CHAPTER 1
Associational Identities: Lineages And Families
Within the family, “responsibility” was the watchword. the most unfilial thing was to have no children, for it meant that the ancestors who ultimately had produced the present generation would have no one to remember them properly. This remembrance of deceased family members constituted a fourth important aspect of filial piety
The strength and importance of lineages varied across China. They were strongest in the South.
Associational Identities: Social Connections the only one of the five Confucian bonds that neared equality rather than hierarchy was friendship. friendship was more celebrated in Chinese literature than any other social relationship
Teacher– student relationships provided connections for life, taking on an almost master–disciple dynamic.
Associational Identities: Relations To The “Other”
The Buddhist concept of “karma,” that a per- son’s deeds in this life determine how he or she will be reborn in the next life, may have played a role in the ethical views of many
Spatial Identities: Native Place
It is one of the first things a Chinese asks about when meeting someone else, about a person’s native place
When elites and nonelites alike traveled to or “sojourned” away from their native places in other cities or ports, they could often depend on “native place associations” there as a home away from home to provide lodging, meals, advice, and a general helping hand.
Spatial Identities: Village And Marketing Communities
Farmers then generally lived together in villages and went out to farm their lands
Villages ranged in size from a few households to several thousand, with a common range between perhaps 200 and 400 inhabitants
Village life centered on the village;
The focus of life was the village and the life and affairs of villagers
When, especially in villages in the South, villagers were all members of the same lineage or clan, the tightness and closedness of the village to outsiders might tend to be even stronger. he or she would almost certainly have responded with the name of the village.
CHAPTER 2
Patterns in the Early Qing-- Kangzi the manchus we’re cleaning these people stressed martial values based on skills of horsemanship and archery
In contrast to Chinese society which stressed civilian values based on skills of the writing brush
Dynasty began with a minor king-Shunzhi emperor was 13 and 1651 when he took control
The greatest emperors was the Kangzi emperor (1661 – 1722)
Kangzi reached out to the Chinese The Qing offered triennial Jinshi examinations
As a gesture of his benevolence Kangzi offer them a special examination and 1679
Kangzi made the point of showing his concern for the welfare of the people visiting areas were flooding had occurred, and where dikes were being repaired
In 1670, the Kangzi emperor issued A list of 16 moral maxims that were to be read in every community twice a month following the condition become by his father in 1712 he froze tax assessments
Preserving a Manchu Identity
Though the 500,000 green standard forces or at least doubled the size of the Manchu banners that forces the position more strategically
Buying Into Chinese Culture: The Civil Service Examination
The Imperial several service examination was based on Confucianism
Developed to bring government positions the best and brightest men who held both wisdom and virtue
This test is based on merit measure rather than through hierarchy
Confucianism, The foundation of Han Chinese cultural system, was based on the teachings of Confucius and Mencius
The men were both motivated to rule the state Kindly to high principles A profound sense of morality and through empathy with people
Examinations were offered to three levels
Shengyuan (Government students) degree
Juren (provincial graduate) to greet was still lit on those passing the second level examination at the provincial capital
Jinhi (Metropolitan graduate) the highest degree, Came from success at the imperial capital
Attaining any of these degrees brought legal, economic, and social privileges
Rituals, Religion, and Value
Confucianism can either be a religion or philosophy
Most religions in China centered around ancestor reverence
Isn’t in China diminished after the ninth century Identy and Change: the Gianglong Emperor: In the Late Eighteenth Centrury
China reach its height of its power as well during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1736-1795)
He doubled China’s territory
China’s cash crops boomed- Cotton tea and tobacco
Regional trade flourished, As well as foreign trade
Elite status came to depend more on wealth
There are more elite female writers in the lower Yangzi region
There was a monumental population increase-population rose sharply from over 177 million in 1749 to over 301 in 1790
Emerging Problems
Increasing number of social explosions
The strongest test of the Chinese military was the White Lotus rebellion (1796 – 1804)—A religious face movement to establish Utopia on earth that rate across North central China
The Daoguang Emperor
The Jiaqing emperor (1796 – 1820)
The Daoguang Emperor came in 1821
The Daoguang emperor was concerned about the Manchu identity of Bannerman and more concerned about keeping them in the garrison compound and away from opium, The black market, and banditry
Increased technique enrolling but to listen to men in the field, Compromise, and work towards consensus and to be flexible
CHAPTER 3 The Early Western Roll What Might Have Been: The Jesuit Mission In China
Jesuit periods (1579– 1724) one of the most successful periods in history
Jesuits wanted to impress the court and make connections with officials
Estimated number of people baptized and 1700 range from 70,000 more than 100,000
In 1630’s the Franciscans and Dominicans who had proselytized in the Philippines came to china
The Lure Of Commerce
In the 1600’s the British gov granted the east India comp a monopoly on trade of Africa’s cape of good hope to south America’s saint of Magellan
Idian and pacific oceans
Spanish came in 1570’s-traded along the southeast coast and set up a base in Taiwan Dutch came in the early 17th century, displacing the Spanish by the 1640’s
Over time, a procedure trade in barbarian management called the “character system” evolved
Westerners are generally willing to dance to tributary to a Chinese played and dust were able to continue to purchase tea, silk, and porcelain that European and American customers desired
China And The West: Mutual Perceptions
There was a lot of confusion in the Chinese mind comfort identities of Western countries-Chinese could not distinguish between them
Chinese were post by their body order ( Chinese have very little putting over and had trouble tolerating it)
