Laying Hen Husbandry Towards a happy hen life, proud farmers and a satisfied society www.houdenvanhennen.nl

Houden van hennen Contents

Laying Hen Husbandry

Three challenges

The project team of ‘Laying Hen Husbandry’ did not do it alone

Three wish lists as the basis for the design • What does the public want? • What do farmers want? • What do hens want? • Looking for common ground

Two designs for socially responsible laying hen husbandry systems • The Roundel • The Plantation

To whom can we pass the baton?

Colofon

This brochure is one of the results from the University of Amsterdam: John Grin project Laying Hen Husbandry (‘Houden van Project team support: Frans Leenders & Lotte Paans Hennen’) carried out by Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR). All those interviewed and those taken part in the public Further information about this project and workshops, the designer and creative workshops. Thank subsequent activities can be obtained under you for your knowledgeable and enthusiastic www.houdenvanhennen.nl or from Peter Groot contributions! Koerkamp (tel. nr. +31 320-238 514, [email protected]). The project ‘Laying Hen Husbandry’ was financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality (LNV - NL) and was part of the research programme ‘Socially The following people contributed to the project: Responsible (programme leader Sierk Project team WUR: Bram Bos, Karel de Greef, Spoelstra, Wageningen UR, [email protected]). See Peter Groot Koerkamp (project leader), Yvonne also www.verantwoordeveehouderij.nl. van Hierden, Maarten Kommers, Sandra van der Kroon, Jasper van Ruth and Elvi van Wijk. Editorial: Carolien de Lauwere & Joke Luttik Advisory commission: Elmar Theune (Ministry of Illustrations: Visueel Denken.com (Wouter Boog, Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality), Ferry Jan Selen en Dennis Luijer) Leenstra, (WUR), Jan Wolleswinkel (Dutch Organi- Photography: Simon van Heulen, Hans Dijkstra BvB, sation for Agriculture and Horticulture/ Dutch Wageningen Organisation for Poultry farmers), Marijke de Jong- Design: Miek Saaltink, Grafisch Atelier, Wageningen Timmerman (Animal Protection Society) Print: Modern b.v. Bennekom Colleagues at WUR: Dörte Dopfer, Karin Translation: Andrea Ellis (Independent) and Groenestein, Marinus van Krimpen, Jan ten Napel, Marike Boekhoff (WUR) Willem Schouten, Corrie Smit, Gemma Tacken en Izak Vermeij. Copying of text and details or citations from this Innovaction BV: Corrinne Goenee (public workshops) publication are permitted under the condition that full Specialist journal ‘De Pluimveehouderij’: references to the source publication are made: Wim Wisman (poultry husbandry) Wageningen UR project team Houden van Hennen, Poultry farmer: Peter van Agt (Fladderfarm.nl) Laying Hen Husbandry – towards a happy hen life, proud Consultancy: Bob Onckelinx (creative workshops) farmers and a satisfied society, 2004 Consultancy: Jan Oostdam (methodical approach) Wageningen – Lelystad, Wageningen UR, Communications: Jet Proost (workshop), Marry ISBN 90-6754-793-3 van den Top, Judith Huiting, Frank Lenssinck and Rolf Schreuder

3 | Laying Hen Husbandry In the Netherlands around 35 million hens produce nearly The Dutch Poultry Industry ten billion eggs a year. How can these hens be kept in The Dutch poultry industry consists of a way, which makes them, farmers and citizens a range of businesses: a few breeders organizations, which through selective happy? A research team from Wageningen breeding produce hens with the pre- University and Research Centre worked on this ferred qualities; a number of breeding stations which produce eggs for hatch- question for one year. The aim was to ing; poultry farms which hatch these design new socially desirable husbandry eggs and sell chicks and finally around systems to keep hens for the production three thousand farms which raise layer pullets to the age of 17 weeks old and of eggs. laying hens to the age of 72 weeks. Amongst the ancillary industry are egg packing stations and egg or hen pro- cessing factories, slaughter houses and feed manufacturers. In addition service providers and suppliers are active in areas such as feed sales, transport and logistics (for ani- mals, feed, manure and products), vet- erinarian support, advisory or consul- tancy businesses and banking. In 2002 around 35 million laying hens were Towards two designs for new husbandry systems for hens. kept in The Netherlands, of which two No blue prints, but inspirational examples thirds were housed in traditional bat- tery cage systems and one third in wel- fare friendlier free-range systems. This Laying Hen Husbandry number has risen to 50 % in 2003. Farms with outdoor runs, indoor barn Towards a happy hen life, proud farmers and a satisfied society systems and systems have an average of 5000, 15 000 or 30 000 animals respectively. Farms with outdoor free-range systems have less chickens than farms without out- New husbandry systems are neces- are switching to alternative systems, ing damage to the health of the animals are laying hens, which are door access. Many farms with battery sary as today’s existing systems such as free range husbandry. poultry farmer. Furthermore, the kept for the commercial production cages keep more than 50 000 ani- lack in important aspects. The cur- However, it is questionable, whether outbreak of the fowl pest (Avian of eggs. However, in this brochure mals. All together, these hens lay rent most frequently used hus- these alternatives are the most ideal Influenza) has stimulated further dis- we refer to them both as ‘hens’ or around 10 billion eggs per year. bandry system – the battery cage replacements for the battery cage cussion on how poultry are kept as ‘chickens’. Around two thirds of the Dutch produc- system – will even be outlawed in system. Barn systems do provide there were some indications that the At the end of this brochure Laying tion is exported, primarily to neighbour- 2012. Further, beak trimming will hens with greater freedom of move- disease was spread by the drop- Hen Husbandry presents two ing countries. One third of the eggs be forbidden from 2006 – this is a ment than battery cages, allowing pings of wild birds flying over free- designs of new husbandry systems remaining in The Netherlands, is sold process whereby the sharp beaks of foraging behaviour. However, the range poultry areas. for hens. In these designs the wish- as table eggs. The rest is processed hens are trimmed. This practice has high population density still poses a To be clear, we define husbandry es of men and animals have been for ingredients in products, ranging always been accepted as necessary problem for the well-being of the systems as the combination of the integrated as much as possible. from pasta to shampoos. because hens in cramped conditions hens– for instance due to the high housing unit (indoors and outdoors), These are not blue-prints but inspira- and restricted space can cause incidence of feather pecking– and technical equipment, animal man- tional examples. That’s why we considerable injury to each other occasionally also of humans: in agement and the animal itself. Thus, begin by detailing the process which through aggressive pecking. More some alternative systems a lot of a husbandry system is much more has led to these designs. and more traditional poultry farmers dust is thrown up into the air caus- than just the housing system. The

4 | Laying Hen Husbandry 5 | Laying Hen Husbandry Methodical design, the way to a solution

