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Discursos, Debates Y Prácticas Entre 1960 Y 1980 Agata Ignaciuk

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Discursos, Debates Y Prácticas Entre 1960 Y 1980 Agata Ignaciuk UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE LAS MUJERES Y DE GÉNERO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO “ESTUDIOS DE LAS MUJERES Y DE GÉNERO” TESIS DOCTORAL Anticoncepción hormonal en España y Polonia: discursos, debates y prácticas entre 1960 y 1980 Agata Ignaciuk Directora Dra. Teresa Ortiz Gómez Abril de 2015 Cubierta: Mikel Navarro http://www.uncientovolando.com/ 2 La doctoranda Agata Ignaciuk y la directora de la tesis, Teresa Ortiz-Gómez, garantizamos, al firmar esta tesis doctoral, que el trabajo ha sido realizado por la doctoranda bajo la dirección de su directora y que, hasta donde nuestro conocimiento alcanza, en la realización del trabajo se han respetado los derechos de otros autores a ser citados cuando se han utilizado sus resultados o publicaciones. Granada, 24 de abril de 2015 Directora de la Tesis Doctoranda Teresa Ortiz Gómez Agata Ignaciuk 3 Editorial: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autora: Agata Ignaciuk ISBN: 978-84-9125-280-1 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/40435 4 Sumario Agradecimientos ...................................................................................................... 9 Resumen ................................................................................................................ 11 Summary ................................................................................................................ 15 Abreviaturas .......................................................................................................... 19 Índice de figuras, tablas y gráficos .......................................................................... 21 1. Introducción .................................................................................................... 23 1.1 Marcos de referencia .................................................................................................. 23 1.1.1 Historia social y cultural del medicamento ......................................................... 24 1.1.2 Historia comparativa ........................................................................................... 29 1.1.3 Historia de las mujeres y de género .................................................................... 36 1.1.4 Historia oral ......................................................................................................... 39 1.1.5 Teoría de la práctica social y análisis crítico del discurso .................................... 46 1.2 Trabajos existentes sobre la historia de la píldora ...................................................... 49 1.3 Objetivos ..................................................................................................................... 56 1.4 Estructura de la tesis ................................................................................................... 57 2. Fuentes ........................................................................................................... 61 2.1 Fuentes de archivo ...................................................................................................... 61 2.2 Literatura médica ........................................................................................................ 63 2.3 Publicidad farmacéutica .............................................................................................. 67 2.4 Revistas de opinión ..................................................................................................... 69 2.5 Revistas para mujeres ................................................................................................. 73 2.6 Fuentes legales ............................................................................................................ 78 2.7 Encuestas sociológicas, de fertilidad, familia y planificación familiar ......................... 79 2.8 Historias de vida sexual y reproductiva....................................................................... 82 2.9 Otras fuentes ............................................................................................................... 91 3. Políticas reproductivas y práctica médica en España y Polonia (1941-1983) ...... 93 3.1 España ......................................................................................................................... 95 3.2 Polonia ....................................................................................................................... 105 4. La píldora, la industria farmacéutica y el Estado: desarrollo del mercado de anovulatorios/anticonceptivos hormonales en España y Polonia (1960-1980) ....... 119 4.1. España ....................................................................................................................... 121 4.1.1. Características del mercado y de la industria farmacéutica durante los últimos años del franquismo .......................................................................................................... 121 4.1.2. Introducción y expansión de los anovulatorios ................................................. 123 5 4.1.3. Marketing y publicidad de los anovulatorios .................................................... 129 4.2. Polonia ....................................................................................................................... 152 4.2.1. Industria nacionalizada y planificación central del mercado farmacéutico (1945- 1989) ........................................................................................................................... 152 4.2.2. El largo proceso de introducción de la píldora: de las muestras gratuitas a la fabricación local (1960-1968) ............................................................................................ 153 4.2.3. Evolución del mercado entre 1968 y 1980 ........................................................ 159 4.3. Discusión ................................................................................................................... 164 5. La píldora y la medicina: investigación y conocimiento en España y Polonia (1960-1980) .......................................................................................................... 173 5.1. España ....................................................................................................................... 174 5.1.1. Recepción de la píldora por los profesionales y circulación del conocimiento en revistas médicas ................................................................................................................ 174 5.1.2. Debates deontológicos y sociales en la prensa médica española ..................... 181 5.1.3. Ensayos clínicos y agencia de las usuarias ........................................................ 191 5.2. Polonia ....................................................................................................................... 198 5.2.1. Recepción y difusión del conocimiento médico sobre la píldora en la Polonia comunista .......................................................................................................................... 199 5.2.2. Investigación y divulgación sobre la píldora: defensa de su seguridad, demanda de su mejoría ..................................................................................................................... 207 5.3. Discusión ................................................................................................................... 211 6. Debates mediáticos sobre la píldora en España y Polonia (1960-1980) ............ 219 6.1. España ....................................................................................................................... 223 6.1.1. Anticoncepción hormonal y paternidad responsable: el método natural, el método mejor ................................................................................................................... 223 6.1.2. La píldora como amenaza a la feminidad y a la familia .................................... 227 6.1.3. Efectos secundarios y control médico ............................................................... 229 6.1.4. La normalización de la anticoncepción (hormonal) .......................................... 232 6.1.5. El placer sexual de las mujeres .......................................................................... 235 6.2. Polonia ....................................................................................................................... 238 6.2.1. Conocer la píldora y sus problemas de acceso ................................................. 238 6.2.2. Efectos secundarios y control médico ............................................................... 241 6.2.3. Paternidad responsable, píldora y ritmo ........................................................... 245 6.3. Discusión ................................................................................................................... 247 7. El uso de la píldora en España y Polonia: prácticas anticonceptivas de las mujeres entre 1960 y 1980 ................................................................................................. 255 7.1. La píldora y las prácticas de control de la natalidad de las mujeres españolas durante los últimos años del franquismo y la transición democrática ................................................... 257 6 7.1.1. Conocimiento y uso de la píldora según las encuestas sociológicas ................. 257 7.1.2. Acceso a la píldora ............................................................................................. 258
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