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From Versailles to Locarno

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From Versailles to Locarno Anna M. Cienciala and Titus Komarnicki FROM VERSAILLES TO LOCARNO Keys to Polish Foreign Policy 1919-1925 * ISBN 0-7006-0247-X Anna M. Cienciala was born in Poland and spent the first ten years of her life there. She witnessed the Polish-German war of 1939, the German invasion of France in 1940, the Battle of Britain, and the German V-l and V-2 raids on Great Britain in 1944. She studied at the University of Liverpool, McGill University, Columbia University's Russian Institute, and Indiana University. She is the author of Poland and the Western Powers, 1938-1939: A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe, as well as numerous articles on European diplomatic history in U.S. and Polish scholarly journals. She has taught at the University of Toronto and the University of Ottawa, and is now professor of history and Soviet and East European Studies at the University of Kansas. Titus Komarnicki (1896-1967), author of Rebirth of the Polish Republic: A Study in the Diplomatic History of Europe, 1914-1920 and editor of three of the four volumes of the papers of Jan Szembek, was* born and educated in Poland. He took an active part in the war for Poland's independence, and was awarded the Cross of Valor and the Independence Cross. He entered the Polish Diplomatic Service in 1917, attended the Locarno Conference in 1925 as Secretary General of the Polish Delegation, and in 1934 was appointed Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations. He was Minister to Switzerland (1938-1940), underground repre• sentative of the Polish government in unoccupied France (1942-1943), Minister to the Dutch Government in London, and, later, Professor of International Law at the Polish School of Political and Social Science in London. Publication made possible by grants from the de Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation, the Joseph B. Slotkowski Publications Fund of the Kosciuszko Foundation, and the Scholarly Publications Fund of the University of Kansas. FROM VERSAILLES TO LOCARNO Map 1. Polish Population and Boundaries FROM VERSAILLES TO LOCARNO KEYS TO POLISH FOREIGN POLICY, 1919-25 Anna M. Cienciala and Titus Komarnicki UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KANSAS ©1984 by the University Press of Kansas All rights reserved Published by the University Press of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas 66045), which was organized by the Kansas Board of Regents and is operated and funded by Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University, Pittsburg State University, the University of Kansas, and Wichita State University Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cienciala, Anna M. From Versailles to Locarno. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Poland—Foreign relations—1918-1945. I. Komarnicki, Titus. II. Title. DK4403.5.C54 1984 327.438 84-2302 ISBN 0-7006-0247-X Printed in the United States of America IN MEMORY OF TITUS KOMARNICKI Polish Diplomat and Historian (1896-1967) Generous support for the publication oj this book is gratefully acknowledged from The de Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation, Friburg, Switzerland The Scholarly Publications Revolving Fund of the University of Kansas, Lawrence The Joseph B. Slotkowski Publication Fund of the Kosciuszko Foundation, New York Contents List of Maps Preface List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 The Franco-Polish Alliance and Poland in Franco-British Relations, 1920-22 2 The Struggle for Upper Silesia: The Background and Developments from 1919 to the Plebiscite of 20 March 1921 3 The Struggle for Upper Silesia: Interpreting the Plebiscite, 20 March to 10 October 1921 4 The Free City of Danzig: An Unworkable Compromise, 1919-25 5 The Polish-Lithuanian Dispute over Vilna, 1918-22 6 East Galicia and the Question of Poland's Eastern Frontier, November 1918 to December 1921 vii 7 East Galicia and Poland's Eastern Frontier: The Genoa Conference, January-June 1922 183 8 East Galicia, Vilna, Memel, and the Recognition of Poland's Eastern Frontier, June 1922 to March 1923 199 9 Toward Locarno: Poland, the Western Powers, and Germany, January 1924 to September 1925 223 10 Poland at Locarno 255 11 Concluding Thoughts 277 Notes 281 Bibliography 347 Index 365 viii List of Maps 1 Polish Population and Boundaries Frontispiece This map is based on these sources: (1) Western and Central Poland—after "Polish Territories under Prussian Domination: The Nationality of the Children in Primary Schools, according to the Official Figures of the Prussian Government, 1911," in Robert Machray, The Polish-German Problem (London, 1941), reprinted in G. R. Gey re, Teuton & Slav on the Polish Frontier (London, 1944), map 5; (2) Eastern Poland, proposed Polish boundaries in the East, Curzon Line, frontier established in 1921—from "Pologne, Fron• tiers Orientales," Carte ethnographique de la Pologne, map enclosed with the Polish Delegation's note of 3 March 1919 to the Peace Conference, Paris, in Casimir Smogorzewski, La Pologne restauree (Paris, 1927), p. 154; (3) proposed Polish boundaries in the West—after "The Polish-German Frontier," in Titus Komarnicki, The Rebirth of the Polish Republic (Melbourne, London, Toronto, 1957), facing p. 315. 