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Mammalia of India and Ceylon

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NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON. BY ROBERT A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &C.| AUTHOR OF "THE DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLE;" "THE AFGHAN KNIFE;" "SEONEE, OR CAMP LIFE IN THE SATPURA RANGE," ETC. WITH 170 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR, T. W WOOD, AND OTHERS. CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY : THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON : W. THACKER AND CO 1884. CONTENTS. NO. PACE INTRODUCTION I ORDER BIMANA 3 ORDER QUADRUMANA 7 Genus Hylobates—The Gibbons— 1. Hylobates hooluck (White-fronted Gibbon) ...8 2. „ lar {White-handed Gibbon) . .11 3. „ syndactylies (Siamang) . .12 Genus Presbytes—Cuvier's Genus Semnopithecus— 4. Semnopithecus vel Presbytes entellus (.Bengal Langur) . 14 5. „ vel P. schistaceus (Himalayan Langur) . 16 6. „ net P. priamus (Madras Langur) . 16 7. „ vel P. johnii {Malabar Langur) . 17 8. „ vel P. jubatus (Nilgheri Langur) . 18 9. „ vel P. pileatus {Capped Langur) . 18 10. ., vel P. Barbei {Tipperah Langur) . 19 11. „ vel P. Phayrei {Silvery-Leaf Monkey) . 19 12. „ vel P. obscurus (.Dusky-Leaf Monkey). 20 13. „ vel P. cephalopterus (1Ceylon Langur). 20 14. „ vel P. ursinus {Great Wandtni). 21 15. „ vel P. thersites 22 16. „ vel P. albinus (White Langur) ...23 SUB-FAMILY PAPIONIN/E 24 Genus Inuus— 17. Inuus vel Macacus silenus (Lion Monkey) ....24 18. „ vel M. rhesus (Bengal Monkey) ....25 19. „ vel M. pelops {Hill Monkey) . , . .26 20. „ vel M. nemestrinus (Pig-tailed Monkey) ' . .26 21. „ vel M. leoninus {Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey) . 27 22. „ vel M. arctoides (Brown Stump-tailed Monkey) . 28 23. „ vel M. Thibetanus (Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey) . 28 Genus Macacus— 24. Macacus radiatus (Madras Monkey) 28 25. „ pileatus (Capped Monkey) .....29 26. „ cynomolgus (1Crab-eating Macacque) ...30 27. „ carbonarius (Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey) . 31 xii CONTENTS. NO. PACE FAMILY LEMURID.® . -31 Genus Nycticebus— 28. Nycticebus tardigradus {Slow-paced Lemur) 31 Genus Loris— 29. Loris gracilis (.Slender Lemur) 33 SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA.—FAMILY GAL«OPITHECIDVE. 33 30. Galseopithecus volans (Flying Lemur) ....34 ORDER CARNARIA 35 CHEIROPTERA 35 MEGACHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY PTEROPODID^E 36 Genus Pteropus— 31. Pteropus Edwardsii vel medius (Common Flying Fox) 37 32. „ Leschenaultii (Cynonycteris amplexicaudata) (Fulvous Fox-Bat) .....40 Genus Cynopterus— 33. Cynopterus marginatus (Small Fox-Bat) ....40 34. Macroglossus (Pteropus) minimus (Tenasserim Fox-Bat) . 41 Genus Eonycteris— 35. Eonycteris spelsea 41 MICROCHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY VAMPYRID^E 42 Genus Megaderma— 36. Megaderma lyra (Large-eared Vampire Bat) ...42 37. „ spectrum (Cashmere Vampire) ...43 38. „ spasma 43 RHINOLOPHIJf/E 44 Genus Rhinolophus— 39. Rhinolophus perniger vel luctus (Large Leaf-Bat) 44 40. „ mitratus (Mitred Leaf-Bat) ....44 41. „ . tragatus vel ferrum-equinum (Dark-brown Leaf-Bat) .......45 42. „ Pearsonii (Pearson's Leaf-Bat) . 46 43. „ affinis (Allied Leaf-Bat) ....46 44. „ rouxi (Rufous Leaf-Bat) . .46 45. „ macrotis (Large-eared Leaf-Bat) ...47 46. „ sub-badius (Bay Leaf-Bat) ....47 47. „ rammanika 47 48. „ Andamanensis ...... 