NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON. BY ROBERT A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &C.| AUTHOR OF "THE DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLE;" "THE AFGHAN KNIFE;" "SEONEE, OR CAMP LIFE IN THE SATPURA RANGE," ETC. WITH 170 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR, T. W WOOD, AND OTHERS. CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY : THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON : W. THACKER AND CO 1884. CONTENTS. NO. PACE INTRODUCTION I ORDER BIMANA 3 ORDER QUADRUMANA 7 Genus Hylobates—The Gibbons— 1. Hylobates hooluck (White-fronted Gibbon) ...8 2. „ lar {White-handed Gibbon) . .11 3. „ syndactylies (Siamang) . .12 Genus Presbytes—Cuvier's Genus Semnopithecus— 4. Semnopithecus vel Presbytes entellus (.Bengal Langur) . 14 5. „ vel P. schistaceus (Himalayan Langur) . 16 6. „ net P. priamus (Madras Langur) . 16 7. „ vel P. johnii {Malabar Langur) . 17 8. „ vel P. jubatus (Nilgheri Langur) . 18 9. „ vel P. pileatus {Capped Langur) . 18 10. ., vel P. Barbei {Tipperah Langur) . 19 11. „ vel P. Phayrei {Silvery-Leaf Monkey) . 19 12. „ vel P. obscurus (.Dusky-Leaf Monkey). 20 13. „ vel P. cephalopterus (1Ceylon Langur). 20 14. „ vel P. ursinus {Great Wandtni). 21 15. „ vel P. thersites 22 16. „ vel P. albinus (White Langur) ...23 SUB-FAMILY PAPIONIN/E 24 Genus Inuus— 17. Inuus vel Macacus silenus (Lion Monkey) ....24 18. „ vel M. rhesus (Bengal Monkey) ....25 19. „ vel M. pelops {Hill Monkey) . , . .26 20. „ vel M. nemestrinus (Pig-tailed Monkey) ' . .26 21. „ vel M. leoninus {Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey) . 27 22. „ vel M. arctoides (Brown Stump-tailed Monkey) . 28 23. „ vel M. Thibetanus (Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey) . 28 Genus Macacus— 24. Macacus radiatus (Madras Monkey) 28 25. „ pileatus (Capped Monkey) .....29 26. „ cynomolgus (1Crab-eating Macacque) ...30 27. „ carbonarius (Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey) . 31 xii CONTENTS. NO. PACE FAMILY LEMURID.® . -31 Genus Nycticebus— 28. Nycticebus tardigradus {Slow-paced Lemur) 31 Genus Loris— 29. Loris gracilis (.Slender Lemur) 33 SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA.—FAMILY GAL«OPITHECIDVE. 33 30. Galseopithecus volans (Flying Lemur) ....34 ORDER CARNARIA 35 CHEIROPTERA 35 MEGACHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY PTEROPODID^E 36 Genus Pteropus— 31. Pteropus Edwardsii vel medius (Common Flying Fox) 37 32. „ Leschenaultii (Cynonycteris amplexicaudata) (Fulvous Fox-Bat) .....40 Genus Cynopterus— 33. Cynopterus marginatus (Small Fox-Bat) ....40 34. Macroglossus (Pteropus) minimus (Tenasserim Fox-Bat) . 41 Genus Eonycteris— 35. Eonycteris spelsea 41 MICROCHIROPTERA—SUB-FAMILY VAMPYRID^E 42 Genus Megaderma— 36. Megaderma lyra (Large-eared Vampire Bat) ...42 37. „ spectrum (Cashmere Vampire) ...43 38. „ spasma 43 RHINOLOPHIJf/E 44 Genus Rhinolophus— 39. Rhinolophus perniger vel luctus (Large Leaf-Bat) 44 40. „ mitratus (Mitred Leaf-Bat) ....44 41. „ . tragatus vel ferrum-equinum (Dark-brown Leaf-Bat) .......45 42. „ Pearsonii (Pearson's Leaf-Bat) . 46 43. „ affinis (Allied Leaf-Bat) ....46 44. „ rouxi (Rufous Leaf-Bat) . .46 45. „ macrotis (Large-eared Leaf-Bat) ...47 46. „ sub-badius (Bay Leaf-Bat) ....47 47. „ rammanika 47 48. „ Andamanensis ...... 