A task as complicated as the design of a husbandry system which complies with many needs and wishes – and with all It is quite something to develop a system that covers both the their associated complications – requires wishes of humans and animals. The project team first collected the a well considered plan. The project team experiences and opinions of a wide range of people inside and ‘Laying Hen Husbandry’ chose a method, known as ‘Methodical Design’. This is a outside the poultry industry. The latest literature on the needs of very systematic approach. The first step hens was reviewed as well. From this, the project team distilled is an inventory and exact definition of all demands, wishes and requirements. What three main challenges for the project. exactly does a hen require? What is scien- tifically proven, or is just believe or gut- feeling? What are the demands and wishes of the public, the farmer and the govern- ment? Such an inventory does not only help greatly in the thinking process, but it also proves useful in conversations with those involved. It is a great tool for explaining what the system designers are trying to do and why. And that’s not the only benefit. The method helps to bridge initial opposition by finding common grounds. This first step results in a ‘Programme of Demands’ (PoD), a com- plete list of requirements for the new designs. The second step is the actual design of a husbandry system, in which point to values which many people try to control nature by using ingen- these demands have to be met. This identify with and want to be realized ious technology. Nothing is left to starts with the search for partial solutions, in this context. But what do they the animals themselves. Laying Hen which will be combined into complete sys- The three challenges actually mean? Husbandry left this approach tems afterwards. Special attention is given behind. The project team chose to the most pressing problems, where the NATURALNESS: The project team instead to look for cooperation systematic use of creativity is of great 1. Developing a socially desirable knowledge, applied agricultural farmer can make enough money, gave the term naturalness three dif- between nature and technology. importance. Especially those solutions system with a truthful and research and education. Intensive and around which society feels ferent, but related meanings. First Then, the natural behaviour of hens which fulfil the wishes of all are welcome. positive image as well as livestock husbandry was born. comfortable – for instance, because of all naturalness implies that the forms the basis for the production Finally the design is tested against the happy chickens. However, unchecked growth turned it can be ensured that the animals system has to satisfy the natural, system. One problem in this Programme of Demands and presented to out to have its bad sides as well. are having a good life and that ethological needs of the laying hen. approach is that we still do not the relevant parties: poultry farmers, the The first challenge was to design a Problems with , food resulting products are healthy and These can be largely defined know everything about this behav- public/consumers, scientists and other husbandry system which was socially safety and the environment popped safe. according to current scientific iour. A system that allows for much experts. desirable. Such a system does not up, and society and its regulating knowledge. But for most people nat- greater natural behaviour of the Laying Hen Husbandry involved a variety only incorporate the needs of the bodies became increasingly aware 2. A husbandry system with uralness is more than just natural hen, will then also teach us to find of stakeholders in many different ways hen, but also the needs of the poul- that something had to change. At special attention for robust- behaviour – so how does the public out more about just that. This know- during the process which had to result in try farmer and the needs of society. this point the production process ness and naturalness perceive naturalness and how would ledge can later be used to further the design of a socially desirable husbandry Why is that? Historically, our agricul- came under societal scrutiny. they like to see this take shape? We adjust to the natural qualities of the system for laying hens – a husbandry system tural practices originate out of the Livestock industry had to adapt: The second challenge for the pro- asked their opinions and so came to hens. which complies with the requirements of dire need for food after the Second from socially tolerated to socially ject was to design a system which a second meaning for naturalness: laying hens, poultry farmers and the gen- World War. The motto then was acceptable. Within the project Laying gives actual shape to the concepts Naturalness is society’s wish to pro- ROBUSTNESS is also such a compli- eral public. Poultry farmers, policy employ- ‘hunger – never again’. Agriculture Hen Husbandry we have set even of robustness and naturalness. Like duce in a way which resembles the cated term. In a few words, robust- ees from the Ministry of Agriculture, was given the task to produce as higher standards. We wanted to the previous challenge, this wasn’t processes in nature. ness means that the husbandry sys- Nature and Food Quality, the animal feed much food at the lowest possible develop a socially desirable hus- our private idea. These terms Yet, the team added a third element: tem can survive setbacks. This industry, veterinarians, egg processors, costs. And farmers excelled them- bandry system, in which the animals derive from the social debate about naturalness as an ordering principle. always concerns the whole: it’s the egg distributors, animal welfare organisa- selves, with the help of scientific are happier, through which the intensive livestock husbandry. They Today’s livestock husbandry systems good combination of buildings and tions and citizens – including children – all had the chance to give their viewpoint and thus to contribute to the end result.

6 | Laying Hen Husbandry 7 | Laying Hen Husbandry Technical Equipment equipment, the qualities of the animal, door access– is getting smaller, while or the Animal? and the skills of the poultry farmer the production costs of these eggs is You can use or adapt equipment or man- that make a robust system. Thus, actually higher through increased agement techniques to make a system robustness should not be limited to a labour and space requirements. The robust, but you can also make use of quality of the animal. poultry farmer also has to carry out animal qualities. In current systems we If defined more precisely, robustness more checks, both in the hen house often apply the first alternative, for is the extent to which the husbandry and in the outdoor area, and look for instance in order to keep disease out or system is independent of internal or so-called mislaid eggs, eggs laid out to regulate the indoor climate. But if the external influences. Examples of inter- of the ‘official’ nest boxes. Therefore, hen herself is allowed to cope with and nal influences would be changes in the very small profit margin per egg adapt to changes, the system may be requirements between animals, wear implies the need for an increasing even more robust. Generally, a laying and tear on buildings and equipment number of hens to earn a living. hen can cope well with changes in tem- and pollution in the husbandry system. In addition a free-range area outside perature and she can build up resistance To what extent can the system adapt can increase a variety of health risks, against certain diseases. Thus, we do to these changes? both for men and animals. The cur- not need to pamper them or treat them Examples of external influences could rent systems with an outdoor area like a plant in a greenhouse, fed at exact be climatic changes, diseases, ver- consist of a hen house with an adja- times and kept in a completely con- min, loss in profit, new legislation and cent field area. In this area hens can trolled environment. However, it is impor- temporary transport prohibitions. The pick up all sorts of parasites and tant that we provide the right conditions. robustness of a system tells us to infections: through their own excre- For example, a hen can cope well with what extent the husbandry system can ments and that of other wild birds, or low temperatures, provided there are cope with such small and great distur- through the ground. They can ingest shelter areas, where she can protect bances. toxic substances, such as dioxin, herself. which then can be passed on to the It is all about the wishes of men and animals consumer via the egg. 3. A husbandry system with free Finally, the poultry farmer wants to range areas – outside…, have a good overview of his busi- or inside after all? ness. Current free range and aviary systems are not very easy to assess, requirement for foraging and explor- did not think so and decided not to Finally the project team had to tackle especially not those with an outdoor ing, but it is not known whether this take current husbandry systems as a third challenge. They wanted to run. In a battery cage system the has to be done outside. A hen might its starting point. Instead, the start- create a husbandry system for laying farmer knows exactly how many hens not be unhappy at all if she remains ing point was: let’s first listen care- hens which has free range facilities, a cage should contain, and he can indoors, but she might well be a lot fully to all parties involved and find an outdoor space, where hens can see much quicker when an animal is happier if she can go outdoors. out what their real needs are. What forage, explore the area and enjoy the sick or dead. He can check all hens does the public exactly mean, if it fresh air. But for whom is this impor- by simply walking through on a daily Choosing or sharing? wants more naturalness? Why exact- tant? At least for the general public. basis. This is impossible in an out- These three challenges are already ly does a farmer need precise daily The market – especially the German door run. One can not tell whether 5, a good reflection of the tensions overview of his stock? What is one, where most of Dutch exports go 10 or 30 layers are missing after a which arise if production is not the essential for the exploration require- to – asks for eggs with a ‘natural day. An additional complication is, only viewpoint anymore, but the ments of a hen? In short, let us touch’. Many consumers find it impor- that the farmer cannot survey all his wishes of society and needs of the share before we choose. tant that hens can go outside to feel animals, especially when the outdoor hen have to be counted as well. the sun, the wind and rain. However, area is made attractive for the hens Some wishes seem to contradict this isn’t that simple. Allowing hens to by lots of vegetation. each other, such as outdoor free run free outside complicates the mat- For these reasons poultry farmers range and the limitation of health ter for the poultry farmer. are not all too keen to convert to out- risks. One might think we have to For instance, the price difference door free-range farming. And the choose which is more important. between standard eggs from battery chicken, what does the chicken itself But are these real dilemma’s, leav- cage systems, and special eggs – for find best? From behavioural research ing room for just two, partly undesir- example from hens which have out- with hens we know that they have a able alternatives? The project team

