9781107189706 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18970-6 — The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes Edited by Bleda S. Düring , Tesse D. Stek Index More Information 363

INDEX

Achaemenid Empire, 1 , 12 , 86 , 87, 88 , 182 , Ayn Manawir, 92 , 93 , 95 , 102 , 103 , 310 , 316 104 , 105 Adad- n ārā r ī III, 332 Azerbaijan, 176 , 182 , 185 Aequi, 156 , 158 Aztec, 4 , 314 , 315 Aesernia, 151 , 163 Aztec Empire, 311 Agamben, 183 agents of empire, 352 Balikh, 243, 244 , 245 , 246 , 248, 249 , 251 , 252 , agricultural development, 353 , 354 253 , 256 , 258 , 259, 260 , 261 , 331 agriculture, 88 , 90 , 145 , 146, 152, 164 , 167 baptistery of Mar Yaqub, 261 Akkadian, 2 Bastam, 178 , 179, 180 , 183 Alba Fucens, 146 , 149 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , Batabat, 187 159 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 166 , 167 Bel Temple, 250 Al- Khazir, 55 , 57 , 60 , 63 , 72 Bible, 1 Amun, 96 , 97 , 99 , 101 , 103 , 104 bioarchaeology, 176 Andes, 326 , 327 , 333 , 335 , 337 , 343 Biscione, 183 Ania, 187 Black Sea, 115 Aragatsi Berd, 181 Blemmyes, 219 , 228 Arame, 178 , 199 block survey, 125 , 127 Ararat Valley, 182 border region, 241 Araucanian polity, 176 borderland, 207, 209, 210 , 211 , 213 , 214 , 220, Arbela, 51 , 57 , 74 222, 225 , 227 Argišti, 182, 183 , 184 , 185 , 187 , 188 borders, 241 , 242, 243, 244, 246, 248, 251 , Armavir, 179 252 , 254 , 256 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 Armenia, 178 , 181 , 185 , 186, 198 , 199 Bosporan state, 117 , 137 Ar ṣ ini, 187 boundary, 207 , 210 , 220, 228 , 230 artefact density, 125 Brittle Ware, 253 , 255 , 261 artefact distribution, 138 Bronze Age settlements, 127 Ashur, 49 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 71 , Butrint, 272, 273, 274 , 276, 277 , 278, 279 , 74 , 75 , 76 280, 284, 285 , 286, 289, 291 , 292, 293, Ashurnasirpal II, 51 , 52 , 56 294 , 295 aspirational empires, 2 Byzantine Empire, 1 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , Assur, 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 38 276, 277, 278, 281 , 284, 285 , 286, 289, 291 , Assyria, 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 62 , 65 , 68 , 72 , 73 , 292, 293 , 294 , 295 75 , 178, 180 , 182 , 183 , 185 , 199 Byzantium, 274, 277 , 291 Assyrian Empire, 1 Assyrianisation, 5 Callinicum (Raqqa), 243 , 246, 247, 251 , 257 , Assyrian road system, 343 260 , 262 Ayanis, 179 , 180 , 183 Cambyses, 88 , 91 , 105

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18970-6 — The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes Edited by Bleda S. Düring , Tesse D. Stek Index More Information 364

