A Case of Bangladesh

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Khan, Adnan

Migration Research Development and Society of Bangladesh (MRDSB)

2020

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108143/ MPRA Paper No. 108143, posted 07 Jun 2021 10:20 UTC

A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Adnan Khan Research Assistant Migration Research Development and Society of Bangladesh (MRDSB) Email: [email protected]

Sultana Research Assistant Migration Research Development and Society of Bangladesh (MRDSB) Email: [email protected]

Abstract With nearly 8 million of its 160 million residents living abroad, Bangladesh has one of the world’s largest emigrant populations, ranking only behind India, Mexico, China, Russia, and Syria, according to estimates from the United Nations’ Population Division. The increasing outward orientation of Bangladeshis after national independence in 1971 as well as the 1973 oil boom and thus an increasing need for cheap labor in the Middle East then led to a rapid growth of international labor migration from Bangladesh. In 1976, only 6,000 Bangladeshis left to work abroad. Since then, the number of both temporary expatriate workers and permanent out-migrants has increased dramatically. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight how much progress has been made in the field of international migration and remittances research on the fiftieth anniversary of Bangladesh's independence. Thus, this paper delve out all segments of international migration from Bangladesh to worldwide and remittances inflows vice versa.

Keywords: migration, expatriate, diaspora, temporary, workers, labour, remittances, literature.

Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

1.1 Introduction internationally to secure employment and send remittances home, which are As temporary workers who head used to repay loans and to support overwhelmingly to the Gulf migrant families (ibid). Remittances Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, are an important part of the Bangladeshi migrants remit much of Bangladeshi economy and make up an their savings back home every month. equivalent of 5.4 per cent of the After the Second World War, the national GDP (IOM, 2018). United Kingdom faced labor shortages and therefore began to attract labor The majority of Bangladeshi nationals migrants of the Commonwealth states. are living abroad in Saudi Arabia and Young men from Bangladesh, in India (UNDESA, 2019). In 2019, particular from the Sylhet region, thus Saudi Arabia was the largest left for the UK, mostly settled in destination country for new London, and contributed to meeting Bangladeshi migrants (BMET, 2019). the increasing demand for cheap labor. Only two per cent of migrants are This initiated chain migration of considered “professional”, and 48 per further workers and family members to cent are considered low skilled (IOM, the UK in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, 2017; BMET, 2019). Many migrants and led to close transnational work in construction or hazardous jobs connections between Bangladesh and in countries of destination (IOM, 2017; the UK. The states of the Gulf IOM, 2020). Bangladeshi women Cooperation Council (GCC) are the joined the international migrant labour most important destinations for pool in 1991, and they increased in Bangladeshi laborers. From 1980 to number after 2004, when government 2010, the number of migrants who restrictions on female migrants annually left for work in the Gulf decreased (IOM, 2017). Women often States increased tenfold from 25,000 to migrate to countries in the Middle East, more than 250,000 per year. where they are employed as domestic workers. Bangladesh is the sixth largest origin country for international migrants in Migration from Bangladesh is the world, with 7.8 million facilitated by either the government or Bangladeshi migrants living abroad as by private recruitment agencies in of 2019 (UNDESA, 2019). Over 2.2 Bangladesh; the government of million young adults join the job Bangladesh facilitates the migration market in Bangladesh each year (IOM, process at a lower cost than what is 2017), but the domestic labour market charged by private recruitment is unable to employ all of these agencies (IOM, 2017). Intermediaries individuals. Instead, many migrate and sub-agents help to connect the Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

