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Nous Nous Souviendrons Sous la direction du brigadier-général Richard Giguère (retr.) s souv ou ien n d s r u o o n s N LE QUÉBEC DANS 1914-1919 • LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE SACRIFICE, DÉTERMINATION, VICTOIRE 1914-1919 LE QUÉBEC DANS LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE Nous nous souviendrons LE QUÉBEC DANS LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE SACRIFICE, DÉTERMINATION, VICTOIRE 1914-1919 RED ENSIGN Première version du Red Ensign canadien utilisée de 1868 à 1921. Ce drapeau n’a jamais été adopté officiellement par le Parlement du Canada. L’emblème sur le terrain a beaucoup varié au cours de la période. Source : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ensign_canadien. LE CARILLON MODERNE Le 26 septembre 1902, le curé du village de Saint-Jude, près de Saint-Hyacinthe, Elphège Filiatrault, hisse sur son presbytère un drapeau qu’il a confectionné. Ce drapeau, non officiel, prendra ultérieurement le nom de «fleurdelisé ». Source : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon_moderne#/media/ File:CarillonFiliatrault_Drapeau.png. Sous la direction du brigadier-général RICHARD GIGUÈRE (retr.) Nous nous souviendrons LE QUÉBEC DANS LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE SACRIFICE, DÉTERMINATION, VICTOIRE 1914-1919 Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. L’an dernier, le Conseil a investi 153 millions de dollars pour mettre de l’art dans la vie des Canadiennes et des Canadiens de tout le pays. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts, which last year invested $153 million to bring the arts to Canadians throughout the country. Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année de la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’ensemble de leur programme de publication. Mise en pages : Diane Trottier Maquette de couverture : Laurie Patry COUVERTURE Avance des soldats canadiens sur la crête de Vimy et soldats allemands se rendant (CWM Photo O.1155) VERSO Rangées de tombes de soldats inconnus au cimetière de Tyne Cot dans les Flandres belges, site entre autres de la bataille de Passchendaele en octobre- novembre 1917. (Archives M. Grondin) Chapelle du Souvenir dans la Tour de la Paix du Parlement canadien à Ottawa, conservant les huit livres du Souvenir dans lesquels sont inscrits le nom des 118 700 Canadiens et Canadiennes disparus lors des conflits et des missions de maintien de la paix des siècles derniers. (Archives du Parlement du Canada) © Presses de l’Université Laval. Tous droits réservés. Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 2019 ISBN 978-2-7637-4338-7 PDF 9782763743394 Les Presses de l’Université Laval www.pulaval.com Toute reproduction ou diffusion en tout ou en partie de ce livre par quelque moyen que ce soit est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite des Presses de l’Université Laval. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Préface ................................................................................................................... IX L’Honorable J. Michel Doyon, Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Richard Giguère CHAPITRE 1 Prélude à la Grande Guerre : situation dans le monde et au Canada en 1914 ........................................................................................ 9 Marcel Belleau CHAPITRE 2 Les répercussions de la dernière des dernières guerres en droit constitutionnel canadien et en droit international public ................. 23 Alain Lemieux CHAPITRE 3 La défense de Québec ..................................................................................... 39 Richard Garon CHAPITRE 4 Le voyage de la Première Division ............................................................. 49 Charles André Nadeau CHAPITRE 5 Le Québec, les francophones et la Première Guerre mondiale ....... 69 Richard Garon CHAPITRE 6 L’émergence des « Canayens » sur les champs de bataille européens : le 22e Bataillon (canadien-français) ..................................... 81 Richard Giguère CHAPITRE 7 La confusion des frontières : essai sur la Grande Guerre ................... 91 Raphaël Arteau Mcneil V VI NOUS NOUS SOUVIENDRONS – LE QUÉBEC DANS LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE : SACRIFICE, DÉTERMINATION, VICTOIRE – 1914-1919 CHAPITRE 8 De grands Canadiens : les généraux Currie, Turner, Burstall et Watson ............................................................................................. 119 Marcel Belleau CHAPITRE 9 La montée en puissance du Corps d’armée canadien de 1915 à 1916 ...................................................................................................... 133 Marc Grondin CHAPITRE 10 Le Corps d’armée canadien, de victoire en victoire en 1917 .............. 