48 49. „ minor 48 50. „ ccelophyllus 48 CONTENTS. xiii 51. Rhinolophus Garoensis 48 Petersii 49 S3- trifoliatus 49 Genus Hipposideros vel Phyllorhina— 54. Hipposideros armiger (Large Horse-shoe Bat) . 50 55. „ speoris (Indian Horse-slioe Bat) 5° 56. „ murinus (Little Horse-slioe Bat) 51 57. „ cineraceus (Ashy Horse-shoe Bat) . 5i 58. larvatus ...... 51 59. „ vulgaris (Common Malayan Horse-shoe Bat) 52 60. „ Blythii 52 61. Phyllorhina diadema 52 62. Masoni 53 63. Nicobarensis . 53 64. armigera 53 65. leptophylla . 54 66 galerita. 54 67. bicolor . 55 Genus Coelops— 68. Coelops Frithii {Frith's Tailless Bat). Genus Rhinopoma— 69. Rhinopoma Hardxvickii {Hard-Mick's Long-tailed Leaf-Bat). 56 SUB-FAMILY NOCTILIOXID/E 56 Genus Taphozous— 70. Taphozous longimanus (.Long-armed Bat) . 57 71- melanopogon (.Black-bearded Bat) 57 72. saccolaimus (White-bellied Bat) 58 73- Theobaldi .... 58 74- Kachhensis .... 58 Genus Nyctinomus— 75. Nyctinomus plicatus {Wrinkle-lippedBat) 59 76. „ tragatus . 59 SUB-FAMILY VESPERTILIONID/E 60 Genus Plecotus— 77. Plecotus auritus vel homochrous 60 Genus Vesperugo— 78. Vesperugo noctula 61 79- leucotis 61 80. maurus 62 81. affinis 62 xiv CONTENTS. NO. PAGR 82. Vesperugo pachyotis ....... 62 83. „ atratus 62 84. • „ Tickelli ........ 63 85. „ pachypus 63 86. „ annectans ....... 63 87. „ dormeri 63 88. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus serotinus {Silky Bat) ...63 89. „ „ Leisleri (Hairy-armed Bat) . 64 Scotophilus pachyomus .......64 90. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Coromandelianus (Coromandel Bat) 64 91. „ „ lobatus (Lobe-eared Bat) . 65 Genus Scotophilus— 92. Scotophilus fulginosus (Smoky Bat) .....65 93. „ Temminckii ....... 65 94. „ Heathii........ 66 95. „ emarginatus ....... 66 96 „ ornatus........ 66 97. „ pallidus. 67 Noctulinia nocula . -67 Nycticejus Heathii {Large Yellow Bat) ....67 „ luteus (Bengal Yellow Bat) ....67 „ Temminckii (Common Yellow Bat) ...67 „ castaneus {Chestnut Bat) .....67 „ atratus {Sombre Bat) .....67 „ canus {Hoary Bat) ......67 „ ornatus {Harlequin Bat) .....68 98. „ nivicolus {A Ipine Bat) .....68 Genus Harpiocephalus— 99. Harpiocephalus harpia ....... 69 100. „ (Murina) suillus {The Pig-Bat) ...69 101. „ auratus ....... 70 102. „ griseus 70 103. „ leucogaster 70 104. „ cyclotis 70 Genus Kerivoula— 105. Kerivoula picta {Painted Bat) . 71 „ pallida ........72 106. „ papillosa 72 107. „ Hardwickii ....... 72 Genus Vespertilio— 108. Myotis (Vespertilio) murinus 73 109. „ Theobaldi ........ 73 110. „ parvipes 73 in. Vespertilio longipes 73 112. „ mystacinus 73 CONTENTS. xv PACE 113. Vespertilio muricola. 73 114. „ montivagus 74 115. „ murinoides 74 no. „ formosus 74 117. „ Nepalensis 74 118. „ emarginatus 75 Genus Miniopterus 119. Miniopterus Schreibersii . 76 Genus Barbastellus— 120. Barbastellus communis 121. Nyctophilus Geoffroyi INSECTIVORA . FAMILY TALPID^E—THE MOLES 122. Talpa micrura {Short-tailed Mole) 123. „ macrura (Long-tailed Mole) 124. „ leucura {White-tailed Mole) FAMILY SORECID/E Genus Sorex— 125. Sorex caerulescens (1Common Musk Shrew, better known as Musk-rat) .... 126. „ murinus {Mouse-coloured Shrew) 127. „ nemorivagus (Nepal Wood Shrew) 128. „ serpentarius (Rufescent Shrew) 129. „ saturatior (Dark-brown Shrew) 130. „ Tytleri (Dehra Shrew) . 