CHAPTER 1

Associational Identities: Lineages And Families

Within the family, “responsibility” was the watchword. the most unfilial thing was to have no children, for it meant that the ancestors who ultimately had produced the present generation would have no one to remember them properly. This remembrance of deceased family members constituted a fourth important aspect of filial piety

The strength and importance of lineages varied across China. They were strongest in the South.

Associational Identities: Social Connections the only one of the five Confucian bonds that neared equality rather than hierarchy was friendship. friendship was more celebrated in Chinese literature than any other social relationship

Teacher– student relationships provided connections for life, taking on an almost master–disciple dynamic.

Associational Identities: Relations To The “Other”

The Buddhist concept of “karma,” that a per- son’s deeds in this life determine how he or she will be reborn in the next life, may have played a role in the ethical views of many

Spatial Identities: Native Place

It is one of the first things a Chinese asks about when meeting someone else, about a person’s native place

When elites and nonelites alike traveled to or “sojourned” away from their native places in other cities or ports, they could often depend on “native place associations” there as a home away from home to provide lodging, meals, advice, and a general helping hand.

Spatial Identities: Village And Marketing Communities

Farmers then generally lived together in villages and went out to farm their lands

Villages ranged in size from a few households to several thousand, with a common range between perhaps 200 and 400 inhabitants

Village life centered on the village;

The focus of life was the village and the life and affairs of villagers

When, especially in villages in the South, villagers were all members of the same lineage or clan, the tightness and closedness of the village to outsiders might tend to be even stronger. he or she would almost certainly have responded with the name of the village.

CHAPTER 2

Patterns in the Early Qing-- Kangzi the manchus we’re cleaning these people stressed martial values based on skills of horsemanship and archery

In contrast to Chinese society which stressed civilian values based on skills of the writing brush

Dynasty began with a minor king-Shunzhi emperor was 13 and 1651 when he took control

The greatest emperors was the Kangzi emperor (1661 – 1722)

Kangzi reached out to the Chinese The Qing offered triennial Jinshi examinations

As a gesture of his benevolence Kangzi offer them a special examination and 1679

Kangzi made the point of showing his concern for the welfare of the people visiting areas were flooding had occurred, and where dikes were being repaired

In 1670, the Kangzi emperor issued A list of 16 moral maxims that were to be read in every community twice a month following the condition become by his father in 1712 he froze tax assessments

Preserving a Manchu Identity

Though the 500,000 green standard forces or at least doubled the size of the Manchu banners that forces the position more strategically

Buying Into Chinese Culture: The Civil Service Examination

The Imperial several service examination was based on Confucianism

Developed to bring government positions the best and brightest men who held both wisdom and virtue

This test is based on merit measure rather than through hierarchy

Confucianism, The foundation of Han Chinese cultural system, was based on the teachings of Confucius and Mencius

The men were both motivated to rule the state Kindly to high principles A profound sense of morality and through empathy with people

Examinations were offered to three levels

Shengyuan (Government students) degree

Juren (provincial graduate) to greet was still lit on those passing the second level examination at the provincial capital

Jinhi (Metropolitan graduate) the highest degree, Came from success at the imperial capital

Attaining any of these degrees brought legal, economic, and social privileges

Rituals, Religion, and Value

Confucianism can either be a religion or philosophy

Most religions in China centered around ancestor reverence

Isn’t in China diminished after the ninth century Identy and Change: the Gianglong Emperor: In the Late Eighteenth Centrury

China reach its height of its power as well during the reign of the (1736-1795)

He doubled China’s territory

China’s crops boomed- Cotton tea and tobacco

Regional trade flourished, As well as foreign trade

Elite status came to depend more on wealth

There are more elite female writers in the lower Yangzi region

There was a monumental population increase-population rose sharply from over 177 million in 1749 to over 301 in 1790

Emerging Problems

Increasing number of social explosions

The strongest test of the Chinese military was the rebellion (1796 – 1804)—A religious face movement to establish Utopia on earth that rate across North central China

The Daoguang Emperor

The (1796 – 1820)

The Daoguang Emperor came in 1821

The Daoguang emperor was concerned about the Manchu identity of Bannerman and more concerned about keeping them in the garrison compound and away from , The black market, and banditry

Increased technique enrolling but to listen to men in the field, Compromise, and work towards consensus and to be flexible

CHAPTER 3 The Early Western Roll What Might Have Been: The Jesuit Mission In China

Jesuit periods (1579– 1724) one of the most successful periods in history

Jesuits wanted to impress the court and make connections with officials

Estimated number of people baptized and 1700 range from 70,000 more than 100,000

In 1630’s the Franciscans and Dominicans who had proselytized in the Philippines came to china

The Lure Of Commerce

In the 1600’s the British gov granted the east India comp a monopoly on trade of Africa’s cape of good hope to south America’s saint of Magellan

Idian and pacific oceans

Spanish came in 1570’s-traded along the southeast coast and set up a base in Taiwan Dutch came in the early 17th century, displacing the Spanish by the 1640’s

Over time, a procedure trade in barbarian management called the “character system” evolved

Westerners are generally willing to dance to tributary to a Chinese played and dust were able to continue to purchase tea, silk, and porcelain that European and American customers desired

China And The West: Mutual Perceptions

There was a lot of confusion in the Chinese mind comfort identities of Western countries-Chinese could not distinguish between them

Chinese were post by their body order ( Chinese have very little putting over and had trouble tolerating it)

