Village Level Production and Exchange in an Early State
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The Village Larder: Village Level Production and Exchange in an Early State Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Klucas, Eric Eugene, 1957- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:26:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565574 THE VILLAGE LARDER: VILLAGE LEVEL PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE IN AN EARLY STATE by Eric Eugene Klueas A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 9 6 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by____ Eric Eugene Klucas______ entitled The Village Larder: Village Level Production and Exchange in an Early State _______ ~__________ ________ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy__________ Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College, I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement• 9y/7/f6 Dissertation Director Date 7 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No one individual can take sole credit for a work of this type. First, I would like to thank Drs. Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers, co-directors of the excavations at Tell al-Raqa" i, for their enthusiastic support at every stage of the project. Each made an exceptional effort in providing me with any and all data that I requested. I would also like to thank Dr. Sally Dunham, who provided me with her excellent analysis of the small finds. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Carol Kramer (Chair), Norman Yoffee, Patrick Culbert, and David Killick. Because of their input, this is now a much improved document. I would also like to thank Dr. William Longacre, who filled in for Dr. Culbert at my defense, as well as for 11th hour assistance with the department’s computer facilities. A special note of thanks must go to Dr. Carol Kramer, who beyond providing her considerable editorial talents, did her best to keep me on track. I would also like to thank Dr. Barbara Mills, who graciously provided last-minute counselling on the statistical analyses. A number of colleagues at the University of Arizona read and commented on various versions of this study, although I am sure that many would not recognize the final product. These include Andrea Freeman, Axel Nielsen, Charles Tompkins, William Walker, Helga Wocherl, and Thomas Young. I would especially like to thank Jeff Clark, Beth Grindell, and Louise Senior, with whome I share a bond that only fieldwork in the Near East can create. I value their friendship as much as their critical comments. I would also like to thank Laura Stuckey, who helped me wade through the bureaucratic quagmire. I was unable to find the limits of her knowledge of the requirements of the University. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my parents, Eugene and Gladys Klucas, for their unwavering support in all that I have done. I would also like to thank my brother, Peter Klucas, who on only very rare occasions asked when I would be finished. Finally, to my wife, Ellen Knight, who in addition to producing the excellent illustrations has cheerfully put up with my occasional moodiness, especially during the last month of writing and editing, which has included several late nights at the drafting table correcting my omissions and errors. You have helped me more that you will ever know. In many ways, this is for you. I alone am responsible for all errors of omission and/or commission. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................... .. .......................... 11 LIST OF TABLES.................................... ............................................................13 ABSTRACT .................................................. ........................................ ....................14 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........... ... .......... ......................... 15 1.1: Urbanism and ruralism .............................................................................17 1.2: Food storage and ancient states ..................... 21 1.3: The archaeological analysis of economic specialization ...........................26 1.4: Houses and households in archaeological inquiry .................................... 35 1.5: Activity area analysis ............................. 39 1.6: Human behavior and the built environment ..................... 42 1.7: The organization of production and use of space at Tell al-Raqa ‘ i . 48 CHAPTER 2: THE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SPACE: M ETHODS___ . 51 2.1: Temporal control and spatial analysis ...................................... 52 2.2: The selection of units for analysis.................................... 54 2.3: The identification of the basic economic unit: the household................... 56 2.4: The archaeological identification of managed production........................58 2.5: Testing the hypothesis................................................................................. 60 2.5.1: The concept of diversity in archaeological analysis.................61 2.5.1.1: Monte Carlo modelling and assemblage diversity: an example ................................... 68 2.5.2: The built environment and the use of space.............................72 2.6: Summary ........................................... 74 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued CHAPTER 3: THE SETTIN G....... .......................................................................... 76 3.1: The environmental setting........................................................................77 3.1.1: Third millennium B.C. climatic conditions along the middle Khabur . ............................................................................................. 81 3.1.2: Irrigation systems along the middle Khabur............ .. 85 3.2: The cultural setting....................................................................................87 3.2.1: Early urbanism in northern Mesopotamia ............................... 88 3.2.2: The Ninevite 5 period in northern Mesopotamia......................92 3.2.3: Ninevite 5 settlement and architecture...................................... 93 3.2.4: Post-Ninevite 5 urbanism in northern Mesopotamia.................96 3.3: Case Study: Tell al-Raqa‘i ......................................................................97 3.3.1: Stratigraphy and settlement history........................................... 98 3.3.2: The physical layout of Tell al-Raqa *i ................. 100 3.3.2.1: The Rounded Building.......................... .................. 101 3.3.2.2: The western area....................................................... 106 3.3.2.3: The temple area ....................................................... 107 3.3.2.4:The northeastern ro o m s......................... 108 3.3.2.5: The southeastern "industrial" area ...........................108 3.4: The economy of Tell al-Raqa * i ............................................................ 109 3.4.1: Agricultural production at Tell al-Raqa *i ............................. 110 3.5: Summary .................................................................................. 113 CHAPTER 4: THE DATA ..................... 115 4.1: The artifacts ...............................................................................................115 4.1.1: Ceramics ................... 117 4.1.2: Chipped stone .................................... .................................... 118 4.2: Small fin d s ............................... 119 4.2.1: Door sockets . .......... ............................................................... 119 4.2.2: Ceramic slag ................................. 119 4.2.3: Beads.............. ............. ........................................ , .... 120 4.2.4: Andirons ............................................... 120 4.2.5: Pierced sherds/spindle whorls ............................... 120 4.2.6: Figurines .....................................................................................121 7 TABLE OF COmENTS-CoMinued 4.2.7: Grinding stones .............................................