Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge History of Science and Medicine Library

Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge History of Science and Medicine Library VOLUME 51 History of Modern Science Editors Kostas Gavroglu (Athens University) Massimiliano Badino (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Jürgen Renn (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hims Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge Edited by Jeroen van Dongen Associate editors Friso Hoeneveld Abel Streefland LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: A 1971 file photo of a French thermo nuclear bomb detonated at the Fangataufa atoll, French Polynesia. © AP/Hollandse Hoogte. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dongen, Jeroen van, 1974- Title: Cold War science and the transatlantic circulation of knowledge / edited by Jeroen van Dongen. Description: Leiden : Brill, 2015. | Series: History of science and medicine library, ISSN 1872-0684 ; volume 51 | Series: History of modern science ; volume 1 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015036416| ISBN 9789004264212 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9789004264229 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Science and state—United States—History—20th century. | Science and state—Europe, Western—History—20th century. | United States—Relations—Europe, Western. | Europe, Western— Relations—United States. | Knowledge, Sociology of—History—20th century. | Cold War—Social aspects. Classification: LCC Q127.U6 C623 2015 | DDC 338.9492/0609045—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015036416 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-0684 isbn 978-90-04-26421-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-26422-9 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Illustrations and Tables vii Note on Contributors viii Introduction 1 Part 1 Secrecy and Science 1 Scientists, Secrecy, and Scientific Intelligence: The Challenges of International Science in Cold War America 11 Ronald E. Doel 2 A ‘Need-To-Know-More’ Criterion? Science and Information Security at NATO during the Cold War 36 Simone Turchetti 3 A Transnational Approach to US Nuclear Weapons Relationships with Britain and France in the 60s and 70s 59 John Krige Part 2 Dutch Perspectives 4 Putting a Lid on the Gas Centrifuge: Classification of the Dutch Ultracentrifuge Project, 1960–1961 77 Abel Streefland 5 Quid Pro Quo: Dutch Defense Research during the Early Cold War 101 Jeroen van Dongen and Friso Hoeneveld 6 Chemical Warfare Research in the Netherlands 122 Herman Roozenbeek vi contents 7 The Fulbright Program in the Netherlands: An Example of Science Diplomacy 136 Giles Scott-Smith Part 3 ‘Cold War’ Science? 8 The Absence of the East: International Influences on Science Policy in Western Europe during the Cold War 165 David Baneke 9 Colonial Crossings: Social Science, Social Knowledge, and American Power from the Nineteenth Century to the Cold War 184 Jessica Wang Part 4 Scientific Hubris 10 Cold War Atmospheric Sciences in the United States: From Modeling to Control 217 Kristine C. Harper 11 Small State versus Superpower: Science and Geopolitics in Greenland in the Early Cold War 243 Matthias Heymann, Henry Nielsen, Kristian Hvidtfelt Nielsen and Henrik Knudsen 12 The Ford Foundation and the Measurement of Values 272 Paul Erickson Index of Names 289 List of Illustrations and Tables Illustrations 5.1 G.J. Sizoo 104 5.2 SHAPE Technical Center in 1969 112 7.1 Distribution of Dutch Fulbright grantees among different disciplines in the years 1949–1960 148 7.2 Destination of Dutch Fulbright scholars for various periods 152 7.3 Distribution of Dutch Fulbright grantees to top-level US universities according to subject area, 1949–1960 155 11.1 The end of ‘Project Crested Ice’ 245 11.2 War time bases and weather stations in Greenland in 1945 255 11.3 Transport of a nuclear reactor into the tunnel system of Camp Century 261 Tables 7.1 Dutch physicists who received Fulbright grants to conduct research in the United States, 1949–1960 157 7.2 Dutch electrical, aerodynamic, hydrological, and chemical engineers who received Fulbright grants to conduct research in the United States, 1949–1955 159 Note on Contributors David Baneke (PhD Utrecht University, 2008) is Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Science at Utrecht University. His interests include the role of scientists in society, and the political, social and cultural aspects of modern science. Baneke’s lat- est project concerns the history of the Dutch astronomical community in the twentieth century. Ronald E. Doel (PhD Princeton University, 1990) is Associate Professor of History at Florida State University. He writes on scientific internationalism in the twentieth century, the physical environmental sciences, and photographs as historical evidence. Doel recently served as Project Leader for the nine member, seven nation project “Colony, Empire, Environment: A Comparative International History of Twentieth Century Arctic Science,” funded through the BOREAS ini- tiative of the European Science Foundation. Jeroen van Dongen (PhD University of Amsterdam, 2002) is Professor of History of Science at the University of Amsterdam. He also teaches at Utrecht University. Van Dongen is the author of Einstein’s Unification (Cambridge University Press, 2010). Paul Erickson (PhD University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2006) is Assistant Professor of History and of Science in Society at Wesleyan University. He co-authored How Reason Almost Lost its Mind: The Strange Career of Cold War Rationality (University of Chicago Press, 2013). Kristine C. Harper (PhD Oregon State University, 2003) is Associate Professor of History at Florida State University. She specializes in the history of the atmospheric and water- related earth sciences, particularly during the Cold War. Matthias Heymann (PhD Technical University of Munich, 1995) is Associate Professor of the History of Technology at the Centre for Science Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark. His research focuses on the history of environmental science and Note On Contributors ix technology. He currently leads the project “Shaping Cultures of Prediction: Knowledge, Authority, and the Construction of Climate Change.” Friso Hoeneveld studied history at the University of Amsterdam and is working on a PhD thesis on Dutch physics in the early Cold War at Utrecht University. His research interests include twentieth-century science in the context of European-American relations. Henrik Knudsen (PhD Aarhus University, 2005) is Archivist and Senior Researcher at the Danish National Archives. Knudsen’s research interests cover science and technology in the global Cold War, nuclear history, science policy, and diplomacy. John Krige (PhD University of Sussex, 1978) is the Kranzberg Professor in the School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA. He is a historian of science and technology who works at the intersection of that field with security studies and the history of US foreign relations in the Cold War. He authored American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006) and co-edited with Naomi Oreskes, Science and Technology in the Global Cold War (MIT Press, 2014). Henry Nielsen (PhD Aarhus University, 1973) is Professor Emeritus at Aarhus University’s Centre for Science Studies. His research interests cover many aspects of the scientific and technological development of Denmark after 1900, and he has published extensively on Danish science in the context of the Cold War. Kristian H. Nielsen (PhD Aarhus University, 2001) is Associate Professor of History of Science and Science Communication at Aarhus University. Nielsen has published in journals such as Annals of Science, British Journal for the History of Science, Centaurus, Historical Studies of the Natural Sciences, History of Technology, Public Understanding of Science, Science as Culture, and Science Communication. Herman Roozenbeek (MA) is Senior Researcher at the Netherlands Institute of Military History. He studied history at Leiden University and has written extensively on the history of the Royal Netherlands Army during the Cold War. x note on contributors Giles Scott-Smith (PhD Lancaster University, 1998) holds the Ernst van der Beugel Chair in the Diplomatic History of Atlantic Cooperation since WW II at Leiden University. His most recent work, together with Stephanie Roulin and Luc van Dongen, is Transnational Anti-Communism and the Cold War (Palgrave, 2014). Abel Streefland (MSc Utrecht University, 2010) is preparing a PhD at Leiden University, where he

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