DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Nevada, Reno an Investigation of the Internal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Nevada, Reno an Investigation of the Internal University of Nevada, Reno An Investigation of the Internal Dynamics of Bilateral Investment Treaties: Every BIT Counts A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Michael N. Jacobs Dr. Robert L. Ostergard/Dissertation Advisor May, 2013 © by Michael N. Jacobs 2013 All Rights Reserved We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by MICHAEL N. JACOBS entitled An Investigation of the Internal Dynamics of Bilateral Investment Treaties: Every BIT Counts be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Robert L. Ostergard, Ph.D., Advisor Stacy Gordon, Ph.D., Committee Member Derek Kauneckis, Ph.D., Committee Member Bozena Welborne, Ph.D., Committee Member Elliot Parker, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2013 i Abstract To date, over 2,500 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have been signed. The widespread use of BITs raises two questions that are addressed in this dissertation: (1) Do BITs increase foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries? And (2) what has driven the proliferation of BITs? This research advances the literature assessing BITs and FDI flows by developing BIT strength measures that evaluate various protections and guarantees provided by the treaties. It hypothesizes that stronger BITs, BITs that provide foreign investors more protections and guarantees, attract more investment flows to developing state treaty partners. The results of a time series model from 1985-2000 support the hypothesis. In regards to the second question, previous research argues that the proliferation of BITs is the product of competition for capital among developing states. This study hypothesizes that multinational corporations (MNCs) are driving the spread of BITs. The results from a time series logistic regression support the MNC hypothesis. ii Dedication ―I can do all this through Him who gives me strength‖ -Philippians 4:13 (NIV) iii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................... 3 Historical Background .............................................................................................................. 3 Theory ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 7 BIT Measurement Instrument.................................................................................................. 8 Do BITs Increase FDI flows to Developing States? ................................................................... 9 What has Driven the Proliferation of BITs? ............................................................................. 9 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 12 DEFINING FDI AND MNCs........................................................................................................... 13 FOREIGN INVESTMENT, EARLY MNCs, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE MEDIEVAL ERA ........... 14 Early Multinationals in the Medieval Era ............................................................................... 15 The Politics of Protection in the Late Medieval Era ............................................................... 17 FOREIGN INVESTMENT, EARLY MNCs, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 18 Early Multinationals in the Age of Exploration: The English East India Company ................. 21 The Politics of Investment Protection in the Age of Exploration ........................................... 24 FDI, MNCs, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES ......................... 24 Multinationals in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: British Infrastructure in Latin America 28 The Politics of Investment Protection in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries ........................... 30 FDI, MNCs, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE INTERWAR ERA ..................................................... 38 Multinationals in the Interwar Era: The United Fruit Company ............................................ 40 The Politics of Protection in the Interwar Period .................................................................. 43 FDI, MNCs, AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE POST WWII ERA .................................................... 45 FDI & MNCs Post WWII-1980 ..................................................................................................... 48 FDI & MNCs 1980-2000 .............................................................................................................. 50 Recent FDI Flows .................................................................................................................... 53 The Modern MNC .................................................................................................................. 54 iv The Politics of Investment Protection in the Post WWII Era ................................................. 60 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 73 International Investment Law ................................................................................................ 73 Characteristics of MNC and FDI ............................................................................................. 75 The Politics of Investment...................................................................................................... 77 Enforcement of International Investment Law ...................................................................... 78 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER 3: THEORY ...................................................................................................................... 81 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 81 REGIME THEORY ........................................................................................................................ 82 Power-Based Theories: Realism and Hegemonic Stability Theory ........................................ 82 Interest-Based Theory: Neoliberalism ................................................................................... 86 Cognitive Based Theories ....................................................................................................... 91 Summary of Approaches to Regime Theory .......................................................................... 93 Regime Theory and BITs......................................................................................................... 94 Criticisms of Regime Theory .................................................................................................. 96 STRANGE’S STRUCTURAL POWER .............................................................................................. 97 Production .............................................................................................................................. 98 Security .................................................................................................................................. 99 Finance ................................................................................................................................. 100 Knowledge ........................................................................................................................... 100 US Hegemony and Liberal Agenda ....................................................................................... 101 Consequences of Structural Change: The Rise of Multinationals and the Decline of States ............................................................................................................................................. 102 Criticizing Strange: A Solid ‘Structure’ but Flimsy Finishing Work ....................................... 103 THE POLICY DIFFUSION THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 106 A Coercive Theory of Policy Diffusion .................................................................................. 108 CONCLUSION: DEVELOPING AN APPROAPRIATE LENS THROUGH WHICH TO VIEW BITS ....... 115 CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 117 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 117 EXPLAINING THE BIT PARADOX: WHAT HAS DRIVEN THE PROLIFERATION OF BITs?.............