3 larger private recruitment agencies to income and unexpected financial migrants at local levels (IOM, 2020). precarity have profound consequences Like the government, private for their families and communities, recruitment agencies also provide with remittances that normally equal skills training prior to migration (ibid). nearly one-third of Bangladesh’s national budget now predicted to fall Their contributions form a crucial significantly. lifeblood for Bangladesh, which in recent years has reduced poverty, 2.1 Methodology fashioned itself into one of South Once the scope was defined, this paper Asia’s economic success stories, and combined in-house expertise has been on track to exit the United — libraries or bibliographies referred to Nations list of least developed us from members of our team with countries by 2024. Yet the country, — online searches using the citation which is situated in a low-lying delta, database ISI Web of Knowledge. A has seen its advances hamstrung in part bibliography such as this can hardly be by persistent exposure to the adverse complete. Despite our efforts, it is effects of climate change and frequent obvious that there will be gaps. First, natural calamities, including cyclones the pace of publication is such that a and typhoons that have killed handful of new publications would thousands over recent decades. At the need to be added every week. Second, same time, Bangladesh has responded our systematic search for journal to one of the largest contemporary articles is limited to ISI-indexed humanitarian crises, receiving 1.1 journals; many articles from other million Rohingya who have fled journals have also been included, but neighboring Myanmar. not in an exhaustive way. Third, even The COVID-19 pandemic is adding to with the range of search terms used, we these challenges. As the coronavirus may have missed ISI-indexed articles outbreak has spread rapidly around the that address return migration but use an globe, the Bangladeshi government has unusual terminology. Finally, there are struggled to combat it. The public- probably relevant books and book health crisis has been exacerbated by chapters that we simply did not the economic ripple effects resulting discover. On the other hand, the from the pandemic-induced difficulties bibliography also contains entries that faced by Bangladeshis working may seem at odds with the scope of the abroad: Large-scale job loss, salary bibliography as described above. reductions, and increase in These are likely to be publications deportations from the GCC. The sourced from the pre-existing migrant workers’ sudden loss of bibliographies of the team members, Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