8 | Laying Hen Husbandry 9 | Laying Hen Husbandry Join the ‘think-tank’ on Laying Hen Husbandry. This thousand words! The drawings in tors were once more present at Thinking about chicken happiness, invitation was published by the project team in the this brochure give a good example these sessions. They managed wishes of citizens and farmers desires specialized magazine for ‘Poultry Husbandry’ and of this. once again to illustrate successfully with pictures what was otherwise resulted in around 140 reactions, of which the majority Several interested persons could difficult to ‘picture’. were poultry farmers (80 %), but also veterinarians, not make it to our ‘designer day’. They were informed via e-mail Citizens’ sessions… feed producers and others working in the poultry reports, so that they nonetheless Unique with Laying Hen Husbandry industry responded. The project team asked these to could contribute to the design was also that the general public was set out their three most important challenges towards process. Finally, people could be involved in the design process. And kept informed by the website this was not just taken lightly, innovation in the poultry industry. www.houdenvanhennen.nl, where through some superficial interviews they could also give their response. in the supermarket, but it was done intensely in sessions where citizens Three creative workshops were interrogated lengthily about A good house for chickens – source of inspiration: Workshop with children A number of stakeholders partici- their ideal pictures of laying hen pated further in actively and crea- husbandry systems. Apart from a tively thinking about solutions for list of wishes for hens and poultry the most complex problems, which farmers, a list of wishes could also could not be solved at an earlier be made for citizens. At least, for stage. These problems arose either some citizens, as you will find when because demands were contradic- you read on. tory or because simple solutions were not at hand. This became The projectteam of ‘Laying Hen clear during and after the designer Three wish lists as the basis for day. For three such challenging the design demands/problems the project Questions and more questioning, Husbandry’ did not do it alone! team organised creative workshops was the motto when putting to- to work more intensely on solutions. gether the list of wishes of citizens Own nesting area and play garden – source In one workshop the problem of and poultry farmers. But with the of inspiration: Workshop with children An open process poultry and ancillary industry and Programme of Demands (the com- mislaid eggs was tackled. A second hen that will not get you far. What Economy (financial sustainability) related stakeholders were arranged bined list of wishes of hens, farmers workshop looked at the question of the laying hen needs can only be and public acceptance were men- for further in depth discussion. The and consumers) was presented for how more spacious husbandry sys- read from her behaviour. Only then tioned as the most important chal- aim was to help define the priorities examination by those present. They tems –as demanded by the public– is it possible to establish the needs lenges, which was not surprising, of the project and to gain from their could comment upon, or even add can comply with the need of the of hens, although of course we can given the majority of responses knowledge and experience. Some or remove things if they thought farmer for good overview and large never be quite sure what will make came from within the poultry sector. representatives were quite reserved necessary. This process resulted in numbers of hens. In the third work- a hen really happy. Luckily, this was In the past ten years laying hen farms (‘is this really necessary, all this new a complete and tested Programme shop solutions for health issues in easier with farmers and the public. have actually made an acceptable stuff’), but most of them shared of Demands. On the same day open air systems were mulled over. profit, but the margins also have their thoughts enthusiastically and clever solutions for complex prob- been lowered considerably. The pub- gave their own ideas and solutions. lems were considered and even Because of the clear structure and lic demands have increased, but the whole possible designs for socially the enthusiasm of the participants price which is paid has not. Beside A designer day... or otherwise at responsible husbandry systems all three workshops led to a series this, ‘welfare’, ‘vulnerability to dis- least an e-mail were sketched out. Three illustra- of inspired sketches of possible hus- eases’ and ‘food safety’ were men- In February 2004 a ‘designer day’ tors made drawings of the new pos- bandry systems. These incorporat- Stacked boxes – source of inspiration: tioned repeatedly as challenges. was organised. Again interested par- sibilities as they were developed ed creative elements such as water- Workshop with children ties from all walks of life, both in the and discussed. The drawings were falls, egg ‘shoots’ and moveable Detailed discussions sector and outside, were present to hung up and this clarified the dis- units, which give the soil a chance Meetings with 15 representatives think about hen’s happiness, public cussion and led to new inspiration. to recover. All together a treasure from the different corners of the demands and farmers’ needs. The A picture just does say more than a of ideas was created. The illustra-