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Pan African Movement Since 1900 ‒ Present (Pam)
    THE PAN AFRICAN MOVEMENT SINCE 1900 – PRESENT (PAM) This refers to the black intellectual movement that was intended to jointly unite the blacks all over the world. It was founded in 1900 by men like William Svlvester, George Padmore from Trinidad and Tobago, WEB Dubois from the Caribbean Islands and many others who were renowned lawyers and professors. They were interested in the pride of African race. Pan Africanism is divided into two phases i.e. the 1st phase was in the Diaspora and conferences took place in Europe and America i.e. London Conference of 1900, 1919 Paris Conference, 1921 Conference held in the capitals of Paris, London and Brussels ,1927 New York Conference and the 1945 Manchester Conference (5th Pac). NB: The Manchester Conference was dominated by many African delegates from both African and the European countries and this compelled Marcus Garvey to comment that ‚if Europe is for Europeans, then the Negroes must claim Africa as their home.‛ 2nd Phase of Pan Africanism This phase was dominated by all Africans and it took place in Africa. This is because PAM had got a home base when Ghana got its independence in 1957 and it begun with the 1958 conference in Accra i.e. the April for African Independent Countries, December for all African People’s Conference (APPC). Aims and objectives of PAM It aimed at promoting and forging unity for all the blacks all over the world regardless of their education and economic levels. To restore the black man’s respect and dignity that had been white washed by slavery and colonial policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Who's to Challenge the Party-State in Angola? Political Space & Opposition in Parties and Civil Society
    Who’s to challenge the party‐state in Angola? Political space & opposition in parties and civil society Aslak Orre Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway for the conference ‘Election processes, liberation movements and democratic change in Africa’ Maputo, 8‐11 April 2010 CMI and IESE Introduction 1 The case of the Lubango demolitions 2 Elections in Angola: 1992 and 2008 4 The 2008 parliamentary elections 8 New constitution, old presidency, entrenched party‐state 10 The 2010 constitution 12 Can “civil society” substitute opposition parties in a democratic party‐state? 14 References 18 Introduction Was it not for the unsolved though low-scale conflict in the Cabinda enclave north of the Congo river, Angola has been “at peace” since February 2002 when government troops killed insurgent leader Jonas Savimbi. The remaining guerrillas of Unita demobilised and its leadership was integrated into Unita the political party. Although Unita then was formally part of a Government of National Unity and Reconciliation (GURN), there was never any doubt as to who were the ruling party: The MPLA, under the supreme leadership of President José Eduardo dos Santos. The MPLA has been the governing party Angola since independence in 1975 and dos Santos the party leader and President since 1979. He has overseen the end of the one-party state in 1991, the end of the long war and the coming of age of the oil-boom and spectacular economic growth of the 2000’s – and in early 2010 a new constitution was in place which essentially solidifies dos Santos’ rule. This paper is a case study of one of the first-generation liberation movements which after independence converted itself into the ruling party.
    [Show full text]
  • Angola and the MPLA
    No One Can Stop the Rain: Angola and the MPLA http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.af000173 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org No One Can Stop the Rain: Angola and the MPLA Alternative title No One Can Stop the Rain: Angola and the MPLA Author/Creator Houser, George M.; Davis, Jennifer; Rogers, Susan Geiger; Shore, Herb Publisher Africa Fund Date 1976-07 Resource type Pamphlets Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Angola, South Africa, United States, Namibia, Zambia Coverage (temporal) 1482 - 1976 Source Africa Action Archive Rights By kind permission of Jennifer Davis, David G.