Some claim that Westerners could not been there needs to stretch out their legs or feet as Chinese could

View Of China In Abstract Molesting Intellectuals In Some States And Emily 18th-Century, As We’ve Seen, Has Been Positive Even Enthusiastic

Opium: Problem And The War

The serious trade problem for Western merchants was that they had nothing the Chinese want to buy

Chinese begun to smoke opium in the 17th century-fixed it with regular tobacco in pipes

Slips of the number of smokers very about 10% of the population was a commonly accepted figure

The opium war was the opening salvo of the century of aggression by western nations against China, I sent you conflict between very different features with sharply differing values

The Inequality Treaty System And Its Impact On Chinese Identity

The Treaty of Nanjing, Which ceded Island to Great Britain was the first of many treaties between China and foreign nations that were called “unequal" because china did all the giving and received nothing in return

Of supplementary treaty Briton China was put in place signed in 1843

When the daoguang emperors son the , took power in 1850, he dismissed Majanggahe personally hated as well as its allies

Foreign Concessions

Series of treaties opened up more clothes for trade and foreign residents

Foreign concessions were areas carpet out of existing Chinese cities or foreigners now became the rollers

The number of foreigners the small growing the five ports from about 450 in 1842 about 600 and 1854

From population is made up mostly of merchants with a fairly small number missionaries

The Missionary & Cultural Imperialism

Treaty of tainjin any other critical right to Western nations: Greg about Christianity could be openly taught and practiced= missionaries could travel anywhere, purchase property for church new school, and spread their message it will The (1722 – 1736) outlawed Christianity

In viewing the Chinese the missionaries were convinced of their own superiority and the total truth other message

In 1844 as part of the general treaty with France, The Qing Government removed it’s proscription against Christianity

In 1870 there were approximately 400,000 Catholic converts as opposed to about 6000 Protestants

Unhappy missionaries retained the same attitude towards Chinese people that they had shown during the opium war

The Chinese reaction to missionaries and their workgroup out of reactions to foreigners in general and two missionaries message and approach in particular

Friends Catholic nuns managed orphanage and some of the orphans begin disappearing

Chinese for suspicious–nuns had a policy of giving small sums of money people turn children into orphanages

And nuns did not allow children to be reclaimed by anyone even if they represented themselves as parents relatives children

In June 1870 I’m in the best that he attempts several children and sold them to the calendar for her Catholic institutions in the city

CHAPTER 4

Traditional Rebellions

The 19th century was born in domestic rebellion

Buddhism gave rise to the

In 1813 rebellion of lin qing, We treats for Benin City and aim to assassinate jiaqing emperor

Setting

The miao rebellion began in the mountainous border between hunan and guizhou but, Even more significant, Along the border between the middle Yangzi and both the upper Yangzi and southwest China Micro regions

The Historical Actors And Their Agendas

In addition to leaders, of course a rebellion needed masses of people who were organized and mobilize at least to some degree

The White Lotus rebellion spread in the beginning because of the links that sect communities had two bandits who lived in the forest of these three province border regions

In south China the building blocks of rebellion intended to be “lodges” in secret blood brotherhood called the triads

Composed mostly of glasses – labor, Pirates, smugglers, yamen works and runners, Boatmen, and Pessant –triad organizers did not seek to overthrow legitimate society but to exploit it

In the south the presence of strong often feuding lineages further encourage them grow of the triads

Qing Government Response

In the White Lotus rebellion the government said regular banner forces against the gorilla enemy It wanted to capture the leaders

The circle entering into what in the 20th century Vietnam War would be called “Search–and–destroy” operations, with construction often falling most heavily on civilians in their villages

The second element of fence was the establishment of local militia units by local elites

The Taiping War (1851 – 1864): Attempting To Revolutionize Identity

Considered a Saublewood devastated much of these Central and South China and military embroiled to a greater or lesser degree 16 of the 18 provinces within the Great Wall

For the rebellion was the brainchild of hong xiquan,Hoosick admissions left him with the conviction that he was the younger brother Jesus Christ and that he had A holy mission

Regional Context

The historical and spatial context provided hong with the people and the support that made this movement a threat not only the ruling Manchus but to traditional Chinese civilization as well

There were other larger term political problems for some in this region

Two centuries earlier this had been the last region conquered by the Manchus

During approximately 80 years (1760s– 1842) when Cantonwas the only port open to the west of Overland and Riverine trade routes had developed from the lower Yangzi and southeast coast Micro regions to Canton

Hakkas-Guest people

Hakkas Often found themselves in competition and skirmishes with the miao and yao peoples. The ethnic diverse city in the area increased likelihood of social unrest

The Rebellion And Take Shape

Hong Xiuquan, a hakka, the sign of the poor farmer, was born in 1814

Tried several times to pass the civil service examination, without success

The Taiping Revelation

Taiping ideology and political, social, and economic system was most serious threat to the regime and eventually gave rise to the forces that would crush the whole Taiping movement

Underlying tweaking Christianity with the basic idea of the quality of human beings before God, Creating a universal brotherhood – sisterhood

In keeping with primitive economic Communism that was the hallmark of the new regime each group of families shared a common treasury. The group was headed by a “sergeant” who performed multiple Roles

Women under the Taiping society had much more liberties

They forbade foot binding

The taiping revolution was a constant threat to the traditional Chinese Confucian system

Economic competition was abolished