10 | Laying Hen Husbandry 11 | Laying Hen Husbandry Traditional citizens

Chuck, chuck I am a chicken I deserve a lot of respect, Cosmopolitans, traditional What does the questioned about their viewpoints According to the post-materialist citizenry and post-materialists Enough to drink, and healthy food public want? on the poultry industry. Not to mention, a little attention ideal, the livestock industry should For Laying Hen Husbandry citizens were Perhaps not completely unexpected, be based on natural principles as Watch out for me and take good care, distinguished according to their orienta- but nevertheless nice, was that the much as possible, allowing for a And lots of eggs come to the fare… tion and values in daily life. For this a In a densely populated country, with participants ideas on what is a good minimum of human interference. proven categorization model was used, critical citizens, every business has life, were reflected in what they Around 10 % of Dutch society com- wishes of citizens: dynamic hen called Mentality. The eight types of citi- to fit within the context of that soci- thought the needs of chickens were. prises of post-materialists. zens this model distinguishes have a ety. Poultry farmers would like to be They wished a life for the hen as good predictive value for consumer respected and accepted by the pub- they would wish to live themselves. Citizens and Consumers behaviour. Three types were chosen for lic and wish to supply a valuable Citizens are also consumers and participation in the intensive sessions service to society. With today’s Cosmopolitans vice versa. We therefore not only for this project. These were chosen image of intensive livestock farming This group is open-minded and criti- animal are fulfilled. But also, that had to ask ourselves what citizens because they are more than averagely this is not always the case. Social cal. Cosmopolitans believe it is slaughter methods should be appro- want, but also what consumers, or interested in what’s happening around acceptance is therefore an impor- important to express and develop priate, and animal transport as rather, what citizens in their role as them. Together they make up 38 % of tant issue for the future of poultry themselves, they are career minded short as possible. Abuse and hor- consumers want. Will consumers be the society. Although Mentality distin- farming. But what good does it do and materialistic. According to this monal treatments are not accept- led by their ‘civilian’ beliefs and wishes of citizens: ZEN hen guishes five other types, it was decided the poultry farmer if he produces group laying hens require a dynamic able. This citizen group has a strong ideals on laying hen husbandry sys- not to approach these with critical ques- eggs in a manner, which the aver- life. The housing system should sense of ‘back to the past’. Today’s tems when buying eggs? If yes, then tions about the poultry industry, as this age citizen approves of, when the therefore provide enough variety husbandry systems should include marketing of eggs would have to be falls too far outside their line of interest. same citizen is then, as consumer, and stimulation so that the hen can elements of woodland, a pond in the aimed towards these beliefs, while not prepared to pay accordingly? be busy all the time if she wants to. middle, some fencing, and land with keeping in mind that different con- A stale-mate, so it seems. The citi- But, to get rest after all this action, free ranging hens – just like in the sumer groups exist, each with differ- zen may well be critical, but con- the hen also has to have enough good old days on farms. ent beliefs for their own life and that sumers are even more critical and resting places. To fulfil the need for Traditional citizens make up around of the hen. they vote with their wallet. privacy there should be enough lay- 18 % of Dutch society. First back to basics. Eggs are The project team Laying Hen ing nests. She needs protected bought in the first place because we Cosmopolitans Husbandry chose not to begin from shelter areas in case she wants to Post-materialists like to eat them. The product there- this stale-mate point of view. The be alone. Moreover, the individuality The post-materialist is critical fore has to fulfil the standard wishes of citizens: privacy and peace as requirements for hens Chuck, chuck I am a chicken approach was to take citizens seri- of the hen should be recognized. towards society. He is against social requirements of an ‘egg’: it has to Today I’ll go and have some fun ously and listen to them. Ask them This implies an environment in which injustice and stands up for the envi- be egg-shaped and sized and the and when I come home from the trip what they know and what they want. the laying hen can carry out her ronment. According to post-material- shell has to be a nice full colour. It I want to rest, inside my nest What ideal picture does the public sort-specific behaviour. Finally a hen ists the hen needs to be in a natural should smell nicely, stay fresh for a have of poultry husbandry? What has to simply feel good and for this environment. This includes running long period, and be easy to peel. Without disturbance from fellow pecks does the average citizen mean by she needs to be healthy, strong and water, and plenty of soil with life in Contamination with bacteria or That’s what helps to lay the eggs… animal welfare and ‘naturalness’? fit. Cosmopolitans make up around it. On the menu then is natural, liv- medicinal supplements is unaccept- ‘Keep asking’ was the motto, instead 10 % of Dutch society. ing food. Freedom is also an impor- able of course. of uncritically taking the first best tant requirement. Hens must have But what about some dirt or feath- answer which uses these terms – Traditional citizens the possibility to go outside. ers on the eggshell, or eggs that terms, which are so ambiguous that The traditional citizen is dutiful. He vary in size and colour? That a discussion quickly runs out with clings to traditions and material depends on which type of citizen wishes of citizens: good food good intentions. When asking more, (family) property. This group you are. One will find it desirable it quickly becomes clear that the believes strongly in caring for and because of the natural ambiance, average citizen does not exist. looking after animals. The poultry Post-materialists while the other may feel sick from However, certain groups could be farmer needs to avoid stressing the the idea alone. These are qualities distinguished. Three groups of hens, needs to ensure that animals Chuck, chuck I am a chicken that tell more about the production public opinion which were willing to are not sick or unhappy and get I love it out in the fresh air, process than the product itself, just contribute their bit to the process of healthy food. Animals need to be Having a bath in the pond, like the packaging and the story developing a socially acceptable treated with respect. This implies Catching a fly up in the sky which comes with the egg. laying hen husbandry system, were that the sort-specific needs of the Such a story is necessary if we Eating a worm and sleeping in trees Laying eggs as busy as bees…

wishes of citizens: happy and free hens

12 | Laying Hen Husbandry 13 | Laying Hen Husbandry The poultry farmer: worker, businessman and animal keeper

want the consumer to pay more for because we wish to identify with the farmer, these roles have different clean. Next, there are a number of reliability, openness and transparen- try farmer is not just somebody who an egg, for example because it image that they portray. Our choice priorities. One farmer puts animal requirements to be fulfilled, that cy, animal friendliness, co-operation keeps a giant egg machine or egg comes from a better husbandry sys- of products is also guided by emo- care at the front, while another is derive from health and safety regula- and trustworthiness. factory going. He is an animal man- tem that is producing at higher tion, apart from rational considera- more interested in the business tions (machinery operation, dust), ager who makes the husbandry sys- costs. Our research amongst citi- tions like price. These emotions are side, while a third one wishes to environmental (emissions of ammo- Animal keeper tem, within which both he and the zens showed that such a story strongly connected to what we find concentrate on the husbandry tech- nia) and hygiene regulations (anti- For the poultry farmer as the animal hens are functioning, work for him. should not be told to the public in important in life, our values. If we niques – the work process. disease measures). keeper other needs play the main Not only the hen should flourish, but general (‘Now with even more wel- can home in on these, and make Therefore not every design will suit role. The animal keeper likes to the poultry farmer as well, as the fare!’) but that it is more accurate to sure that the facts are correct, it every poultry farmer. Just like the Entrepreneur – Businessman work with animals, pays attention to worker, the businessman and the target upon the values of specific should be possible to earn more citizen, the average poultry farmer For the businessman the first priori- them, he works and lives with them animal keeper. groups of citizens. Let us thus not money from eggs coming from ideal does not really exist. ty is the continuity of his business. and ‘experiences’ them. He is in only show that this is about an egg husbandry systems. Product quality and sustainability contact with nature and is part of it. which has come from a hen, which Worker (profit) are of great importance as The caring for animals is central to had a good life – a ‘hen-worthy’ life For workers it is important to be well. For the businessman in the his work. This includes protection of as she would wish herself. Let us paid for their work and to obtain the poultry farmer it is therefore impor- animals from negative influences. also show that her life was in accor- What do farmers want? necessary results of their labour tant that laying hens are healthy, On the other hand the animal keep- dance with the values people cher- without excessive effort – with pleas- produce lots of eggs and remain in er wants to be socially responsible. ish for their own life, as citizens and The poultry-farmer – a threesome? ure in their work and pride in their good condition. This requires a Openness about the system is nec- consumers. For example – turn the The poultry farmer has to fulfil three skills. In the case of healthy environment for the laying essary for this but the keeping of hen into your ‘egg-laying’ friend. roles. He is the worker (or has work- this means that the climate within hen. Next to this the businessman animals must remain ‘farm-worthy’. For marketing specialists this is not ers in his service), businessman (or the animal house is suitable to carry needs space for a good deal of One of the themes of the project such a weird step. Food is no –woman), but also the animal keep- out the work, that hens and men are entrepreneurship, a certain lifestyle was that a new husbandry system longer just fulfilling the role of nutri- er. In each role he approaches his in mutual contact, that the hens are and a positive image. In this case, must supply good working condi- tion. Many products are bought activities from a different perspec- healthy, that no mislaid eggs have demands for a husbandry system tions for the entrepreneurial animal because of their nice taste, or tive. Depending on each poultry to be collected, and that eggs are would be things like innovativeness, keeper. In such a system, the poul-