48 49. „ minor 48 50. „ ccelophyllus 48 CONTENTS. xiii 51. Rhinolophus Garoensis 48 Petersii 49 S3- trifoliatus 49 Genus Hipposideros vel Phyllorhina— 54. Hipposideros armiger (Large Horse-shoe Bat) . 50 55. „ speoris (Indian Horse-slioe Bat) 5° 56. „ murinus (Little Horse-slioe Bat) 51 57. „ cineraceus (Ashy Horse-shoe Bat) . 5i 58. larvatus ...... 51 59. „ vulgaris (Common Malayan Horse-shoe Bat) 52 60. „ Blythii 52 61. Phyllorhina diadema 52 62. Masoni 53 63. Nicobarensis . 53 64. armigera 53 65. leptophylla . 54 66 galerita. 54 67. bicolor . 55 Genus Coelops— 68. Coelops Frithii {Frith's Tailless Bat). Genus Rhinopoma— 69. Rhinopoma Hardxvickii {Hard-Mick's Long-tailed Leaf-Bat). 56 SUB-FAMILY NOCTILIOXID/E 56 Genus Taphozous— 70. Taphozous longimanus (.Long-armed Bat) . 57 71- melanopogon (.Black-bearded Bat) 57 72. saccolaimus (White-bellied Bat) 58 73- Theobaldi .... 58 74- Kachhensis .... 58 Genus Nyctinomus— 75. Nyctinomus plicatus {Wrinkle-lippedBat) 59 76. „ tragatus . 59 SUB-FAMILY VESPERTILIONID/E 60 Genus Plecotus— 77. Plecotus auritus vel homochrous 60 Genus Vesperugo— 78. Vesperugo noctula 61 79- leucotis 61 80. maurus 62 81. affinis 62 xiv CONTENTS. NO. PAGR 82. Vesperugo pachyotis ....... 62 83. „ atratus 62 84. • „ Tickelli ........ 63 85. „ pachypus 63 86. „ annectans ....... 63 87. „ dormeri 63 88. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus serotinus {Silky Bat) ...63 89. „ „ Leisleri (Hairy-armed Bat) . 64 Scotophilus pachyomus .......64 90. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Coromandelianus (Coromandel Bat) 64 91. „ „ lobatus (Lobe-eared Bat) . 65 Genus Scotophilus— 92. Scotophilus fulginosus (Smoky Bat) .....65 93. „ Temminckii ....... 65 94. „ Heathii........ 66 95. „ emarginatus ....... 66 96 „ ornatus........ 66 97. „ pallidus. 67 Noctulinia nocula . -67 Nycticejus Heathii {Large Yellow Bat) ....67 „ luteus (Bengal Yellow Bat) ....67 „ Temminckii (Common Yellow Bat) ...67 „ castaneus {Chestnut Bat) .....67 „ atratus {Sombre Bat) .....67 „ canus {Hoary Bat) ......67 „ ornatus {Harlequin Bat) .....68 98. „ nivicolus {A Ipine Bat) .....68 Genus Harpiocephalus— 99. Harpiocephalus harpia ....... 69 100. „ (Murina) suillus {The Pig-Bat) ...69 101. „ auratus ....... 70 102. „ griseus 70 103. „ leucogaster 70 104. „ cyclotis 70 Genus Kerivoula— 105. Kerivoula picta {Painted Bat) . 71 „ pallida ........72 106. „ papillosa 72 107. „ Hardwickii ....... 72 Genus Vespertilio— 108. Myotis (Vespertilio) murinus 73 109. „ Theobaldi ........ 73 110. „ parvipes 73 in. Vespertilio longipes 73 112. „ mystacinus 73 CONTENTS. xv PACE 113. Vespertilio muricola. 73 114. „ montivagus 74 115. „ murinoides 74 no. „ formosus 74 117. „ Nepalensis 74 118. „ emarginatus 75 Genus Miniopterus 119. Miniopterus Schreibersii . 76 Genus Barbastellus— 120. Barbastellus communis 121. Nyctophilus Geoffroyi INSECTIVORA . FAMILY TALPID^E—THE MOLES 122. Talpa micrura {Short-tailed Mole) 123. „ macrura (Long-tailed Mole) 124. „ leucura {White-tailed Mole) FAMILY SORECID/E Genus Sorex— 125. Sorex caerulescens (1Common Musk Shrew, better known as Musk-rat) .... 126. „ murinus {Mouse-coloured Shrew) 127. „ nemorivagus (Nepal Wood Shrew) 128. „ serpentarius (Rufescent Shrew) 129. „ saturatior (Dark-brown Shrew) 130. „ Tytleri (Dehra Shrew) . 