165 Marc Grondin CHAPITRE 11 L’offensive des 100 jours ................................................................................. 193 François Lafond CHAPITRE 12 Voler, tuer, espérer : l’expérience des aviateurs de la Grande Guerre ........................................................................................ 205 Carl Pépin CHAPITRE 13 L’administration et le soutien au combat du Corps expéditionnaire canadien ............................................................................... 221 Marc Grondin CHAPITRE 14 La « der… des ders », suites et fin ? .............................................................. 251 Marcel Belleau CHAPITRE 15 Le Canada se souvient ! ................................................................................... 267 Marc Grondin APPENDICE 1 Récipiendaires québécois de la Croix de Victoria durant la Première Guerre mondiale ....................................................................... 293 APPENDICE 2 Notes biographiques des auteurs ............................................................... 307 Remerciements ................................................................................................. 311 L’Acte du souvenir* Ils ne vieilliront pas comme nous qui leur avons survécu ; ils ne connaîtront jamais l’outrage ni le poids des années. Quand viendra l’heure du crépuscule Et celle de l’aurore Nous nous souviendrons d’eux. La Croix du sacrifice à l’entrée du parc des Champs-de-Bataille à Québec (archives M. Grondin) For the Fallen They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old : Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning, We will remember them. Rangées de tombes de soldats inconnus au cimetière de Tyne Cot dans les Flandres belges, site entre autres de la bataille de Passchendaele en octobre-novembre 1917 (archives M. Grondin) * L’Acte du souvenir est extrait d’un poème intitulé For the Fallen, de Laurence Binyon, un poète britannique qui servit comme infirmier durant la Grande Guerre. Le poème fut écrit en septembre 1914 et publié dans le journal The Times le 21 du mois. PRÉFACE L’HONORABLE J. MICHEL DOYON LIEUTENANT-GOUVERNEUR DU QUÉBEC juin 1914, assassinat de l’héritier du trône de l’Empire austro-hongrois et de son épouse à Sarajevo. Un mois plus tard, soit le 28 juillet, le conflit éclate entre 28 l’Autriche-Hongrie et la Serbie. L’Allemagne, première puissance économique et militaire européenne, s’implique aussitôt. Déclaration de guerre contre la Russie, le 1er août, puis contre la France, le 3 août. Le lendemain, les troupes allemandes envahissent la Belgique, pays pourtant neutre, pour contourner l’armée française. L’Angleterre, alliée au sein de la Triple-Entente avec la France et la Russie, ne peut rester indifférente. Elle adresse un ultimatum à l’Allemagne, exigeant le respect de la neutralité belge. La sommation demeure sans réponse. L’état de guerre entre les deux pays existe désormais, entraînant ainsi les dominions de l’Empire britannique dans le conflit. La guerre est désormais mondiale. Au début de la guerre, les forces canadiennes sont quasi inexistantes. L’armée ne compte que quelque 3 000 militaires, alors que la marine ne dispose que de deux navires et moins de 350 hommes. L’enrôlement de volontaires s’impose. Le Canada recrute aussitôt en vue de former un corps expéditionnaire de 25 000 volontaires, dont « 13 000 hommes d’infanterie ». Le gouver- nement canadien adopte ses premiers décrets, mobilise pour le service actif certaines unités de milice dont les Voltigeurs de Québec et le Royal Rifles de Québec, vote une somme de 50 millions affé- rente aux dépenses de l’armée, interdit à tout navire marchand ennemi de quitter dorénavant un port canadien, détermine les formalités à remplir pour tout navire désirant accoster au port de IX X NOUS NOUS SOUVIENDRONS – LE QUÉBEC DANS LA PREMIÈRE GUERRE MONDIALE : SACRIFICE, DÉTERMINATION, VICTOIRE – 1914-1919 Québec, prohibe, sans autorisation préalable, l’approche par tout navire d’un « steamer du gouvernement ou la cale-sèche [sic] de Lévis », acquiert un terrain d’entraînement à Valcartier. En sep- tembre, le camp de Valcartier compte déjà plus de 30 000 volontaires. Au début d’octobre 1914, départ du premier contingent du Corps expéditionnaire canadien. Trente-deux navires de transport composent le convoi, escortés de plusieurs bâtiments de guerre de la Grande Flotte, en vue d’en assurer la protection. Deux semaines plus tard, à la demande de Canadiens de langue française, le 22e Bataillon (canadien-français) est créé, le lieutenant-colonel Frédéric Gaudet en assurant le commandement. Le régiment quitte Halifax à la mi-mai 1915 et se retrouve bientôt dans l’horreur des tranchées, insalubres et infectes, près d’Ypres, dans les Flandres et participe aux batailles de Saint-Éloi et du mont Sorrel au printemps 1916. Il
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