4 which would not have otherwise come 1995, 1992; Eade & Momen 1995; up in this searches. Despite these Islam 1995, 1991; Khonkder 1995; inconsistencies, it is confident that the Rudinick 1995; Asghar 1996; Eade et bibliography constitute a reasonable al 1996; Kotalova 1996; Knights 1996; representation of ―the literature on Ahmad & Zohora 1997; Chowdhury return migration‖. The ambiguities of 1997; Firoze 1997; Gavron 1997; inclusion and exclusion nevertheless Islam 1997; Ahmed 1998; Chalmers caution against bibliometric analysis. 1998; Eade 1998, 1997a, 1997b, 1994, 1990; Gardner 1998, 1995, 1993a, 3.1 Findings 1993b, 1992a, 1992b, 1990; The results obtained are divided into Greenhalgh et al 1998; Mahmood the following five categories: 1998, 1996, 1995, 1994a, 1994b, 1992, 1991; Zahid 1998; Dannecker 1999; 3.1.1 During the period of 1971-1980 Hadi 1999; Karim et al 1999; Kuhn (Hussain 1979; ILO 1980; Islam 1980; 1999; Foo 1999; Mannan & Kozlov and Mahmud & Osmani 1980). 1999, 1997, 1995; Rahman 1999; Siddiqui et al 1999; Abrar 2000; 3.1.2 During the period of 1981-1990 Ahmed 2000; Achacoso 2000; Afsar et (Ali 1981; Ali. & Ali 1981; Boer 1981; al 2000; Ali 2000; A Mu'min 2000; Islam 1981; Nasiruddin 1983; Siddiqui Flagstad 2000; Hassan 2000; Hazarika 1983; Haque 1984; Carey & Shukur 2000; INSTRAW/IOM 2000; Ishida & 1985; Habib 1985; Ahmed 1986; Hassan 2000; Kibria 2000, 1997; Hossain 1986; Osmani 1986; Adams Mannan & Krueger 2000, 1998, 1996; 1987; Islam et al 1987; Alam 1988; Rahman 2000; Shamim 2000; and Islam 1988; Kibria 1988; McKeigue Siddiqui & Abrar 2000). 1988; Quibria & Thant 1988; Eade 3.1.4 During the period of 2001-2010 1989; Qubria 1989, 1986; Stahl & Habib 1989; Peach 1990; and Rahim (Aziz & Rashid 2001; Blackledge 1990). 2001; Hadi 2001; Iredale & Guo 2001; Khanum 2001; Kuhn 2001; Mannan 3.1.3 During the period of 1991-2000 2001; Naved et al 2001; Rahim 2001; (Islam 1991; Mahmood 1991; Osmani Siddiqui & Abrar 2001a, 2001b; 1991; Salim 1992; Tomlinson 1992; Akram 2002; Barn 2002; Blanchet Ahmed 1993; Chowdhury 1993; 2002; Dale et al 2002; Dale et al 2002; Faraizi 1993; Ghosh 1993; Eade & Garbin 2002; Ellickson 2002; Summerfield 1993; Gardner & Shukur Gillan 2002; Mannan & Boucher 2002; 1994; King & Knights 1994; Matin Murshid et al 2002; Pollen 2002; 1994; White 1994, 1992; Chowdhury Rahim 2002; Rashid 2002; Reza 2002; Titumir 2002; Kuhn & Meneen 2003; Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Akram et al 2003; Baluja 2003; Rahman 2008; Shamshad 2008; Sikder Kuddus 2003; Mahmud 2003; Miyan 2008; Sultana 2008, 2005; Sultana & 2003; Phillipson 2003; Azad 2004; Brahmmanbaria 2008; Ward & Spacey Abrar 2002, 2005; Akbory 2003; Kuhn 2008; Ahmed & Uddin 2009; Akbar 2003; Tahmina 2003; Chakraborty 2009; DCLG 2009; Farid et al 2009; 2004; Datta 2004; Eade 2004; Joshi Garbin 2009; Hasan 2009; Mannan & 2004; Khonkder 2004; Lawson & Wei 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006; Moses Sachdev 2004; Mannan & Krueger 2009; Rahman 2009; Raihan et al 2004, 2002; Menon 2004; Rahman 2009; Sharma & Zaman 2009; Ahmed 2004a, 2004b; Ahmed 2005; Ahmed & 2010; Alexander 2010; Chowdhury et Uddin 2005; Al-Azami 2005; Blanchet al 2010; ILO 2010; Kibria 2010, 2009, et al 2005; Bruyn & Kuddus 2005; 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004a, 2004b; Chowdhury 2005; Dannecker 2005, Khattab et al 2010; Khonkder et al 2004, 2003; Ghosh 2005; Kershen 2010; Mamun & Nath 2010; Mehdi 2005; Mannan & Kozlov 2005, 2003, 2010 and Orozco 2010; Rahman 2001; Nazneen 2005; Nandy 2005; 2010). Ramachandran 2005; Ahmed 2006; Al 3.1.5 During the period of 2011-2020 Hasan 2006; Beaudouin 2006; Bruyn & Wets 2006; Equal Opportunities (Chowdhury 2011; Deka 2011; Lie Commission 2006; Faroque 2006; 2011; Mohsin 2011; Paul et al 2011; Gardner & Ahmed 2006; Haque 2006; Paul & Das 2011; Rahman 2011; Hasan 2006; Lian & Rahman 2006; Ahmed 2012; Barai 2012; Halder Protik & Kuhn 2006; Rahman et al 2012; Mantoo 2012; Rao & Hassan 2006; Rahman et al 2006; Tackey et al 2012; Stevanovic 2012; Akter et al 2006; Ullah & Panday 2006; Zamir 2013; Alam 2013; Abdullah & Hossain 2006; Aminuzamman 2007; Ghosh 2014; Barkat & Ahmed 2014; ADB & 2007, 2006; Protik & Kuhn 2006; ILO 2016; Ahmed 2011; Das & Sayan 2006; Zeitlyn 2006; Barua et al Chowdhury 2011; Al-Mukit et al 2013; 2007; Higuchi 2007; Islam 2007; Islam Bal 2013; Belanger & Rahman 2013; et al 2007; Khonkder 2007; Pichler Buchman 2013; Faroque et al 2013; 2007; Rozario 2007; Salway 2007; Hassan & Mark 2013; Islam et al 2013; Samson 2007; Subban 2007; Dale Ishtiaque & Ullah 2013; Kibria 2013, 2008; Dale & Ahmed 2008; Haque 2011a, 2011b; Khan & Islam 2013; 2008; Khan 2008; Afsar 2009, 2005, Khan & Richardson 2013; Osmani & 2004, 2003, 2001; Begum & Latif 2013; Rasinger 2013; Roshid & Khondaker 2008; Buchenau 2008; Chowdhury 2013; Al-Azami 2014; Ali Joarder & Hasanuzzaman 2008; 2014; Barkat et al 2014a, 2014b; Khonkder 2008; Naim & Iftikhar 2008; Bhardwaj 2014; Bose 2014; Rahman & Yeoh 2008; Rahman & Chowdhury 2014; Chowdhury & Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