14 | Houden van Hennen 15 | Laying Hen Husbandry What do hens want? • Laying hens spend the greatest the moment that being outside is an physical health of the animals but part of their daily time on foraging, optional extra – rather than a basic also for healthy behaviour: feather A laying hen cannot talk. Therefore, even if they are not hungry? right, although it is probably enjoy- pecking decreases considerably we cannot ask her exactly what she Therefore more than half the total able. when hens spend adequate time on wants. What we can do is study her space available should be suitable An adequate living environment searching for food (foraging), and behaviour and decide together how for foraging, and should provide implies good healthy air. The air this may for example also contain this should be interpreted. Many ani- variation and diversity. which the hen breathes in, should roughage feed such as corn-silage. A laying hen has a large range of movements: mal ethologists (behaviour special- not be too dusty, the air humidity Further they need enough space to her ‘movement-repertoire’. She wants to be ists) have done detailed research We can of course continue to should be optimal and there should eat and drink comfortably. The food able to flap her wings, turn around, run, forage and clean herself. Hens like to keep an overview of into this and have together man- explain all the background to every not be too much ammonia or other needs to be supplied in a manner their surroundings, in order to aged to ‘understand’ the hen a little decision we made but this will be gasses in the air. The ventilation and which causes minimum disruption explore later on. better. A hen is originally a wood boring. Our message is: we want to temperature must be adequate. amongst the animals. animal. Much of her natural behav- incorporate the ethological needs of Laying hens can survive quite well in A laying hen has a range of different iour, such as sleeping on a perched the laying hen in our designs. That colder environments, but they will movements – her ‘movement reper- place at night and looking for ‘cover’ means to arrive at a scientifically need some extra food, in order to toire’: She wants to be able to flap to hide originate from this. Did you, proven minimum level of require- keep themselves warm. They feel wings, turn round, run, forage for example, know that: ments, through which we can say best when the temperature (inside and clean herself (preening). •A laying hen needs 2214 cm2 in that the hen will definitely not be or outside) is between 18 and 27º C. She has to be able to stretch her order to carry out her ethological ‘unhappy’. Laying hens further need light of wings and to flap them and also (behavioural) requirements? This is obviously not only about the the correct quality and at the cor- dustbathe or sunbathe. The amount •A laying hen in a battery cage has amount of space. The quality of rect time. For instance, they prefer of space laying hens need for all only 550 cm2 of space – a little less space is at least as important. to dustbathe or sunbathe in day- these activities also depends on than an A4 sheet of paper? This is a Consider factors such as variation, light. Artificial light is fine during eat- group size. The necessary space quarter of the required area! dynamic, distraction, safety, com- ing and drinking, but it has to be changes per activity, and per If a hen feels threatened she must be able • Laying hens in our new design will fort and others. This is not just bright enough. They prefer to for- amount of hens wishing to carry it to flee or shelter. For this adequate space and shelter area has to be provided. The basis for a comfortable each have 2214 cm2 available to required by the hen but also by the age in a light environment. It should out simultaneously. Just like humans chicken life is to be free of hunger and thirst. them in order to carry out their nat- public, and the consumers and actu- not be too dark – also in order to hens like to keep their own personal ural behaviour! ally also by a lot of poultry farmers. recognize each other. Laying eggs space. This personal space is fairly • This comes to around 4.5 laying Thus a number of important require- and resting is preferably done in a small with hens sitting on a perch hens per m2 and can approximately ments are highlighted below. darker environment, but if it is com- (around 5 cm), while walking or for- be compared with 6 laying hens per A laying needs a ‘living environ- pletely dark laying hens will become aging hens prefer a distance of 30 How much space does a hen need? m2 in current organic husbandry ment’ which gives her space and nervous. centimetres. During preening hens A laying hen needs the following space to carry out systems, 9 laying hens per m2 in facilities to fulfil her ethological Laying hens like to keep a good only need a space of around 15 cm her natural behaviours: free range barn systems, 13 laying needs – her full behavioural reper- eye on their surroundings, so between them. The wing flapping hens per m2 in an enriched cage toire. To put it simply: a laying hen that they can explore it later. They takes up the greatest area. If a hen eating 446 cm2 system or 18 laying hens per m2 in needs a living environment within orient themselves via the sun and feels threatened she should be able drinking 446 cm2 traditional battery cages! which she can do everything she through set recognition points, to flee and hide, therefore the nec- scraping ground/foraging 799 cm2 •A laying hen needs a 18 cm wide wants to do and needs to do. This which have to remain visible. They essary space and shelter must be Although hens will chase each other away 2 cleaning 1076 cm perch in order to rest comfortably – applies also for a large group of require good space for foraging and provided. occasionally, they are nevertheless dust bathing 1076 cm2 this is three centimetres more than hens, as they often want to carry exploration. For scratching and dig- Although hens will occasionally primarily social beings. egg laying 1055 cm2 they get in current free-barn systems. out their behaviour simultaneously. ging with their claws the ground chase each other, they are essen- resting 538 cm2 • Laying hens are like people living But does this living environment needs to be dry and loose, but not tially social beings. They want to under one roof? They prefer to sit have to be outside? Our feeling dusty. The bedding layer should be have contact with each other. In If we take into account the time that a hen spends on together in a laying nest, rather than might affirm this. Why should a hen thick enough, mixed with interesting nature they live in groups of around these behaviours, the extent to which hens ‘synchronize’ alone while they are laying eggs! In not feel the fresh air and nature’s bits to explore and peck at. fifteen hens and in such a group a their behaviour (i.e. the extent to which they wish to carry our design there will be one nesting elements, if we ourselves need it so Obviously being free from hunger social hierarchy exists – based on out a behaviour at the same time) and the necessary space place for every five hens, while in much? However, there is yet scientif- and thirst are basic requirements the pecking order. In that case, they between animals for these behaviours, then we arrive at a current free-range barns only one ic proof to be given that a hen miss- of an animal’s life. Food and water, recognize each other easily. In larg- husbandry system which supplies 2214 cm2 per hen nesting place is available for every es something, when it is only therefore, must be of an adequate er groups of hens, personal recogni- – or 4.5 hens per cm2 living space. 7 hens. indoors. We therefore assume for quality. This is not only important for tion has become impossible, but A hen likes to lay her eggs in a comfortable, safe place.