131. „ niger (Neilgherry Wood Shrew) 132. „ leucops (Long-tailed Shrew) . 133- >i soccatus (Hairy-footed Shrew). 134. „ montanus (Ceylon Black Shrew) 135. „ ferrugineus (Ceylon Rufescent Shrew) 136. „ Griffithi (Large Black Shrew) 137. „ heterodon Genus Feroculus— 138 Feroculus macropus (Large-footed Shrew). 139 Sorex Hodgsoni (Nepal Pigmy-Shrew) 140 „ Perroteti (Neilgherry Pigmy-Shrew) 141 „ micronyx (Small-clawed Pigmy Shrew) . 142 „ melanodon (Black-toothed Pigmy-Shrew) 143 „ nudipes (Naked-footed Shrew) 144 „ atratus (Black Pigmy-Shrew) . Sub-genus Soriculus— 145. Soriculus nigrescens (Mouse-tailed Shrew) 90 xvi CONTENTS. NO, PACE Genus Crossopus— 146. Crossopus Himalaicus (Himalayan Water-Shrew) . 90 Genus Nyctogale— 147. Nyctogale elegans (Thibet Water-Shrew).... 92 Genus Corsira— 148. Corsira Alpina (Alpine Shrew). .....92 Genus Anurosorex— 149. Anurosorex Assamensis (Assam Burrowing Shrew) . 93 FAMILY ERINACEID/E—'THE HEDGEHOGS 93 Genus Erinaceus— 150. Erinaceus collaris (Collared Hedgehog) ....96 151. „ micropus (Small-footed Hedgehog) ...96 152. „ pictus (Painted Hedgehog) 1 97 '53- J. Grayi 97 154. „ Blanfordi . -97 155. ,, Jerdoni ........97 156. „ megalotis (Large-eared Hedgehog ...98 FAMILY HYLOMID^E 99 Genus Hylomys— 157. Hylomys Peguensis (Short-tailed Tree-Shrew) ...99 FAMILY TUPAIID/E 99 Genus Tupaia— 158. Tupaia Ellioti (Elliofs Tree-Slirew). .101 159. ., Peguana vel Belangeri (Pegu Tree-Shrew) 101 160. ,, Chinensis ........103 161. „ Nicobarica........ 103 162. Gymnura Rafflesii (Bitlait) ......104 CARNIVORA 105 ARCTOIDEA—PLANTIGRADA 108 Ursidae— 163. Ursus Isabellinus (Himalayan Brown Bear) . .111 164. „ (Helarctos) torquatus vel Tibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) 113 165. „ (Helarctos) gedrosianus (Baluchistan Bear) . .116 166. „ „ Malayanus (Bruang or Malayan Sun Bear) 116 167. „ (Melursus) labiatus (Common Indian Sloth Bear) 118 CONTENTS. xvii KO. PAGE AJLURID.*: . 123 Genus Ailuropus— 168. Ailuropus melanoleucos 124 Genus Ailurus— 169. Ailurus fulgens (Red Cat-Bear). .128 SEMI-PLANTIGRADES ....... 130 MELIDIDJE ; OR, BADGER-LIKE ANIMALS . 130 Genus Arctonyx— 170. Arctonyx collaris (Hog-Badger) 131 171. „ taxoides (Assam Badger) .....132 Genus Meles (Sub-genus Taxidia) 172. Meles (Taxidia) leucurus (Thibetan White-tailed Badger) . 133 173. „ albogularis (White-throated Thibetan Badger) . .134 Genus Mellivora— 174. Mellivora Indica (Indian Ratel or Honey-Badger) . .134 Genus Gulo—The Glutton or Wolverene 136 Genus Helictis— 175. Helictis Nipalensis (Nepal Wolverene) ....138 176. „ moschata (Chinese Wolverene) .138 MUSTELID/E—MARTENS AND WEASELS . 139 Genus Martes—The Martens— 177. Martes flavigula (White-cheeked Marten) . .141 178. „ abietum (Pine Marten). .142 179. „ toufceus 143 Genus Mustek—The Weasels— 180. Mustela (Vison: Gray) sub-hemachalana (Sub-Heniachal Weasel) ........145 181. „ (Gymnopus: Gray) kathiah (Yellow-bellied Weasel) 145 182. „ „ „ strigidorsa (Striped Weasel) . 146 183. „ erminea (Ermine or Stoat) .....146 184. „ (Vison: Gray) canigula(Hoary Red-necked Weasel) 146 185. „ stoliczkana . 147 186. „ (Vison) sibirica 147 187. „ alpina (Alpine Weasel) 147 188. „ Hodgsoni 147 1S9. „ (Vison) Horsfieldi .148 190. „ (Gvmnopus) nudipes . .148 Genus Putorius—The Pole-cat— 191. Putorius
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    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
  • A Scientific Biography of Guy G. Musser