2 The German-Polish Frontier This map is based on these sources: (1) Polish majority—after "Polish Territories under Prussian Domination" (see map 1); (2) plebiscite areas and boundary proposed by Poland—after T. Komarnicki, "The Polish-German Frontier" (see map 1); (3) the Quai d'Orsay, Anglo-American, and Foreign Office lines—after "German-Polish Borderlands," in Harold I. Nelson, Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany's Frontiers, 1916-1919 (London, Toronto, 1963), map 2, p. 195. 3 Results of the Upper Silesian Plebiscite, March 1921 This map is based on these sources: (1) Korfanty Line and International Boundary, 1921—from "The Plebiscite Area of ix Upper Silesia," in Robert Machray, The Problem of Upper Silesia (London, 1945), map 9; (2) all other data—from "Upper Silesia: Results of the Plebiscite Shown by Districts (Kreise); Maps by the British Section, Interallied Administrative and Plebiscite Commis• sion, Upper Silesia," in Sarah Wambaugh, Plebiscites since the World War (Washington, D.C., 1933), vol. 1, facing p. 267. 4 Polish-Lithuanian Demarcation Lines, 1919/20 115 This map is based on "Polsko-Litewskie linie demarkacyjne (1919- 1920)," in Piotr Lossowski, Stosunki polsko-litewskie w latach 1919- 1920 (Warsaw, 1966), end map. 5 Eastern Poland 185 This map is based on these sources: (1) Polish Majority—from "Pologne, Frontieres Orientales" (see map 1); (2) Curzon Line, lines A, B—from "Galicie Orientale," printed in Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1st ser., vol. 3 (London, 1949), facing p. 840; (3) all other linear data—from "The Riga Settlement," in Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20 (Lon• don, 1972), endpiece. x Preface The inspiration for this book stemmed from an unpublished manuscript by Dr. Titus Komarnicki, author of a well-known study of the rebirth of Poland, in the years 1914 to 1920,1 and editor of three of the four volumes of the papers of Jan Szembek, Polish undersecretary of state for foreign affairs from 1932 to 1939.2 The manuscript continued the story of Polish foreign policy to March 1923. After Dr. Komarnicki's death in 1967, his family asked me to prepare the work for publication. I accepted this task willingly, both because I owed him a debt of gratitude for advice and assistance in my doctoral research and because I believed, as he did, that an English-language study of key Polish foreign-policy problems in the early nineteen twenties would be useful to Western historians. The increasing availability of new sources after 1967 compelled me to devote more time to the project than I had planned, while my own interests led me to change the structure of the manuscript and to extend the period covered. Thus, I have written a new Introduction and omitted seven of the original eleven chapters, while using some of the material for new ones. Also, I have added two new chapters on the period 1924/25, because the Locarno Treaties were a more important turning point for both Poland and Europe than was Allied recognition of Poland's eastern frontier in March 1923. I would like to stress that I share most of Dr. Komarnicki's views on the nature of the problems that Poland faced in her foreign policy from 1919 to 1925. I wish to express my gratitude to the Komarnicki family for their patience, and I hope that the end result will bear out the adage "Nothing good happens fast"—which applies equally to good history and good wine. It is my hope that this book will help Western historians understand the key problems of Polish foreign policy and its objectives at this time. I trust that XI it will enable them to view Western and Eastern Europe as an interdependent whole. I wish to thank all those who, either through their published work or personally, have helped me write this book. I must first acknowledge my debt to Polish historians both in Poland and abroad. I was fortunate enough to receive my training as a diplomatic historian from Professor Piotr S. Wandycz, formerly of Indiana University, now at Yale. His meticulous scholarship has always been a model for me—though, of course, I am responsible for any errors of fact and for the opinions expressed in this book. Furthermore, without his brilliant study of Soviet-Polish relations from 1917 to 1921 and his pioneering work on France's relations with Poland and Czechoslovakia from 1919 to 1925 this book would not have been possible.3 I am greatly indebted to Professor Piotr Lossowski's excellent study of Polish- Lithuanian relations from 1918 to 1920;4 to Dr.
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