16 | Laying Hen Husbandry 17 | Laying Hen Husbandry they can estimate their social posi- good immune system as well as Programme of Demands, tion on each others’ exterior signs, minimal exposure to pathogens. you can look it up under such as the height of the comb. The A husbandry system therefore must www.houdenvanhennen.nl, higher the comb the higher the sta- not only minimize the number of or contact the project team. tus. possible pathogens to an accept- A smaller group thus means a more able level, but it must also provide familiar, recognizable surrounding an environment which strengthens Looking for common for the hen. The environment natural resistance. If laying hens do should, therefore, be designed in get sick, it is necessary to move ground such a way that small groups can them in time, as these quickly form. If that is not possible, then it become victims of feather-pecking. At first glance the wishes of the lay- is important to make the group very But beware – not total isolation but ing hen, the citizen and consumer large, because in medium large separation is required, as total isola- and the poultry farmer as a busi- groups (30-100) hens still try and tion leads to high stress levels in nessman, animal keeper and worker form a social order as they do in hens. So a healthy living environ- seem to be in conflict with each small groups, while this is impossi- ment includes that the temperature, other. But on deeper investigation ble because of the high numbers light, air, food and water are ade- and when looking exactly at the and their failure to recognize each quate, and that the animal has the nature of the wishes, some surpris- other. This may lead to confusion ability to self-clean, dustbathe and ing insights surface. A poultry and aggression. sunbathe. These activities help the farmer may mention in the first Laying hens would like to determine hen to keep its feathers healthy. instance, that the cost of production themselves how much distance they Sunlight instigates this behaviour of the eggs should be as low as keep from their fellow hens. On the and also triggers other physiological possible. Then, any extra require- other hand they also wish to carry processes, such as vitamin produc- ment for the hens or citizens leads out behaviours together – at the tion. to extra costs, which the consumer same time. Generally they eat would rather not pay. But what the together at the beginning and at the Do you want to know the poultry farmer actually means is On closer investigation it is apparent that there are many common wishes which can end of a light period and they like to specifics? That is possible! that he has to be able to earn a form the basis for a design of a hen husbandry system. forage at the same time. They lay You may experience the above good living for himself and his family an egg around once a day, during described list of wishes as not very from the business. This can also be the same time period. At the end of detailed. But most of these require- achieved by selling ‘special’ eggs the day all hens get on the perch at ments are actually exactly deter- for a little more money. the same time. Then they value a mined. We know, for example, With citizens we can see a similar dark period of around 6 continuous exactly the maximum allowable pattern: in the first instance some start designing they will draw fantas- selves. If we would take these ‘half- hours. ammonia concentration in the air for (the post-materialists) will for exam- tic combinations of trees, bushes truths’ as acceptable (you want Nesting behaviour also needs a comfortable hen life, or the venti- ple say that hens should be kept as and high-tech buildings. Just as they more welfare – that’s it; you want space. A laying hen wants to lay an lation requirements. We also know naturally as possible. Does this then themselves aim for a more natural more nature – that’s that; but it will egg comfortably, in a suitable, exactly how much light a hen needs, mean an idyllic picture of a few lifestyle, while at the same time cost you this much) then we miss sheltered place. The nest needs to in what temperature it feels best, hens in the grass or by the woods? making use of all kinds of techno- chances to combine the wishes of be recognizable and easily reached. how its food should look like and If you ask in more detail you discov- logical tools, they also find it different stakeholders. Wishes can, Hens prefer to lay on bedding rather how much space she needs in order er that what they mean is that the acceptable and challenging for hens therefore, be united at a deeper than grids, so they can make their to forage, turn round or dustbathe. animals should be able to do what to live in a cleverly designed hus- level. Through deeper investigation nest. Equally important is the pres- In the ‘Programme of Demands’ – they wish, and that this will also bandry system, in which nature and and thinking it turns out that there ence of other hens, as even when the ‘wish list’ – of the hens, these benefit us in the end, for instance technology are integrated. are many common wishes, which nesting hens are very social. exact details are described. These because hens will be healthier. This In other words: without delving can form the basis for a design of A laying hen needs to be healthy. specific details are then also incor- does, therefore, not require a pre- deeper into meanings, we are left a laying hen husbandry system. This is a basic requirement for a porated in our designs. If you are historic Asian forest (where hens with one-sided images which create happy hen life. For this it needs a interested in this complete originated from). If these citizens some of the contradictions them-

18 | Laying Hen Husbandry 19 | Laying Hen Husbandry The project team has combined the wishes of hens, poultry farmers and the public into two designs. Why did we come up with two designs? Because there is no such thing as a single ideal husbandry system. In the Netherlands there is a place for very different husbandry systems, which address the wishes of different citizens, different poultry farmers and different types of chickens. Some of these find access to the outdoors necessary while others do not.

Two designs for socially responsible laying hen husbandry systems

is the best, but because we think hen, leading to prevention of feather 30.000 laying hens. This shows that that there is a place for a variety of pecking. This will be the proof of a poultry farm of reasonable size husbandry systems in The Netherlands the pudding. Both designs are a can be compatible with the demands – for different poultry farmers, dif- carefully balanced combination of of the hen, the farmer and the public. ferent citizen groups and different equipment, animal needs and man- The egg does not have to cost that A laying hen may well not be unhap- into eggs. Further, the animals are business for poultry farmers. In both hens. Just as is the case with cars, agement. They meet the require- much more: the cost price of eggs py without outdoor access but she much more exposed to diseases designs contact with the outside numerous brands and types are ments of a flock of hens to carry produced in these designs shall be might well be happier if she had out- and predators. (sunlight and wind) has been present in the market. The designs out their normal behaviour and will, around 20 % more than of eggs pro- door access. Moreover, outdoor The project team Laying Hen achieved, but in one case this is should be understood analogous to therefore, prevent the development duced in barn systems or enriched access seems an important factor Husbandry solved this dilemma by with roof cover, while in the other ‘concept cars’: they outline a pat- of unnatural behaviour. Thus the battery cages. for public acceptance of the poultry producing two designs. Two animals can actually forage in the tern and they inspire. One design is beaks of the hens do not have to be industry. On the other hand, not designs, which in their own way open air, be it within quite different more like a lofty Smart cabrio – trimmed. In practice this means everyone is happy with outdoor both fulfil the ethological needs of zones. which combines freedom and pro- enough space with a well designed ranges, as they could be dangerous the hen, which will each address a This is why we present not one, but tection, the other more like a sturdy foraging area, separated functional for public health when hens ingest specific group of citizens and which two new designs for socially desir- ‘Volvo’ with ‘side impact protection areas and good logistics (access to all sorts of harmful substances from are both offering the opportunity to able laying hen husbandry systems system’, for more security. different functional areas). Both the environment and pass them on make a satisfying and sustainable – not because we doubt which one Both designs fulfil the needs of the designs offer space for around