    A Scientific Biography of Guy G. Musser

    Chapter 1 They Sort Out Like Nuts and Bolts: A Scientific Biography of Guy G. Musser MICHAEL D. CARLETON1 INTRODUCTION ences with New World cricetids would lead to sorting the nuts and bolts of Old World ‘‘They sort out like nuts and bolts,’’ or murines is a story that bears telling from the similar wording, was an assertion that regu- beginning, at least from the academic begin- larly arose in my conversations or correspon- nings. dence with Guy over the past 40 years. The ‘‘they’’ in this statement are species of Indo- Australian rodents (Muroidea: Muridae: ACADEMIC AND MUSEUM Murinae), a diverse and taxonomically com- FOUNDATIONS (1956–1966) plex Old World group that would dominate his research contributions and secure his Inevitabilities of a life lived are a beginning and professional reputation as one of the foremost an end. (GGM, in litt., 23 September 1997, systematic mammalogists of his generation. apropos the sudden death of Karl Koopman, The statement carried an implicit compara- longtime friend and colleague in the American tive context: it referenced Guy’s formative Museum of Natural History) experiences with a comparably complex group of New World rodents, deer mice of Guy Graham Musser was born 10 August the genus Peromyscus (Muroidea: Cricetidae: 1936 in Salt Lake City, Utah, and there Neotominae), research that comprised some attended elementary and secondary public of his earliest taxonomic works. The subtle schools until 1955. Like many of his contem- features consulted to distinguish Peromyscus poraries who entered the profession of species served to sharpen his eye for specific mammalogy in the middle 1900s (e.g., see discrimination whenever applied to other various autobiographies in Phillips and muroid genera investigated thereafter, partic- Jones, 2005), Guy recalls a boyhood com- ularly Rattus and kin.
  • Facts About Washington's Moles

    Facts About Washington's Moles

    Moles Though moles are the bane of many lawn owners, they make a significant positive contribution to the health of the landscape. Their extensive tunneling and mound building mixes soil nutrients and improves soil aeration and drainage. Moles also eat many lawn and garden pests, including cranefly larvae and slugs. Moles spend almost their entire lives underground and have Figure 1. Moles have broad front feet, the toes of much in common with pocket gophers—small weak eyes, which terminate in stout claws faced outward for small hips for turning around in tight places, and velvety fur digging. The Pacific or coast mole is shown here. that is reversible to make backing up easy. Moles also have (From Christensen and Larrison, Mammals of Washington: broad front feet, the toes of which terminate in stout claws A Pictorial Introduction.) faced outward for digging (Fig. 1). (The Chehalis Indian word for mole translates into “hands turned backward.”) However, moles are predators of worms and grubs, while gophers are herbivores. (See comparison of their scull shapes in Figure 2.) Three species of moles occur in the Washington. Curiously, moles occur on only a few of the islands in Puget Sound. At a total length of 8 to 9 inches, the slate black Townsend mole (Scapanus townsendii), is the largest mole species in North America. It occurs in meadows, fields, pastures, lawns, and golf courses west of the Cascade mountains. The Pacific mole (Scapanus orarius, Fig. 1), also known as the coast mole, is similar in appearance to the Townsend mole, and ranges from 6 to 7 inches in total length.
  • Urotrichus Talpoides)

    Urotrichus Talpoides)

    Molecular phylogeny of a newfound hantavirus in the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) Satoru Arai*, Satoshi D. Ohdachi†, Mitsuhiko Asakawa‡, Hae Ji Kang§, Gabor Mocz¶, Jiro Arikawaʈ, Nobuhiko Okabe*, and Richard Yanagihara§** *Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; †Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; ‡School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan; §John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813; ¶Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; and ʈInstitute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan Communicated by Ralph M. Garruto, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, September 10, 2008 (received for review August 8, 2008) Recent molecular evidence of genetically distinct hantaviruses in primers based on the TPMV genome, we have targeted the shrews, captured in widely separated geographical regions, cor- discovery of hantaviruses in shrew species from widely separated roborates decades-old reports of hantavirus antigens in shrew geographical regions, including the Chinese mole shrew (Anouro- tissues. Apart from challenging the conventional view that rodents sorex squamipes) from Vietnam (21), Eurasian common shrew are the principal reservoir hosts, the recently identified soricid- (Sorex araneus) from Switzerland (22), northern short-tailed shrew borne hantaviruses raise the possibility that other soricomorphs, (Blarina brevicauda), masked shrew (Sorex cinereus), and dusky notably talpids, similarly harbor hantaviruses. In analyzing RNA shrew (Sorex monticolus) from the United States (23, 24) and Ussuri extracts from lung tissues of the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus white-toothed shrew (Crocidura lasiura) from Korea (J.-W.