364 INDEX

Carrhae (Harran), 243 , 246, 247, 253 , 256 , dual administration, 308 , 315 257 , 260 Dunnu , 30 , 35 , 38 Carseoli, 156 Dur-Katlimmu, 31 , 32 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 74 , 75 cash crops, 353 Dur-Sharrukin, 50 , 51 , 57 , 60 , 64 , 73 Caspian Sea, 182 Dura Europos, 240 , 242, 249 , 251 , 253 , 255 , castor beans, 104 , 105 , 106 257 , 260 , 262 , 263 Caucasus, 175 , 179, 181 , 186 , 196 Dush, 93 , 95 , 109 ceramic, 247 , 249, 278 , 279, 282, 286 , 288 Džarylgač Survey Project, 118 , 119 , 122, Chersonesos, 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 124, 124, 125 , 126 , 127 , 128, 129 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 134 , 135 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 China, 6 , 7 , 302 , 304 , 310 Christianity, 261 Early Byzantine, 273, 278, 279, 281 , 282, 285 , Cimmerians, 182 286, 288 , 289, 291 , 292 , 295 citizenship, 357 early Hellenistic period, 118 city-state, 115 , 116 , 117 , 141 Early Iron Age, 181 city-state model, 153 , 155 Early Iron Age corrugated wares, 330 civic oath, 123 Egypt, 7 civic oath of Chersonesos, 135 , 141 Egyptian, 25 , 26 Cizre- Silopi Plain, 331 Elam, 182 coins, 247 , 249, 250 , 260 , 284 , 286 Elephantine, 103 , 104 , 105 colonies, 166 , 354 , 355 , 357 elimination of diversity, 308 , 309 , 314 comparative history, 324 , 345 elite cooptation, 352 complex polity, 302 , 306 , 307 , 316 empire building, 175 concentric model of empires, 354 empires as overlay organisation, 352 constant warfare, 183 ethnohistory, 327 Constantinople, 272 , 274, 276, 277, 285 , 286, Etiuni/ Etiuhi, 195 287, 289, 291 , 292 , 293 , 295 Euphrates, 182 , 185 construction of imperial infrastructure, 330 exceptionality of empires, 6 Cosa, 149 , 150 , 154 cotton, 218 , 226 Faideh, 66 , 68 , 76 creation of imperial administrative centers, i eld surveys, 163 330 , 332 , 343 i shing, 164 Crimea, 116 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , Fishman, 196 124, 125 , 127 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , food production, 245, 248 , 251 138 , 139 forced labor, 339 culture of empire, 24 , 25 , 40 , 355 , 356 fortresses, 178, 179, 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184, Cuzco, 333 , 335 185 , 186, 187 , 188 , 190 , 191 , 193 , 195 , 198 frictional cost of transport, 7 Dakhla Oasis, 90 , 104 , 107 , 207, 214 , 216 , 217 frontier, 206 , 209, 210 , 211 , 220 , 222, 223, Darius, 91 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 102 229 , 357 , 358 , 359 Dark Age, 275 , 277 , 293 decentralisation, 183 , 184 Gegharot, 181 demographic patterns, 338 genocide, 147 , 156 , 166 deportations, 38 geomagnetic prospection, 126 direct territorial control, 330 Getap, 188 discrete scatters, 125 , 127 globalisation, 87 dispersal of settlements, 330 Gopnik, 193 displacement, 308 , 314 , 315 Graeco– Skythian relations, 123 , 141 Dodekaschoinos, 223 , 226 grain export, 124