20 | Laying Hen Husbandry 21 | Laying Hen Husbandry

mate in the foraging areas, but the temperatures do not occur. There is What about the poultry farmer in bedding cannot get wet, and solid a maximum level of removal of drop- this husbandry system? Of course blinds besides the netting walls can pings and dirty bedding by conveyer we did not forget him. In this hus- be lowered to keep out extreme belts. The hens have no contact bandry system the logistical aspect cold and rain. The temperature in with birds outside the system and and access are well designed. He The Roundel the living unit is even better regulated foxes as well as vermin can be kept has a clear overview from the core with help of ventilators to achieve a outside easily. In addition, good area of the house, and good access constant temperature of 20º C. hygiene measures prevent diseases to the living units and foraging units. Clean but not sterile – that is to develop. The hens in the Roundel The amount of and placing of laying Just like a large round cake a build- accessibility and clear overview for of the droppings. The floor area what stands out in the Roundel. are thus not exposed to extreme sit- nests ensure that hens lay all their ing rises out of the ground – a tasty the poultry farmer lead to an attrac- below this is used for drinking nip- Technical equipment and nature uations, and therefore do not need eggs in the nests, and eggs are cake obviously as a large piece is tive design for the public and con- ples and feeding pans. Through this both help with the removal of dirty to be prepared for them. This transported by conveyer belts in the already missing. From whatever sumers. clever design laying hens can utilize bedding and the provision of new means they may be a little more central area. Conveyer belts trans- side you look at the building you The Roundel has a central func- all areas of the living unit without bedding. This is very important, as prone to diseases, they do not need port droppings and litter from the see chickens between green bushes tional core area, with space for getting in each others way. dirty bedding can increase disease to watch out for predators and they pens to the two storage units. The and trees. Beams of sunlight fall the egg collecting system, as well The free-range or foraging area pressure, and it does no longer pro- will experience the changing of the automation and mechanization through the roof, and where they hit as storage of the eggs, feed and is split between two levels for each vide the qualities needed for forag- seasons to a lesser extent. Even reduce the workload for the poultry the floor hens are dustbathing com- other items. This area also provides segment: first there is a foraging ing behaviour. Along the inside core stronger, the hen must not have a farmer considerably, enabling him to fortably. Others are foraging a platform from which the poultry area in the outer ring of the of the loft area fresh wood shavings need for a strong varying environ- spend more time looking after the around: on the ground or on top of farmer can overview the whole hus- Roundel, which is separated from and other material are added daily ment. But in order to prevent feath- animals. the unit with the rest, or in feeding bandry system and the general pub- the neighbouring segments. via openings. Through the foraging er pecking, they do have to be And the citizen and consumer? This and laying nests facilities, which are lic has the opportunity to pay a visit Second, the hens can also spend of the hens this bedding will be raised in an environment (up to the system can be particularly accept- situated towards the central core of and look around. Further, the their time foraging, dustbathing, moved on to the outer edge of the age of 17 weeks) within which they able for two of the three citizen the building. We enter the building Roundel is a circular building com- food searching and exploring in the area, and will drop down from there learn to use the space and bedding groups we have interviewed: the via the ‘missing cake-piece’ area: in posed of 12 segments, of which 10 area above the living unit. The laying via shoots into the ground foraging material available to them to the full. traditional citizens and the cos- this central area we are greeted by are used for the housing of hens. hens can jump ‘into the loft’ or flap area. Here it will fall through a grid A type of laying hen which has a mopolitans. The combination of a relaxed poultry farmer. Here all The two other pens are used for up via climbing ramps, and here is under which a conveyer belt removes slightly lower requirement for forag- overview for the poultry farmer and the controlling lines of his farm storage and collection of eggs, feed an opening into the neighbouring the dirty bedding. In this way the ing and exploring, but which prefers the protection of the laying hen with merge together and from this point and waste. Each segment houses segments. Beacons and recogniza- bedding can be renewed gradually, resting, continuity and which prefers little to no stress, will satisfy the tra- we are shown all the details of this 3000 hens and consists of a pen ble signs help them to find their but also completely at once. behaviours such as preening or ditional citizen. The Roundel does husbandry system. area (or living unit) and a foraging ‘own segment’ again. Both foraging Bushes, small hedges and small dust-bathing is best suited to this provide safety while still respecting This design is called the Roundel, area. areas are enriched with a thick layer trees are growing in the ring of the system. the laying hen. The cosmopolitans like the round towers in an old town The pens or living units for the of dry litter material and all sorts of ground foraging area, creating a will also be able to identify with this wall. The Roundel is clearly visible, hens are partially separated from planting, playing-material and grain natural environment. They get The design of the Roundel offers design: on the one hand there is gives overview and conveys robust- their surroundings. There are closed seeds, which are automatically dis- enough light and fresh air, and can a good basis for new types of sufficient ‘privacy’ and shelter and ness and security. The compact walls between the living units. The tributed. So there is more than survive the environmental chal- housing systems. A number of on the other hand there is plenty of use of space is characteristic for living units are 5.5 meter high and enough to do for the hens and there lenges to which they are exposed: attributes, however, are essential: variety in areas and possible activi- the design: a central core area, offer lots of separated areas for is no danger of murkiness, as both ammonia gases and hens, which • everything is under one big ties – a dynamic space, within which which gives access to all technical hens to rest at night or lay eggs in the loft area and the ground seg- like to explore and pick on their roof and there is no contact the hen can choose what to do. equipment, a ring around it with during the day. Along the side and ment have high ceilings, with win- environment. Further on the outer with outside birds enclosed pens which houses drink- back walls of each pen lots of laying dows through which plenty of day- edge of the free range area rain • there is a central egg collect- ing, egg laying and resting facilities nests are situated. These are group light gets in and sidewalls made of water is caught and stored for ing, sorting and overview area and around this a ring with an under- nests which provide space for 5 netting, through which plenty of ven- spraying down and watering the • the foraging area offers ade- cover foraging area, which also hens. Perches, where the hens can tilation is secured. plants. But it also makes a nice quate challenges gives access to a foraging area on rest, are located above the laying In the Roundel two climatic zones change for the hens and they can • the pens provide areas for top of the pens. Furthermore the nests in the middle of the pen. are created, one in the living unit have a lot of fun! resting, laying eggs, feeding building radiates with a strong These perches can be reached via and the other in the foraging areas The Roundel gives a lot of protec- and drinking – smartly brought sense of safety for the hens. The ‘take-off’ shelves in front of the lay- on the ground and in the loft. The tion for the hen but also for the together separation of functional areas, being ing nests. Conveyor belts under- hens can choose their preferred ‘cli- poultry farmer and this makes it a • two climate zones have been easily accessible for hens, and the neath the perches enable removal mate’. There is a natural outdoor cli- safe and robust system. Extreme created