131. „ niger (Neilgherry Wood Shrew) 132. „ leucops (Long-tailed Shrew) . 133- >i soccatus (Hairy-footed Shrew). 134. „ montanus (Ceylon Black Shrew) 135. „ ferrugineus (Ceylon Rufescent Shrew) 136. „ Griffithi (Large Black Shrew) 137. „ heterodon Genus Feroculus— 138 Feroculus macropus (Large-footed Shrew). 139 Sorex Hodgsoni (Nepal Pigmy-Shrew) 140 „ Perroteti (Neilgherry Pigmy-Shrew) 141 „ micronyx (Small-clawed Pigmy Shrew) . 142 „ melanodon (Black-toothed Pigmy-Shrew) 143 „ nudipes (Naked-footed Shrew) 144 „ atratus (Black Pigmy-Shrew) . Sub-genus Soriculus— 145. Soriculus nigrescens (Mouse-tailed Shrew) 90 xvi CONTENTS. NO, PACE Genus Crossopus— 146. Crossopus Himalaicus (Himalayan Water-Shrew) . 90 Genus Nyctogale— 147. Nyctogale elegans (Thibet Water-Shrew).... 92 Genus Corsira— 148. Corsira Alpina (Alpine Shrew). .....92 Genus Anurosorex— 149. Anurosorex Assamensis (Assam Burrowing Shrew) . 93 FAMILY ERINACEID/E—'THE HEDGEHOGS 93 Genus Erinaceus— 150. Erinaceus collaris (Collared Hedgehog) ....96 151. „ micropus (Small-footed Hedgehog) ...96 152. „ pictus (Painted Hedgehog) 1 97 '53- J. Grayi 97 154. „ Blanfordi . -97 155. ,, Jerdoni ........97 156. „ megalotis (Large-eared Hedgehog ...98 FAMILY HYLOMID^E 99 Genus Hylomys— 157. Hylomys Peguensis (Short-tailed Tree-Shrew) ...99 FAMILY TUPAIID/E 99 Genus Tupaia— 158. Tupaia Ellioti (Elliofs Tree-Slirew). .101 159. ., Peguana vel Belangeri (Pegu Tree-Shrew) 101 160. ,, Chinensis ........103 161. „ Nicobarica........ 103 162. Gymnura Rafflesii (Bitlait) ......104 CARNIVORA 105 ARCTOIDEA—PLANTIGRADA 108 Ursidae— 163. Ursus Isabellinus (Himalayan Brown Bear) . .111 164. „ (Helarctos) torquatus vel Tibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) 113 165. „ (Helarctos) gedrosianus (Baluchistan Bear) . .116 166. „ „ Malayanus (Bruang or Malayan Sun Bear) 116 167. „ (Melursus) labiatus (Common Indian Sloth Bear) 118 CONTENTS. xvii KO. PAGE AJLURID.*: . 123 Genus Ailuropus— 168. Ailuropus melanoleucos 124 Genus Ailurus— 169. Ailurus fulgens (Red Cat-Bear). .128 SEMI-PLANTIGRADES ....... 130 MELIDIDJE ; OR, BADGER-LIKE ANIMALS . 130 Genus Arctonyx— 170. Arctonyx collaris (Hog-Badger) 131 171. „ taxoides (Assam Badger) .....132 Genus Meles (Sub-genus Taxidia) 172. Meles (Taxidia) leucurus (Thibetan White-tailed Badger) . 133 173. „ albogularis (White-throated Thibetan Badger) . .134 Genus Mellivora— 174. Mellivora Indica (Indian Ratel or Honey-Badger) . .134 Genus Gulo—The Glutton or Wolverene 136 Genus Helictis— 175. Helictis Nipalensis (Nepal Wolverene) ....138 176. „ moschata (Chinese Wolverene) .138 MUSTELID/E—MARTENS AND WEASELS . 139 Genus Martes—The Martens— 177. Martes flavigula (White-cheeked Marten) . .141 178. „ abietum (Pine Marten). .142 179. „ toufceus 143 Genus Mustek—The Weasels— 180. Mustela (Vison: Gray) sub-hemachalana (Sub-Heniachal Weasel) ........145 181. „ (Gymnopus: Gray) kathiah (Yellow-bellied Weasel) 145 182. „ „ „ strigidorsa (Striped Weasel) . 146 183. „ erminea (Ermine or Stoat) .....146 184. „ (Vison: Gray) canigula(Hoary Red-necked Weasel) 146 185. „ stoliczkana . 147 186. „ (Vison) sibirica 147 187. „ alpina (Alpine Weasel) 147 188. „ Hodgsoni 147 1S9. „ (Vison) Horsfieldi .148 190. „ (Gvmnopus) nudipes . .148 Genus Putorius—The Pole-cat— 191. Putorius