INDEX 365

grand strategy, 11 , 28 , 29 Karkamiš, 26 Great Oasis, 207 , 212 , 214 , 215 , 218 , 220 Karmir Blur, 179, 183 , 191 Greek colonisation, 115 Kar- Tukulti-Ninurta, 31 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 54 , 56 , 74 Hammurabi, 23 Kazakhstan, 302 Hamoukar Survey, 34 Kef Kalesi, 183 Hanigalbat, 27 , 29 Kerkinitis, 117 , 118 , 122 , 124, 135 , 136 , 137 Hasanlu, 187 Khabur, 54 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 331 Hatun Xuaxa, 337 Kharga Oasis, 87 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 100 , 102, Hatunmarca, 337 103 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 108 Hellenisation, 5 Khinis, 56 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 76 Hellenistic, 116 , 118 , 122 , 127 , 134 , 136 , 137 Khitan, 312 , 315 Hellenistic economy, 116 Khorsabad, 62 , 64 , 72 Herakleian Peninsula, 116 , 119 , 120 , 121 Kilali Tepe, 188 Hercules, 159 , 160 , 161 , 165 , 166 , 167 Kilizu, 51 , 54 , 57 , 63 Herodotus, 87 , 91 , 104 , 109 Kurdistan, 182 Hibis, 95 , 96 , 97 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , kurgan , 125 , 127 , 130 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 141 104 , 109 Hibis temple, 99 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 109 land divisions, 119 , 122, 135 , 137 , 155 , 162 , 163 Hittite, 25 , 26 , 312 , 316 land use, 118 , 124, 125 , 129, 130 , 133 , 134 , Horom, 186 , 198 139 , 141 landscape classii cation, 127 ideology, 213 , 215 , 216 , 230 landscape engineering, 353 imperial aspirations, 352 landscape in i lling, 331 imperial collaborators, 357 , 358 Las Trancas, 344 imperial control, 241 , 250 , 251 , 253 , 262 , 263 Late Bronze Age, 180 imperial propaganda, 355 , 356 , 357 Late Classical, 115 , 122 imperialism, 242 , 244 , 245 Late Classical and Early Hellenistic, 127 , Inca, 4 , 310 , 314 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 333 , 335 , 337 , 128, 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 139 338 , 339 , 340 , 342 , 343 , 345 Late Classical and Hellenistic period, 120 Inca road system, 339 Late Hellenistic period, 121 indigenous settlement organisation, 118 limes , 241 , 246 Iran, 178 , 181 , 182, 185 , 186 , 193 , 196 , Liverani, 27 198 , 199 logistics of empire, 7 Iraq, 240 , 244, 250 , 255 Lower Zab, 50 , 54 Iraqi Kurdistan, 245 , 250 , 261 , 262 Luttwak. 62, 63 irrigation, 31 , 32 , 36 , 38 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 102, 105 , 107 Machiavelli, 1 Išpuini, 182 , 187 Maltai, 56 , 66 , 68 , 76 Italy, southern, 276 , 279, 284 , 285 , 289, 291 , manipulation of continuity, 308, 314 , 315 292 , 293 Marca, 337 , 346 marginal incorporation, 308 , 313 , 314 , Jazira, 331 , 332 315 , 316 Jerwan, 66 , 76 Mari, Land of, 33 Joj Kogh, 188 Marsi, 156 materiality of empires, 175 Kalhu, 50 , 51 Mbembé, Achille, 178 Kalos Limen, 117 , 118 , 119 , 122, 124 , 125 , Menua, 182 , 187 126 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 139 Meroe, 222 , 224, 226 , 230

