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Giving & Solidarity giving & solidarity title.pdf 2007/10/03 11:08:08 AM giving & solidarity C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za resource flows for poverty alleviation and development in South Africa edited by Adam Habib & Brij Maharaj Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2008 ISBN 978-0-7969-2201-4 © 2008 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. CopyedIting: Vaun Cornell typeSetting: Nimblemouse CoveR desigN: Farm Design Print maNagemeNt: comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables 5 Figures 7 Preface 9 Acronyms and abbreviations 15 1 Giving, development and poverty alleviation 17 Adam Habib, Brij Maharaj and Annsilla Nyar 2 A nation of givers? Results from a national survey of social giving 45 David Everatt and Geetesh Solanki 3 Religion and development 79 Brij Maharaj, Adam Habib, Irwin Chetty, Merle Favis, Sultan Khan, Pearl Sithole and Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Reshma Sookrajh 4 Resource flows in poor communities: a reflection on four case studies 121 Mandla Seleoane 5 New whims for old? Corporate giving in South Africa 159 Steven Friedman, Judi Hudson and Shaun Mackay 6 The colour of giving: racial identity and corporate social investment 207 Steven Friedman, Judi Hudson and Shaun Mackay 7 Foreign donor funding since 1994 241 Deborah Ewing and Thulani Guliwe 8 Contextualising social giving: an analysis of state fiscal expenditure and poverty in South Africa, 1994–2004 281 Mark Swilling, John van Breda and Albert van Zyl Contributors 326 Index 327 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Tables taBle 2.1: Reported giving behaviour (all respondents) 49 taBle 2.2: Total money and time given (all respondents) 51 taBle 2.3: Total giving by race and sex (all respondents) 49 taBle 2.4: Total giving by province and socio-economic status (all respondents) 52 taBle 2.5: Amount given to organisation (among those who gave: 54 per cent of sample) 55 taBle 2.6: Causes supported (by respondents who gave money) 55 taBle 2.7: Amount of money given to beggar/street child/person asking for help (among those who gave: 45 per cent of sample) 60 taBle 2.8: Items given to poor people (among those who gave: 45 per cent Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za of sample) 62 taBle 2.9: Giving to non-household family members by province, sex, race and socio-economic status (all respondents) 63 taBle 2.10: Giving behaviour (respondents who gave by social capital index) 71 taBle 5.1: Average CSI budgets of 25 companies 195 taBle 7.1: The 2004 CdI ranking 244 taBle 7.2: Main donors to RDP Fund by volume, 2001–2003 253 taBle 7.3: Sectoral focus of donors 253 5 taBle 7.4: Funding to South Africa by the largest private foreign donors for 2003/04 266 taBle a1: National fiscal framework, 1994/95 – 2004/05 308 taBle a2: Consolidated national and provincial expenditure 309 taBle a3: Consolidated national and provincial expenditure as % shares of total 310 taBle a4: Expenditure trends in national government 311 taBle a5: Expenditure trends in national government as % shares 312 taBle a6: Actual capital expenditure in national departments 313 taBle a7: Actual capital expenditure in national departments as % share 314 taBle a8: National divergence between budgeted and actual expenditure 315 taBle a9: Extra governmental transfers from national departments by destination 316 taBle a10: Extra governmental transfers from national departments by source 317 taBle a11: Poverty alleviation and job-creation fund transfers 318 taBle a12: Provincial expenditure by department 319 taBle a13: Provincial expenditure by department (% share) 319 taBle a14: Provincial capital expenditure by department 320 taBle a15: Provincial capital expenditure (% of total expenditure) 49 taBle a16: Provincial divergence between budgeted and actual Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za expenditure 321 taBle a17: Transfers to provincial public entities 321 taBle a18: Local government 2002/03 capital expenditure by main function 322 taBle a19: Local government 2002/03 operational expenditure by main function 322 taBle a20: Transfers to local government from national and provincial government 323 6 Figures FIguRe 2.1: Causes supported by giving goods, food or clothes (among those who gave: 31% of sample) 58 FIguRe 2.2: Giving money directly to the poor (all respondents by education) 61 FIguRe 2.3: Attitudes to paying for relatives (all respondents) 65 FIguRe 2.4: What do you think is the most deserving cause that you would support if you could? (all respondents) 65 FIguRe 2.5: Attitudes to local and international causes (all respondents) 67 FIguRe 2.6: Attitudes to giving (all respondents, ‘neutral’ not shown) 69 FIguRe 2.7: ‘Help the poor because...’ (all respondents) 69 FIguRe 2.8: Most deserving cause (by social capital index) 71 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za FIguRe 2.9: Attitudes to giving (all respondents) 73 FIguRe 2.10: Short-term need vs. long-term solutions? (all respondents) 73 FIguRe 7.1: Global aid by donor in 2003 243 FIguRe 7.2: Fluctuation in aid flows (R millions) 250 7 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Preface This volume presenTs an analysis of the results of the first comprehensive investigation into giving by non-state stakeholders in South Africa. The investigation, while undertaken by a research team assembled by the Centre for Civil Society (CCS) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, was jointly initiated by the leaderships of the CCS, the National Development Agency (NDA), and the Southern African Grantmakers’ Association (SAGA). This partnership among the worlds of the academy, governance and the market represents one among many attempts to undertake research that makes a difference, and to transmit this into the arena of policy and practice. Given the experimental nature of this partnership, many lessons were learnt during this period of institutional collaboration, and so we must record our Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za heartfelt thanks to the leaderships of SAGA, in particular Colleen du Toit, and the NDA, in the persons of Tlalane Teffo and Godffrey Mokate. Our gratitude must also be extended to Patrick Bond and Vishnu Padayachee, current director of the CCS and ex-director of the School of Development Studies, respectively, who provided wise counsel at various points in the life of the project. We wish to place on record our deep gratitude and appreciation to our donors, Atlantic Philanthropies, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the Ford 9 Foundation and the National Development Agency, all of whom generously supported this project. The researchers, who numbered about 30 at the height of the project, and the research team leaders, must be remembered for their great work, camaraderie and ultimately for their patience with institutional bureaucracies. Members of the reference group, Ms Sheila Gastrow, Mr Elliott Osrin, Mr Gil Mahlati, Mr Ashwin Trikamjee, Dr Moshe More, Ms Sibongile Mkhabela and Mr Mathole Motshekga helped facilitate access to organisations. We must also record our collective thanks to the many government, corporate and societal leaders and our fellow citizens who at one or other time participated in this study. Finally, we must in particular acknowledge the important role of Annsilla Nyar, the programme manager of this project at CCS. Her patience with the egocentric personality of many a researcher was critical in facilitating a resolution to the most intractable of problems, and ultimately enabled the completion of this project. This study represents an excavation of patterns of giving in South Africa through an interrogation of this phenomenon in the worlds of rich and poor, the mobilisation of resources within religious communities and the distribution thereof, the extent and nature of caring and support within extended family networks, the character of corporate social responsibility initiatives, the scale of official development assistanceODA ( ) and foreign private foundation support, the changing philosophies and practices of the state in this regard, and the effects of South Africa’s democratisation Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za on the processes of giving and, finally, their impact on development, poverty alleviation and democratic consolidation. The research process was structured to address the macro-character of, and the diverse thematic issues to be addressed in, the study. Five research teams, each managed by a senior research leader, were deployed to cover the range of issues identified above. All of the research leaders came together in regular research management meetings with responsibility for addressing matters pertaining to methodology, focus and 10 giving and solidarity overlap. Such meetings also served as a forum, which facilitated debate and critical intellectual reflections of the work undertaken within the different research teams. The research process was structured into two phases. Phase one, undertaken by the first research team, involved the design, implementation and analysis of a national sample survey on individual-level giving behaviour. The sample, a random stratified one comprising 3 000 respondents, is representative of all South Africans aged 18 and above.
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