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Mannan, K. A. (2017c). The Rohingya Mannan, K. A. (2011a). ‘Forthcoming issue and international ‘6P’ and Bangladeshi Migrant migration: a historical Workers in Malaysia’, The perspective. Asian Journal of 24th LAWASIA Annual Indigenous, 3(2), 32-43. Conference in Seoul, Hosted by Korean Bar Association, 11- Mannan, K. A. (2017d). Macro 12th October, Seoul, South determinants of remittance: Korea. Relationship between remittance and economic Mannan, K. A. (2011b). Bangladeshi growth in Bangladesh. Emigration Opportunities International Research Journal Worldwide’, Annual of Business and Social Science, Conference of International 3(2), 35-44. Bar Association, 30 October- 04 November, Dubai, UAE. Mannan, K. A. (2017e). Motivations for Remittances: A Study of Mannan, K. A. (2010). The Rights of Rural Bangladesh Migrants in migrant workers including Italy. International Journal of illegal immigrants: Migration and Development, Bangladeshi migration workers 3(2), 38-41. problems in Malaysia. 7th LAWASIA Labour Law Mannan, K. A. (2016a). Labour Conference in Hong Kong, migration between developing Supported by the Law Society economy to developing of Hong Kong and Hong Kong country: A case study of Academy of Law 17-18 Bangladesh and Malaysia. September 2010, Hong Kong. International Journal of Migration and Development, Mannan, K. A., Chowdhury, G. M. O. 2(3), 41-56. F., & Farhana, K. M. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic Mannan, K. A. (2016b). Determinants Impacts on Manpower Export: and socioeconomic impacts of An Econometric Analysis of migrant remittances: A study of Survival Strategies of rural Bangladeshi migrants in Recruiting Agencies in Italy. DBA Thesis, Southern Bangladesh. The Cost and Cross University, NSW, Management, 48(03), 25-34. Australia.

Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Mannan, K. A., & Fredericks, L. J. Philippines, Cross-Regional (2015a). The New Economics Center for Refugees and of Labour Migration (NELM): Migrants (CCRM), Beirut, Econometric Analysis of Lebanon are jointly organising Remittances from Italy to Rural an International E-Conference Bangladesh Based on Kinship on “Migration, Diasporas and Relation. International Journal Sustainable Development: of Migration and Development, Perspectives, Policies, 1(1), 01-21. Opportunities and Challenges” 2-5 November. Mannan, K. A., & Fredericks, L. J. (2015b). Determinants and Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. socioeconomic impact of (2018). Socioeconomic impact remittances between of regional rural urban Bangladesh and Italy: A migration: A revisit of slum multivariate analysis of dwellers of Rajshahi City religion of rural households. Corporation, National Seminar International Research Journal on Change, Continuity, And of Business and Social Science, The Marginals In Bangladesh, 1(1), 22-42. January 05-06, 2018, ASHRAI Research and Training Centre Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. (ARTC), Baya, Rajshahi, (2020). Migration, Diasporas, Bangladesh, Institute of Social Remittances and the Research and Applied Sustainable Development Anthropology (ISRAA), Goals in Bangladesh. Rajshahi & Department of International E-Conference on Anthropology, University of ‘Migration, Diasporas and Rajshahi. Sustainable Development: Perspectives, Policies, Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. Opportunities and (2015a). ‘Determinants of Challenges’,Jointly Organized remittances in rural by Global Research Forum on Bangladesh: An econometric Diaspora and Transnationalism analysis of the educational (GRFDT), New Delhi, India, attainments of the household Center for Research on North members. Research Journal of America (CISAN), National Social Science and Autonomous University of Management, 4(12), 177-198. Mexico (UNAM), Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA), Manila, Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. (2015b). An arithmetic analysis (2014b). Socio-economic of Bangladeshi sending impact of remittances from migrants stock and remittance Italy: An empirical study of per capita in Malaysia. rural household head relation to Research Journal of Social the migrant in Bangladesh. Science and Management, International Journal of 4(10), 146-16. Management Sciences and Business Research, 3(12), 17- Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. 29. (2015c). Household unit analysis of remittance Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. determinants from Italy to (2014c). Micro determinants of Bangladesh: A study of international remittances: A Shariatpur District, Vogeshore household unit analysis of Union. Research Journal of marital status of rural Social Science and household members in Management, 4(9), 159-173. Bangladesh. Research Journal of Social Science and Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. Management, 4(8), 47-61. (2014a). Migration Laws, Policies and Economics in Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. Europe: An Empirical Study of (2014d). Socio-economic Legal Status, Remittances and impact of remittances in rural Scio-economic Impacts in Bangladesh: A unit analysis of Rural Bangladeshi the age of household head. Households. Lap Lambert Research Journal of Social Academic Publishing, Science and Management, 4(7), Saarbrucken, ISBN-13: 978-3- 100-118. 659-62822-1, ISBN-10: Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. 3659628220 EAN: (2014e). Rural household 9783659628221, Number of employment status and page: 128, Germany. remittance inflows from Italy. International Journal of Management Sciences and

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Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. Mannan, K. A., & Wei, G. K. (2009). (2014f). Legal status, How Do Migrants’ Choice of remittances and socio- Remittance Channel? The Case economic impacts on rural of Bangladesh. Asian household in Bangladesh: An Migration and Diaspora empirical study of Bangladeshi Studies, 15(2), 33-56. migrants in Italy. International Mannan, K. A., & Wei, G. K. (2008). Journal of Management Why Remit? The Case of Sciences and Business Bangladesh. Asian Migration Research, 3(8), 52- 72. and Diaspora Studies, 14(2), Mannan, K. A., & Farhana, K. M. 55-75. (2014g). Remittance Micro Mannan, K. A., & Wei, G. K. (2007). Determinants and Who Remits? The Case of Socioeconomic Impacts: A Bangladesh. Asian Migration Household Unit Analysis of and Diaspora Studies, 13(2), Gender Behaviour of Rural 43-60. Household Head in Bangladesh. International Mannan, K. A., & Wei, G. K. (2006). Journal of Management International Remittances, Sciences and Business Household Spending, and Research, 3(7), 81-93. Investment: A Case Study of Bangladesh. Asian Migration Mannan, K. A., Farhana, K. M., & and Diaspora Studies, 12(2), Chowdhury, T. A. K. (2014). 36-54. Rural Household Contribution to the Financial and Capital Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. Market in Bangladesh: A (2005). The Impact of Micro Level Study of Remittances on Labour Force Remittances from Italy. in Bangladesh: An Empirical International Journal of Analysis of Labour Management Sciences and Participation and Employment. Business Research. 3(10), 112- Russian Management Journal, 122. 16(2), 51-74.

Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh

Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. (2003). Bangladeshi Migrants (1995). Socio-Economic Life in Italy: An Analysis of Style of Bangladeshi Man Survival Strategies and Job Married to Russian Girl: An Segmentations. Russian Analysis of Migration and Management Journal, 14(2), Integration Perspective. 37-57. Russian Management Journal, 6(1), 25-44. Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. (2001). The Cost-Benefit Mannan, K. A., & Krueger, A. O. Analysis of International (2004). The Impact of Migration: Modelling and Remittances on Household: An Empirical Study between Empirical Study on the Bangladesh and Italy. Russian Bangladeshi Diaspora in Management Journal, 12(2), United Kingdom. Russian 29-52. Journal of Economic and Social Science, 12(2), 48-74. Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. (1999). Migration Decision- Mannan, K. A., & Krueger, A. O. Making among Bangladeshi (2002). Why do Italy? A Migrants in Italy: A Combined Comparative Analysis of Model Approach. Russian Bangladeshi Migrants into Five Management Journal, 10 (2), European Countries. Russian 19-42. Journal of Economic and Social Science, 10(2), 30-48. Mannan, K. A., & Kozlov, V. V. (1997). Transits and Mannan, K. A., & Krueger, A. O. Transnational Route of (2000). The Dynamics of Migration and Trafficking: A International Migration: A Journey from Bangladesh to Three Step Empirical Model of Italy via Moscow, Russia. Bangladeshi Migrants in Italy. Russian Management Journal, Russian Journal of Economic 8 (2), 27-48. and Social Science, 8 (2), 34-58

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Mannan, K. A., & Krueger, A. O. McKeigue, P. M., Marmot, M. G., (1998). Social Capital and Syndercombe-Court, Y. D., Networks Role in Migrants’ Cottier, D. E., Rahman, S., & Labour Market Outcomes at Riemersma, R. A. (1988). Destination: A Study of Diabetes, hyperinsulinaemia Bangladeshi Migrants in Italy. and coronary risk factors in Russian Journal of Economic Bangladeshis in East London. and Social Science, 6 (2), 54- British Heart Journal, 60, 390- 74. 396. Mannan, K. A., & Krueger, A. O. Mehdi, S. S. (2010). Illegal (1996). Sustainability of the migration,human smuggling New Economy: An Empirical and trafficking: From Study of Bangladeshi Migrants Bangladesh to Pakistan and in Moscow. Russian Journal of beyond. International Economic and Social Science, Organization for Migration. 4(2), 65-80. Menon, R. (2004). No Woman's Land: Mantoo, A. S. (2012). Bangladeshi Women from Pakistan, India Illegal Immigration: Effects and Bangladesh write on the and Consequences. Journal of Partition of India. New Delhi: Eurasian Studies, 4(3), 38-53. Women Unlimited Masuduzzaman, M. (2014). Workers' Mohsin, M. (2011). An Investigation remittance inflow, financial of Highly Skilled Bangladeshi development and economic Migration to the UK: A Micro growth: a study on Bangladesh. Study of Edinburgh and International Journal London. Master’s thesis, Economics and Finance, 6(8), Edinburgh Napier University, 247-267. Edinburgh, UK. Matin, K. A. (1994). The overseas MPC (Migration Policy Institute). migrant workers, remittances (2014). The Bangladeshi and the economy of Diaspora in the United States Bangladesh: 1976/77 to Washington, DC. Available at: 1992/93. Dhaka University https://www.migrationpolicy.o Journal of Business Studies, rg/sites/default/files/publicatio 15(2), 87-109 ns/RAD-Bangladesh.pdf

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Khan, A., & Sultana. (2020). A Bibliography Search on International Migration and Remittances Literature during the period of 1971-2020: A Case of Bangladesh