366 INDEX

Meshta, 182 overlay model of empires, 2 Middle Bronze Age, 181 overlay organisation, 308 , 312 , 313 Middle Byzantine, 286, 287, 288 , 289, 293 , 295 Palmyra, 246, 250, 251 , 256 , 261 Middle Iron Age, 175 Panskoe, 119 , 120, 122 , 125 , 126 , 130 , 133 , military, 240 , 241 , 242, 245 , 249, 250 , 251 , 134 , 135 , 137 , 138 253 , 255 , 256 , 258 , 259, 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 Parsua, 182 military infrastructure, 252 Parthian Empire, 246, 248 , 249 military presence, 241 Parthian temple, 248 Mithridates VI Eupator, 124 pastoralism, 124, 133 , 134 , 139 , 161 , 165 , 167 , Mittani, 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 179 , 181 , 242, 244 , 263 , 302 mode, 305 , 306 , 308 , 316 , 317 Patnos, 180 Mommsen, 1 peripheral areas, 241 , 245 , 258 Mongol, 312 Persepolis, 86 , 103 , 106 , 107 Mongol Empire, 309 , 310 , 316 Persians, 87, 97 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 108 Mongolia, 302 Peru, 326 , 336 Monte Alban, 176 Pisac, 340 Musasir, 182 political community, 306, 307 , 308 , 316 , 317 Pontic Greeks, 137 Nairi, 181 poor visibility, 127 Navkur, 57 , 72 Postgate, J. N., 27 negotiation, 175 , 176 , 178, 187 , 196 , 197 , 198 post-Urartian, 182 Neo- Assyrian Empire, 325 , 326 , 331 , 333 , pottery, 275 , 278, 279, 282, 285 , 286 , 287, 334 , 340 , 344 , 345 288 , 289, 292, 293, 294 , 295 network, 27 , 28 , 38 pottery densities, 133 network empire, 179 process, 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 315 , 316 , 317 Nile, 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106, Puluadi, 187 107 , 109 Nimrud, 54 , 63 , 73 qanat, 92, 93 , 94 , 95 , 102, 105 , 107 , 109 Nineveh, 49 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 64 , Qasr el-Ghueita, 96 , 97 , 103 , 104 , 108 65 , 66 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 75 Qasr Ibrim, 222, 223, 224 , 225 Nisibis, 243 , 247, 249 , 253 , 254, 255, 257 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 Ra ṣ appa, 332 nomads/ nomadic, 119 , 122 , 124, 134 , 136 , Razliq, 185 141 , 214 Renaissance, 1 North Iraq, 246 , 249 , 251 , 260 repertoires of rule, 3 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , North Jazira Survey, 34 34 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 352 , 359 Nubia, 207, 209 , 212 , 219 , 220, 222 , 223 , resistance, 175 , 176 , 187 , 190 , 198 224, 225 , 226, 227, 228, 229 , 232 road, 149 , 158 , 165 , 167 , 249, 251 , 255 , 263 road systems, 251 of site, 127 , 132 Roman army, 241 , 242, 250, 255 , 257 , 258 Oğ lanqala, 186 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 191 , 193 , 195 , Roman Colonization, 149 , 163 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 Roman Empire, 1 , 5 Ojasar- Ilandağ , 182 Roman imperial system, 252 olives, 104 , 105 , 106 Roman imperialism, 145 , 146, 147 , 148 , 151 Ollantaytombo, 340 Roman power, 245 , 249 organisational imposition, 308 , 311 Roman rule, 241 , 248 ostraca , 92 , 95 , 102 , 103 , 105 Roman soldiers, 252 , 253 , 254 , 263

