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Le Russionnaire

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Le Russionnaire HENRI DORION ARKADI TCHERKASSOV Le Russionnaire Petite encyclopédie de toutes les Russies Nous exprimons nos vifs remerciements aux personnes qui nous ont fourni de précieuses observations pour améliorer le contenu de cet ouvrage, notamment à Mme Ludmila Lvovna Batova, bibliothécaire à l’Université d’État des Sciences humaines de Russie, de même qu’aux professeurs Tatiana Mogilevskaya, directrice de la section Québec du Centre Moscou-Québec, et Alexandre Sadetsky, directeur du programme d’études russes de l’Université Laval. Révision linguistique: Karen Dorion-Coupal DISTRIBUTION EN LIBRAIRIE AU CANADA Diffusion Dimedia Index: Anik Dorion-Coupal et Clément Thériault 539, boulevard Lebeau Cartographie: Andrée Gauthier, Laboratoire de carto- Saint-Laurent (Québec) graphie, Département de géographie, Université Laval H4N 1S2 Téléphone: (514) 336-3941 Impression: AGMV Marquis Télécopie: (514) 331-3916 Photographie de la couverture: Courriel: [email protected] Geneviève Dorion-Coupal DÉPOSITAIRE EN FRANCE Conception et réalisation graphiques: Gérard Beaudry Éditions Ibis Press © Éditions MultiMondes inc., 2001 8, rue des Lyonnais ISBN 2-89544-010-7 75005 Paris FRANCE Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2001 Téléphone: 01 47 07 21 14 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001 Télécopie: 01 47 07 42 22 ÉDITIONS MULTIMONDES Courriel: [email protected] 930, rue Pouliot Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1V 3N9 DISTRIBUTION EN FRANCE CANADA Librairie du Québec à Paris Téléphone: (418) 651-3885 30, rue Gay-Lussac Téléphone sans frais depuis l’Amérique du Nord: 75005 Paris 1 800 840-3029 FRANCE Télécopie: (418) 651-6822 Téléphone: 01 43 54 49 02 Télécopie sans frais depuis l’Amérique du Nord: Télécopie: 01 43 54 39 15 1 800 303-5931 Courriel: [email protected] Internet: http://www.multim.com Les Éditions MultiMondes reconnaissent l’aide financière du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du Programme d’aide au développement de l’industrie de l’édition (PADIÉ) pour leurs activités d’édition. Elles remercient la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec (SODEC) pour son aide à l’édition et à la promotion. Gouvernement du Québec – Programme de crédit d’impôt pour l’édition de livres – Gestion SODEC À la mémoire de ma mère, née Olga Bogovaya-Malherbe (Saint-Pétersbourg, 1909 – Québec, 1994), ballerine de profession, mère, grand-mère et arrière-grand-mère par vocation, fidèle sa vie durant aux valeurs de la Russie éternelle. Henri Dorion À la mémoire de mon grand-père, Afanassi Chvyrov (Gdov, 1901 – Tartu, 1967), cordonnier de profession, intellectuel par vocation, chrétien orthodoxe et œcuméniste, patriote russe et internationaliste. Arkadi Tcherkassov Table des matières Préface de M. Jacques Lévesque ............................................................. XI Préface de M. Youri Afanassiev ............................................................. XII Introduction ......................................................................................... XV Note liminaire ..................................................................................... XIX L’alphabet russe.................................................................................. XXIII Dictionnaire alphabétique ...................................................................... 1 Index russe-français ..................................................................... 315-362 Index thématique ........................................................................ 363-386 Index géographique ..................................................................... 387-395 Cartes.......................................................................................... 