles Classic Plus Elite Plus Premier Gold Premier Platinum United Airlines MileagePlus Premier Silver Premier 1K Global Services Livery and logo

Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery, usually, a white with "Star Alliance" across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo; the colour or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains, depending on the member's livery. Singapore Airlines is the only exception, formerly keeping its logo on the tails of its aircraft but now using the Star Alliance logo on white tails. Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery.[104] Aircraft painted in an airline's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors.

Controversies

Ethnic profiling by partner airline

In November and December 2020, Star Alliance partner Ethiopian Airlines has been accused of banning or placing on leave those who are part of the ethnic Tigrayan minority of Ethiopia. Pilots, caterers, technicians and security guards, originated from Tigray Region, were told to hand in their badges and not to return to work, because their region was embroiled in a civil war with the Ethiopian government.[105]

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