24 | Laying Hen Husbandry 25 | Laying Hen Husbandry

But once again there are a number basic requirements which have to be area. Chickens are furthermore rela- areas are small decorative trees, met for this design: tively safe from predators like foxes fruit trees (apples or pears) and and from other enemies – such as general biomass crops (e.g. wil- • The husbandry system has an open pathogens. A laying hen is very habit- lows), of which cut wood and wood yard, which can be covered in case forming and will find and return to shavings can be used excellently for of emergency The Plantation their own resting place and egg laying diversion in the yards and as explo- • The units and the yard supply all place. In order to make it easier for ration material. natural requirements of the hen her to recognize her own place the A type of hen which is more inquisi- • Apart from the yard, there is an units are marked on the outside with tive and less easily frightened but outer area, which is made up of Step into the hot air balloon and fly poultry farmer and by the chickens. and then off to lay an egg. That different signs, symbols and colours. remains alert will fit best into this several parts with crop production with us southwards. Two lightly He (the farmer) grows trees and takes place on the other side of the Within any enclosed area chickens concept. Such qualities will enhance • The food and water supply is bowed lines of buildings cut into the corn, they (the chickens) pick out inner yard – in the egg laying have a very strong sense of orienta- the use of the outer areas. These adequate, but the chicken also has landscape, which enclose a large the weeds and hunt after insects. units. Small trees and lamps provid- tion. Despite the large number of animals may be a little heavier and to find some of its feed through inner yard area. There are many Furthermore, the outer areas pro- ing light encourage and make sure chickens in this system, there are will have a greater feed intake to foraging thousands of chickens about. They vide the hens with ample opportuni- that chickens cross the yard safely. thus clearly defined sub-groups with compensate for the natural variation are clearly in their element. They ty for exploration and discovery. In the egg laying unit laying nests their own places. in their environment. The laying forage, flap their wings, preen them- Under the safe cover of the plants, are available in large numbers An additional natural element are the hens have a strongly developed The Plantation is nice for the chick- selves and some are dust bathing. the hens can move far away from above the ground. This is the place two large areas on the other side of immune system, in order to fight off en. But how about the poultry As we fly across the inner yard we the inner yard and buildings. to be if you want to lay an egg, and the egg laying and resting units – the pathogens. farmer? His list of wishes has also see on both outer sides several The buildings surrounding the inner the chickens have learned that dur- outer areas. These are pieces of The Plantation offers not only space been incorporated into this design. hectares of land with fruit trees, wil- yard each have their own function. ing their puberty age. On the floor, land of at least 3 ha (total of 2 for the adult hen. The brooding of The Plantation offers the poultry lows and corn plants. We look again On the one side there is a covered under the nests, there is the feeding m2/laying hen), which have a double- eggs and raising of hens for future farmer a system which combines a little closer: can we see even rest space– divided into units, for and drinking area. As chickens like function. They are large enough to laying hens takes place on the farm. large scale egg production with opti- more chickens in there? And there? ten separate groups of 3000 hens to eat at the same time, a large use for profitable crop production, Inseminated eggs, rather than mal facilities for natural behaviour Yes – between the greenery even each. On the other side each group scale group breakfast is served. In and are designed in such a way that young chicks, arrive at the farm. for the hen. This system is only mar- more hens run around, barely visible has its own space to eat and drink this area the droppings and dirt are laying hens can go on adventure-trips The young animals will be separated ginally more expensive through the through the vegetation. The poultry as well as lay eggs in peace. The also removed by conveyor belts. – they can explore. Here they can from the adults and get gradually minimalist building style and the farmer is standing on an earthen hens know their own area and nest The inner yard between the resting enjoy the natural elements complete- more space in the yard. The raising double-use of the outdoor areas. elevation, overseeing the whole from birth – they arrived as eggs units and egg laying units is ly, there is no artificial roof and the and keeping of chickens in one And the citizen or the consumer? area. Hectares of trees, shrubs and here. This diversity of places is a designed for foraging and explo- area gives even more variety than in poultry farm has many advantages Research shows that this system corn plants live in harmony with thir- key-design of the Plantation. ration. This area is generally open the inner yard. Close to the buildings and makes this a very robust sys- will be particularly favoured by two ty thousand hens, together produc- Activities such as resting, eating, air. The laying hen can therefore there are bushes, corn and maize tem. There is no transport stress of the three citizen groups: the post- ing eggs, fruit, corn and wood. This egg-laying, foraging and exploring fully enjoy the great outdoors. plants and trees. The crop production for the hens, nor stress from a materialists and the cosmopolitans. is their plantation, an estate where all have their own spot, but are However, the inner yard can be cov- is situated a little further away. The changing living environment. We Post-materialists will value the com- living, working and recreation are interconnected by logical routes ered up within a few minutes if nec- hen can look for her own food. There teach them how to use the yard at bination of fresh air, free-ranging, combined. Nature and green, ratio according to the daily time budget essary, for example if it rains or is, however, no protection against an early stage, so that their pecking the natural elements, the variation in and order are here naturally con- of the chicken. there is an outbreak of fowl pest. foxes or birds of prey, but of course behaviour is concentrated on the food and the good integration with nected with each other. The resting units have a simple This prevents the forming of mud- that is part of nature. Cockerels would ground rather than each other. And nature, through the combination of The Plantation has an inner yard and design. There are adequate num- pools which inhibit foraging, and the be very welcome in the Plantation, as finally, these hens are gradually planting, division of units and breed- two outer areas. The inner yard is bers of perches to allow laying hens risk of contamination with diseases they are very good guards and they exposed to diseases which are ing units. Cosmopolitans will find the surrounded by two narrow long to sleep or rest side by side in com- passed on via the air, for example can protect hens against birds of inevitably around, and thus will build choice-freedom for the hen particu- stretching buildings. This inner yard fort. Conveyor belts underneath at times of bird-migration. The yard prey. The laying hens are alternatively up a strong immunity at an early larly attractive – she can go and do is the central area of the Plantation enable the removal of droppings. can also be cleaned up easily and allowed in one or the other outer age. as she pleases, to many different and in case of rain it can be cov- The resting unit has openings on new bedding material added, area, so that the ground can recover Of course we can also think of all areas and carry out many possible ered within minutes by a sliding roof each side, which can be shut. One because it is accessible for machin- from all the digging, and grass and sorts of variations for the activities but also keep the choice in order to maintain a suitable meet- side leads to the inner yard and the ery and has a concrete floor. The weeds can re-grow. By growing differ- Plantation. The resting and egg-lay- of privacy. For these types of citizen ing place for chickens. This inner other to the outer area. In the morn- yard is one open area, accessible ent types of crops in the two outer ing units do not have to run along this provides a good and believable yard and the buildings satisfy all ing the opening to the inner yard for all chickens, which makes for areas, it can be avoided that mainte- opposite ends of the outside areas. story, fitting with reality: the active, ethological needs of the hens. opens. Once the eggs are laid, lots of exploring. A lot of greenery nance work needs to be carried out in The buildings can also be placed healthy chicken with a varied life in The work takes place in the large access to the outer area is opened. and distraction is available for the both areas at the same time. And together in a square, with space for a natural environment, which can outer areas, on the left and right But first, after waking up, it is time chickens, such as grains, green seeds of new crops can grow undis- storage, processing of eggs and spend the day in a chicken-‘worthy’ side of the Plantation, both by the for breakfast (eating and drinking) waste and cut wood from the outer turbed. Suitable crops for the outer possibly visitor areas. manner.

28 | Laying Hen Husbandry 29 | Laying Hen Husbandry How can we keep our laying hens in order to make sure the chicken, the poultry farmer and the general public are satisfied? This was the question at the beginning of this brochure. With the two designs of husbandry systems – The Roundel and the Plantation, we have shown that an economically viable production of eggs can be united with happy chickens, health for animals and men and an image which identifies with the ideal picture of citizens and consumers. Beware: these designs are a guideline, not a final blue-print for a construction plan. We say – ‘it should be possible like this’ – and not ‘this is the only way to do it’ ‘.

To whom can we pass the baton?

The project team of Laying Hen poultry industry can utilise. To fulfil desirable husbandry system in the Husbandry hopes that the designs the requirements of the animal, in poultry industry in The Netherlands from this booklet will give inspiration this case the laying hen, does not requires the input and energy of to all those involved in the poultry always mean an unworkable system many! Not only the poultry farmers industry. The process of defining for the farmer or an unaffordable and interest groups, but also people these designs was just as important system. To fulfil the requirements of from outside the sector. There are as the designs themselves, because the laying hen can mean producing still lots of possibilities to take part, it became clear from the beginning an egg with extra value and there because the project Laying Hen that different opinions were not are plenty of consumers, who are Husbandry is not yet finished. With always in conflict with each other prepared to pay a little more for the financial help from the Dutch – but this only became clearer when this. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and delving deeper into the require- What we still miss in The Netherlands Food Quality we can further actively ments of humans and animals. To is a socially desirable husbandry support new initiatives in the laying look differently at the general public, system in the poultry industry With hen industry. Will you take the and to take them seriously – that this brochure we hope to put some initiative – will you take on the was possibly the key to arrive at the change in motion. This is why we baton? new husbandry concepts. When ask you: do you feel involved with or investigating further it became clear addressed by the issues and results that there was no such thing as the of this project? Or would you like to You can react or contact us in many ‘general citizen’ and that not every- react in some way to this brochure? ways, look at www.houdenvanhennen.nl one thinks the same. However, That is possible! We would really or check out other details at the many citizens have ideas, which the welcome it, because a socially beginning of this brochure.

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