    [Show full text]
  • Angola and the Mplu J-- by Jennifer Davis, George M
    angola and the mplu J-- by Jennifer Davis, George M. Houser, Susan Rogers and Herb Shore published by THE AFRICA FUND 305 E. 46th St. New York, N.Y. 10017 ANGOLA eLllSO DtWieJQI)<Ail - · -O rm.el~ co...._ l'hme -of CO{I(elflf! Of t:I~UIUCUfio Wt\111 difl~11romthi! O isea1 -- l n dau l l)lllf -- bldcl.lU fa.d + + ATLA.N TIC OC£AN + + ,.. + ... + NAM IBIA n..~·w·----~~-~~j> _,., ..,,,.~, 1'1/ti.W vtrh"~- • • ..,,._,... b lh u.ud ·"•'"""' f•UI.J'NO lOft ltt:" ..O oc:TQIIIliiUU price $1.50 NO ONE CAN STOP THE RAIN Angola and The MPLA by George Houser Jennifer Davis Herb Shore Susan Rogers THE AFRICA FUND (associated with the American Committee on Africa) 305 East 46th Street New York, New York 10017 (212) 838-5030 r----1ea = I No One Can Stop The Rain Here in prison rage contained in my breast I patiently wait for the clouds to gather 1 blown by the wind of history j l Noone l can stop the rain 1 -from "Here in Prison" by Agostinho Neto PIDE Prison Luanda, July 1960 I PREFACE This pamphlet represents a collaborative effort. Originally, much of the material included was written by George Houser as sections of an Angola chapter for a book on liberation move­ ments in southern Africa. Events overtook the writing of that book. Following the April, 1974 coup in Portugal and subse­ quent rapid changes in Guinea Bissau, Angola and Mozambique, it became impossible to find the necessary time for re-writing and updating the book manuscript in its entirety.
    [Show full text]
  • Namibia 1979 : Another Angola?
    NAMIBIA 1979 : ANOTHER ANGOLA? David Malcolm Stone HONIIMEK.GA nM* NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS NAiMIBIA 1979 : ANOTHER ANGOLA? by David Malcolm Stone March 1979 Thesis Advisor: J. Valenta Approved for public release; distribution unlimited T188660 "UOLEV KNOX LIBRARY -: WAL POSTGRADU/' "'^UHG l aSSifled .MONTERFYifift qi" SECUNITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE (Whun Dmm ent*r«<f> READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM I. nCPOMT NUMBCM 2. OOVT ACCESSION NO, 1. MECI^lENT'S CATALOG NUMaCn 4. TITLE rand 5u*»rf«) 5. TY^E OF REPORT k PERIOD COVERED Master's Thesis; Namibia 1979 : Another Angola? March 1979 «. PCHFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTMORf*; a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSERfa) David Malcolm Stone • PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORBSS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA * WORK UNIT NUMBERS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 1 I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Naval Postgraduate School March 1979 Monterey, CA 93940 19. NUMBER OF PAGES 168 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME * AOORESSCff (tlttmtmtt from ControlUnt Ottle*) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (el thia rifiert) Unclassified ts«. oeclassification/oowncraoinc SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ot ihia X*p«rO Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol th» •kacrael tnlfd In Blaek 20. II dllltmnt Iram Rmporii IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. KEY WORDS (ContttuM on tmwmtw aldm II ntcmammir and ZdMiXfr *r UocM numhmr) Namibia Liberation Movements Angola South Africa USSR - Africa Colonialism USA - Africa Majority Rule Apartheid Soviet Expansionism 20. ABSTRACT (CoittltnM an rmvmrmm •<«• II n«e«««arr «id IdmnUIr br *loeit mim^t) The struggle for majority rule in southern Africa is today a sub- ject of great concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Pitcher & Edalina Rodrigues Sanches the Paradox of Isabel Dos
    Anne Pitcher & Edalina Rodrigues Sanches The Paradox of Isabel dos Santos: State Capitalism, Dynastic Politics, and Gender Hostility in a Resource-Rich, Authoritarian Country ABSTRACT Throughout the world, the sons and daughters of many state leaders attract media attention for their exploits. Like other famous children of politicians, Isabel dos Santos, the daughter of José Eduardo dos Santos, the former president of Angola (1979-2017), is the object of much media scrutiny regarding her investments and lavish spending habits. We rely on a systematic study of newspaper articles by Angolan and international media, readers’ comments, social media and websites to examine the conflicting portrayals of Isabel from 2010 to 2018. This period covers celebratory depictions of Isabel during the growth of her business empire to her dismissal as head of Sonangol after her father left the presidency. We argue that the change in portrayals of Isabel over time offers insight into the dimensions of dynastic politics in authoritarian settings. Whereas her position as wealthy presidential daughter ironically reinforced patriarchal political oligarchy, her downfall demonstrates the limits of hereditary politics in Angola. Keywords: Angola, West Africa, Isabel dos Santos, dynasties, feminism, gender, media, political economy, politics, wealth. RÉSUMÉ Dans le monde entier, les fils et les filles de nombreux chefs d’État attirent l’attention des médias pour leurs exploits. Comme d’autres enfants célèbres de politiciens, Isabel dos Santos, fille de José Eduardo dos Santos, ancien président de l’Angola (1979-2017), fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi de la part des médias au sujet de ses investissements et de ses habitudes de dépense fastueuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF
    i Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Department of Information and Publicity, 14 Austin Road Volume 23 No. 6, 1992, Registered at the G.P.O as a Newspaper 70c (incl. sales tax) relief programmes Bakeries Schools Farms Business community Chiefs Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF CONTENTS Editorial Angola and Mozambique 2 Opponents joining Mr. Smith 2 Cover Story Meet-the-people tour a great success 3 H om e N ew s Cde. John Nkomo defends Ministry's budget 7 Bulawayo water drilling suspended 8 New President for United Church of Christ 8 D a b e n g w a a p p o in t s r e c o r d s c o m m i t t e e ....................................~............ 8 New Army, Air Force Commanders appointed 10 Drought relief for Chipinge District 11 Further probe in ZBC 11 L a d y C h a lk e r v is it s B i k i t a .................................................................................... 11 Women W omen underestimated in development 1 2 Environment — center of focus 1 5 Residents swarm boarding school 1 5 International Unified effort needed to counter recession 18 IMF facing currency crisis 1 8 Somali town succumbs to famine and war 19 Update on Angolan elections 21 Desert survivors of the Namib 27 International intervention and interference in search for S.A. settlement 28 Talking Point The harsh realities of politics 30 Poetry Heroes of Zimbabwe 32 African heroes 32 Suppliers of Comet Trucks, Parts Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union [ZANU and Service PF| and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 African Studies Newsletter
    Professor William Beinart, Rhodes Chair of Race Relations I have been chair of the School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies over the last academic year. This is the new University department in the Social Sciences of which African Studies is part. It is also one of the fastest growing departments in the University. The department is providing a secure framework for the long-term future of Area Studies Centres, and also for the launch of new Centres and degrees, including a masters in JapaneseNEWSLETTTER Studies, on Contemporary India & and YEAR in China Studies. BOOK African Studies, established as a University Centre in 2004, is now one of the most successful in the department. I have had little time for research and writing but Lotte Hughes and I have been putting the finishing touches to our book, Environment and Empire, which is to be published in September 2007 by Oxford University Press. This is an overview, covering 400 years, and much of the British empire, examining the environmental impact of imperial expansion. It also discusses the rise of conservation, environmental sciences, conflict over natural resources and, in a post-imperial age, the reassertion of rights by indigenous people over resources. A number of lectures, as well as an option course offered from 2003-5, were based on chapters from the book. I have also been pursuing, with Luvuyo Wotshela of Fort Hare university in South Africa, a long standing interest in the social history of an invasive but very useful plant, prickly pear, in South Africa. The fruit of this cactus became of great importance to poor African communities, especially but not only in the Eastern Cape.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowing Into the State: Returning Refugee Youth and Citizenship in Angola
    WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 68 Flowing into the state: Returning refugee youth and citizenship in Angola Jess Auerbach [email protected] December 2010 Refugee Studies Centre Oxford Department of International Development University of Oxford Working Paper Series The Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series is intended to aid the rapid distribution of work in progress, research findings and special lectures by researchers and associates of the RSC. Papers aim to stimulate discussion among the worldwide community of scholars, policymakers and practitioners. They are distributed free of charge in PDF format via the RSC website. Bound hard copies of the working papers may also be purchased from the Centre. The opinions expressed in the papers are solely those of the author/s who retain the copyright. They should not be attributed to the project funders or the Refugee Studies Centre, the Oxford Department of International Development or the University of Oxford. Comments on individual Working Papers are welcomed, and should be directed to the author/s. Further details may be found at the RSC website (www.rsc.ox.ac.uk). RSC WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 68 2 Abstract This paper considers citizenship in its non-legal sense, using Angola as a case study and focusing primarily on returning refugee youth and the manner in which reintegration programs are designed and implemented in light of the transition to democratic governance. Through interviews with United Nations and non-governmental organisation officials in Geneva, analysis of policy material and country reports and a review of both theoretical and country-specific literature, this paper suggests that outdated notions of childhood development still widely inform the manner in which youth are treated today.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Pitcher's Curriculum Vitae