Some claim that Westerners could not been there needs to stretch out their legs or feet as Chinese could
View Of China In Abstract Molesting Intellectuals In Some States And Emily 18th-Century, As We’ve Seen, Has Been Positive Even Enthusiastic
Opium: Problem And The War
The serious trade problem for Western merchants was that they had nothing the Chinese want to buy
Chinese begun to smoke opium in the 17th century-fixed it with regular tobacco in pipes
Slips of the number of smokers very about 10% of the population was a commonly accepted figure
The opium war was the opening salvo of the century of aggression by western nations against China, I sent you conflict between very different features with sharply differing values
The Inequality Treaty System And Its Impact On Chinese Identity
The Treaty of Nanjing, Which ceded Hong Kong Island to Great Britain was the first of many treaties between China and foreign nations that were called “unequal" because china did all the giving and received nothing in return
Of supplementary treaty Briton China was put in place signed in 1843
When the daoguang emperors son the xianfeng emperor, took power in 1850, he dismissed Majanggahe personally hated as well as its allies
Foreign Concessions
Series of treaties opened up more clothes for trade and foreign residents
Foreign concessions were areas carpet out of existing Chinese cities or foreigners now became the rollers
The number of foreigners the small growing the five ports from about 450 in 1842 about 600 and 1854
From population is made up mostly of merchants with a fairly small number missionaries
The Missionary & Cultural Imperialism
Treaty of tainjin any other critical right to Western nations: Greg about Christianity could be openly taught and practiced= missionaries could travel anywhere, purchase property for church new school, and spread their message it will The yongzheng emperor (1722 – 1736) outlawed Christianity
In viewing the Chinese the missionaries were convinced of their own superiority and the total truth other message
In 1844 as part of the general treaty with France, The Qing Government removed it’s proscription against Christianity
In 1870 there were approximately 400,000 Catholic converts as opposed to about 6000 Protestants
Unhappy missionaries retained the same attitude towards Chinese people that they had shown during the opium war
The Chinese reaction to missionaries and their workgroup out of reactions to foreigners in general and two missionaries message and approach in particular
Friends Catholic nuns managed orphanage and some of the orphans begin disappearing
Chinese for suspicious–nuns had a policy of giving small sums of money people turn children into orphanages
And nuns did not allow children to be reclaimed by anyone even if they represented themselves as parents relatives children
In June 1870 I’m in the best that he attempts several children and sold them to the calendar for her Catholic institutions in the city
CHAPTER 4
Traditional Rebellions
The 19th century was born in domestic rebellion
Buddhism gave rise to the White Lotus rebellion
In 1813 rebellion of lin qing, We treats for Benin City and aim to assassinate jiaqing emperor
Setting
The miao rebellion began in the mountainous border between hunan and guizhou but, Even more significant, Along the border between the middle Yangzi and both the upper Yangzi and southwest China Micro regions
The Historical Actors And Their Agendas
In addition to leaders, of course a rebellion needed masses of people who were organized and mobilize at least to some degree
The White Lotus rebellion spread in the beginning because of the links that sect communities had two bandits who lived in the forest of these three province border regions
In south China the building blocks of rebellion intended to be “lodges” in secret blood brotherhood called the triads
Composed mostly of glasses – labor, Pirates, smugglers, yamen works and runners, Boatmen, and Pessant –triad organizers did not seek to overthrow legitimate society but to exploit it
In the south the presence of strong often feuding lineages further encourage them grow of the triads
Qing Government Response
In the White Lotus rebellion the government said regular banner forces against the gorilla enemy It wanted to capture the leaders
The circle entering into what in the 20th century Vietnam War would be called “Search–and–destroy” operations, with construction often falling most heavily on civilians in their villages
The second element of fence was the establishment of local militia units by local elites
The Taiping War (1851 – 1864): Attempting To Revolutionize Identity
Considered a Saublewood devastated much of these Central and South China and military embroiled to a greater or lesser degree 16 of the 18 provinces within the Great Wall
For the rebellion was the brainchild of hong xiquan,Hoosick admissions left him with the conviction that he was the younger brother Jesus Christ and that he had A holy mission
Regional Context
The historical and spatial context provided hong with the people and the support that made this movement a threat not only the ruling Manchus but to traditional Chinese civilization as well
There were other larger term political problems for some in this region
Two centuries earlier this had been the last region conquered by the Manchus
During approximately 80 years (1760s– 1842) when Cantonwas the only port open to the west of Overland and Riverine trade routes had developed from the lower Yangzi and southeast coast Micro regions to Canton
Hakkas-Guest people
Hakkas Often found themselves in competition and skirmishes with the miao and yao peoples. The ethnic diverse city in the area increased likelihood of social unrest
The Rebellion And Take Shape
Hong Xiuquan, a hakka, the sign of the poor farmer, was born in 1814
Tried several times to pass the civil service examination, without success
The Taiping Revelation
Taiping ideology and political, social, and economic system was most serious threat to the regime and eventually gave rise to the forces that would crush the whole Taiping movement
Underlying tweaking Christianity with the basic idea of the quality of human beings before God, Creating a universal brotherhood – sisterhood
In keeping with primitive economic Communism that was the hallmark of the new regime each group of families shared a common treasury. The group was headed by a “sergeant” who performed multiple Roles
Women under the Taiping society had much more liberties
They forbade foot binding
The taiping revolution was a constant threat to the traditional Chinese Confucian system
Economic competition was abolished