INDEX 367

Romanisation, 5 , 151 , 153 steppe, 118 , 119 , 122 , 125 route network, 249 steppe polities, 302, 303 , 304 , 311 , 313 , 316 Royal inscriptions, 332 storage facilities, 339 , 343 , 345 ruler cult, 250 , 263 structure, 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 308 , 311 , rural exploitation, 118 , 121 , 122 , 139 313 , 317 rural settlements, 118 , 137 , 163 , 164 subsistence, 241 , 251 , 262 Russia, 302 Sudan, 220 , 226 surface visibility, 125 , 138 Saite pharaohs, 88 , 99 surveys, 243, 244, 246 , 247, 250 , 253 , 254, salt, 161 256 , 257 , 259, 260 , 261 Samsi- Adad, 23 Suteans, 35 Sarduri, 182 Syria, province of, 244 , 246, 250 , 251 , 252, Sargon II, 51 , 332 256 , 258 , 259 , 261 , 262 scatters, 127 , 130 , 132 , 138 , 140 Š č eglov, Alexander N., 122 Tambo Quemado, 344 Scheidel, Walter, 7 Tarkhankut Peninsula, 116 , 118 , 119 , 121 , Scott, James C, 176 122, 134 , 135 , 136 , 138 sealings, 183 Tatar, 127 , 140 seals, 273 , 275 , 276, 278, 284, 285 , 286 , Tatar villages, 127 291 , 292 Taurians, 120 , 121 Selim Pass, 188 , 190 , 198 Tauric Chersonesos, 116 , 141 Sennacherib, 51 , 52 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 76 Teisheba, 186 Septimius Severus, Emperor, 253 , 256 Tell al-Hawa, 332 settlement dispersal, 331 , 332 , 342 Tell al-Rimah inscription, 332 settlement organisation, 131 Tell Barri, 33 , 243 , 248, 254 , 255 , 261 , 332 settlement patterns, 119 , 124 , 130 , 133 , Tell Brak, 33 138 , 139 Tell Chuera, 29 , 33 , 34 settlement systems, 325 , 330 , 332 , 335 , 338 , Tell Fekheriye, 33 340 , 342 , 345 Tell Gomel, 57 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 69 , 71 , settlements, 180 , 183 , 187 , 188 , 198, 199 72 , 76 , 77 Sevan, Lake, 181 , 182 , 185 , 186 , 188 , 195 Tell Sabi Abyad, 29 , 35 , 36 , 71 Shahtaxti, 188 Tell Sheikh Hasan, 243 , 260 Shalmaneser I, 52 , 180 Tell Tuneinir, 243 , 248, 254 , 255 Shalmaneser III, 178 , 199 temples, 90 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 99 , 100 , Shirak Valley, 185 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106, 107 , 108 Shiru Maliktha, 66 , 68 Terra Sigillata, 255 , 260 Shisheh, 185 territorial-hegemonic model, 27 Sicily, 279 , 284, 285 , 291 , 292, 293 , 294 territorial state, 117 Skalistoe, 133 , 135 tetradrachm coin, 105 Skythian pressure, 121 , 139 Teumann, 182 Skythian state, 123 , 124 Tiglath-Pileser, 181 Skythians, 118 , 119 , 123 , 124 , 136 , 139 , 141 Toba Wei, 312 Smith, A. T., 183 Toprakkale, 182 , 183 soldiers, 241 , 242 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 256 , 257 , trade, 358 258 , 261 , 263 Trajan, Emperor, 246, 249 , 252 , 262 Sondondo Valley, 333 , 335 transhumance, 134 , 161 , 165 , 167 Sora, 156 , 165 transport, 22 , 32 , 40 stakeholders, 352 , 355 Trimithis, 216 , 217 , 218 , 220 , 229

368 INDEX

Tsaghkahovit Plain, 181 Verachram, 186 , 188 , 198 Tsovinar, 186 , 198 vertical ecology, 333 , 336 Tuinanmarca, 337 Via Valeria, 158 , 165 , 166 , 167 Turk I, 312 villages, 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 Turk II, 312 violence, 175 , 176, 183 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 198 Turkey, 178 , 185 , 199 viticulture, 120 , 121 Tushan, 51 Vrina Plain, 272 , 273, 275 , 278, 279 , 280, Tušpa, 178 , 179, 182 , 183 281 , 284, 285 , 286, 287, 288, 289, 291 , 292, typologies and trait lists of imperial 293 , 294 control, 10 War i, 4, 325 , 326 , 327 , 333 , 334 , 335 , 340 , Uighur Empire, 303 342 , 343 Upper Khabur Basin, 243 , 246, 247 , water management, 241 254 , 255 Western Crimean Archaeological Upper Mantaro Valley, 333 , 338 , 339 , 343 Project, 138 Upper Tigris River, 330 , 332 Western Desert, 212 , 218 , 230 , 231 Urartian state assemblage, 178, 184, 186 wheat farming, 120 , 121 Urartu, 175 , 178, 179 , 180 , 181 , 183 , 184, 185 , Willkaya, 335 186 , 187 , 190 , 193 , 195 , 196 , 198 , 199 urbanism, 149 , 152, 153 , 166 Xiongnu, 307 , 313 , 314 urbanisation, 146 , 152, 153 , 167 Xiongnu Empire, 302, 307 , 311 , 315 Urmia, Lake, 182 , 185 , 199 Uxians, 86 , 87 , 108 Yoncatepe, 179 , 180

Van, Lake, 178 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 188 Zagros, 57 , 60 , 62 Vayots Dzor, 188 Zeugma, 242, 246, 250 , 251 , 252 Venusia, 151 , 157 , 163 Zimansky, 183