    M. Anne Pitcher Professor of Political Science and Afroamerican and African Studies University of Michigan 5508 Haven Hall, 505 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Email: [email protected] Personal Information Date of Birth: 15 April 1960 Nationality: U.S. citizen Education 1985-1989 D. Phil. (Politics) St. Hilda's College, University of Oxford, UK 1983-1985 M. Phil. (Politics) St. Peter's College, University of Oxford, UK 1978-1982 B. A. (Magna Cum Laude), Duke University, Durham, N.C. Majors: Political Science and History. 1972-1978 High School Diploma, Ashley Hall, Charleston, S.C. Teaching, Research and Administrative Positions 2018-present Professor, Department of Political Science and Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan Co-director, Africa Workshop Lecture Series, 2018-2019 Executive Committee, Masters' in International and Regional Studies (MIRS), International Institute, University of Michigan 2013-Present Faculty Associate, Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan 2009-2017 Professor, Department of Afroamerican and African Studies and Department of Political Science (by courtesy), Faculty Associate, African Studies Center, University of Michigan 2012-2017 Coordinator, African Social Research Initiative, African Studies Center, University of Michigan April-June, 2016 Visiting Senior Member, St. Peter's College, Oxford University Jan-March, 2016 Visiting Researcher, Department of International Relations, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
    [Show full text]
  • M. Anne Pitcher Professor of Afroamerican and African Studies and Political Science (By Courtesy) University of Michigan 5508 Haven Hall, 505 S
    Curriculum Vita (Condensed Version) M. Anne Pitcher Professor of Afroamerican and African Studies and Political Science (by courtesy) University of Michigan 5508 Haven Hall, 505 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Email: [email protected] Personal Information Date of Birth: 15 April 1960 Nationality: U.S. citizen Education 1985-1989 D. Phil. (Politics) St. Hilda's College, Oxford University, England. Thesis title: "A Triad of Interests: The Estado Novo, the Portuguese Textile Industry, and Colonial Cotton Production under Salazar". 1983-1985 M. Phil. (Politics), St. Peter's College, Oxford University, England. Thesis title: "The Agrarian Question in Mozambique: Recalling the Past to Give Meaning to the Present". 1978-1982 B. A. (Magna Cum Laude), Duke University, Durham, N.C. Majors: Political Science and History. 1972-1978 High School Diploma, Ashley Hall, Charleston, S.C. Teaching, Research and Administrative Positions 2012-present Coordinator, African Social Research Initiative, African Studies Center 2011-Present Member, Steering Committee, African Studies Center 2010-Present Associate Chair, African Studies, DAAS 2009-Present Professor of Afroamerican and African Studies and Political Science (by courtesy), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Member, Steering Committee, African Social Research Initiative Member, President’s African Advisory Council 2004-2009 Professor, Department of Political Science Colgate University, Hamilton, NY Jan-June 2009 Visiting Lecturer 1 Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales et du développement Academic Awards and Grants Mellon Grant, Rethinking the African Humanities: A Trans-Continental Collaboration'. African Studies Center and the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research, $1.5 million (part of the team that wrote the grant) African Social Research Initiative-$450,000 from President of the University of Michigan (wrote most of the ASRI report) Rackham Spring/Summer Fellowship, 2012 (approx.
    [Show full text]
  • The ANC and Umkhonto We Sizwe in Angola, 1976-1989
    A State ofExile: The ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe in Angola, 1976-1989 Maren Saeboe Dissertation submitted in fulfilment ofthe requirements for the degree ofMaster ofArts in Historical Studies Programme ofHistorical Studies Faculty ofHuman and Social Sciences University ofNatal Durban December 2002 Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the help and support ofPhyllis Naidoo and my mother Hilde Karin Larsen. My supervisor Professor Yonah Seleti made it possible to fmish the work. I am also grateful to the History Programme at the University ofNatal for guidance. Doctor Vladirnir Shubin at the University of Moscow and Professor Sean Morrow of the National Research Council read and commented on Chapters Three, Four and Five. Howard Barrell made his thesis available to me on disc. I am grateful to all for guidance and advice. The staff at the archives at Fort Hare and the Mayibuye Centre were extremely helpful in finding the right boxes and transcripts. I would also like to thank all those who were willing to be interviewed. I am especially grateful to Major­ General Willie Leslie and Lieutenant Mathule Mathiba of the SANDF who informed me about the plight ofthose MK veterans who had returned home but who were not yet re-integrated into South African society. 11 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the mothers ofthose who have been or are in exile. III Abstract After its banning in 1961 the ANC, together with the South African Communist Party, adopted the armed struggle. Urnkhonto we Sizwe (MK) was formed and had its debut in December ofthe same year.
    [Show full text]