397-403 Préface de M. Jacques Lévesque priori, rien ne semblerait devoir être aussi impersonnel qu’un dictionnaire ou une A encyclopédie. Et pourtant, en voici un qui reflète remarquablement la personnalité, les qualités et les affinités très particulières de ses deux auteurs. Tous deux géographes, l’un russe, l’autre québécois, le premier passionné par le Québec, le second par la Russie, Arkadi Tcherkassov et Henri Dorion ont parcouru, je dirais arpenté, ensemble et séparément, pratiquement toutes les régions de l’immense Russie. Ils ont fait la même chose au Québec. Leur intérêt, leur connaissance et leur affection pour la grande diver- sité ethnique et culturelle de la Russie et des républiques périphériques se communiquent à leurs lecteurs dans le travail qu’ils ont réalisé ici. On le voit notamment dans le choix des mots, où un soin particulier a été donné à indiquer les variations d’entendement et les différences d’interprétation de leur étymologie en fonction des disparités ethniques et culturelles de ces pays. C’est là une des originalités intéressantes du Russionnaire qui, sur bien d’autres questions, témoigne aussi de la grande curiosité intellectuelle de ses auteurs. Le Russionnaire aura de nombreuses utilités. Je pense ici en particulier et non par hasard aux étudiants québécois de science politique qui doivent faire des lectures et des travaux sur la Russie et l’ex-Union soviétique. Dans un grand nombre d’ouvrages spécialisés sur la Russie en langue française (et aussi bien en anglais), plusieurs mots russes sont devenus d’usage cou- rant. Je pense, par exemple, aux ouvrages français et américains sur la collectivisation de l’agri- culture soviétique, où il est constamment question du biedniak, du seredniak et du koulak. En se référant au Russionnaire, l’étudiant francophone en trouvera le sens précis. En retraçant dans le Russionnaire le sens de mots comme sovnarkom ou sovnarkhoze, trouvés souvent tels quels dans les ouvrages spécialisés, l’étudiant ou le lecteur verra comment la langue russe est friande de mots formés par la combinaison des premières syllabes de plusieurs mots. Bref, ce n’est pas seulement à ceux qui veulent s’engager dans l’apprentissage de la langue russe que le Russionnaire sera utile, mais aussi à tous ceux qui s’intéressent à «toutes les Russies» sous leurs différents aspects. Le Russionnaire est un produit fort sympathique de collaboration russo-québécoise. J’ai toujours cru que, pour des raisons de climat et de géographie, les Russes et les Québécois avaient non seulement des affinités, mais des sensibilités communes. Arkadi Tcherkassov et Henri Dorion en rendent témoignage ici avec leur ouvrage. Jacques Lévesque, doyen Faculté de science politique et de droit Université du Québec à Montréal Préface de M. Youri Afanassiev V mire su]estvuet bol;woe kolihestvo slovarej i /nciklopedij, posvq]ennyx Rossii, ee istorii i kul;ture. V ix rqdu Le Russionnaire zanimaet osoboe mesto. V nem sobran unikal;nyj material, xarakterizu[]ij rossijskie realii sovets- kogo i postsovetskogo perioda, svedeniq ob uhre'deniqx i ob]estvennyx ins- titutax, informaciq o narodax, naselq[]ix ee territori[ i sopredel;nye gosu- darstva, ix obyhaqx, tradiciqx, nacional;noj ode'de, kuxne, i t. d. Slovar; predstavlqet soboj ne stol;ko nauhnoe akademiheskoe izdanie, skol;ko 'ivoe i ohen; uvlekatel;noe povestvovanie o Rossii, napisannoe l[d;mi zaintere- sovannymi i prekrasno vlade[]imi materialom. V izvestnom smysle slovar; qvlqetsq analogom ^Tolkovogo slovarq 'ivogo velikorusskogo qzyka&, sobrannogo V. Dalem i u'e bolee sta let qvlq[]egosq nastol;noj knigoj dlq vsex, interesu[]ixsq russkoj kul;turoj. Slovar; mo'et byt; wiroko ispol;zovan istorikami, lingvistami, kul;turologami, /tnologami, vsemi, kto zanimaetsq istoriej Rossii, znakom s ee literaturoj. V slovare sobrana unikal;naq leksika% avtoram udalos; zafiksirovat; bytovanie ponqtij, su]estvovavwix na protq'enii korotkogo istoriheskogo perioda ili ime[]ix uzkoe rasprostranenie, naprimer, v opredelennyx kru- gax rossijskoj intelligencii. Kak /to hasto sluhaetsq, nedostatki slovarq qvlq[tsq prodol'eniem ego dostoinstv. Iz mnogix znahenij slov, bytu[]ix ili bytovavwix v rehi, vybiraetsq odno-dva, i princip otbora ohen; sub=ektiven. ?to zatrudnqet pol;zovanie slovarem kak nauhnym izdaniem, mo'et privesti k naruweni[ smysla pri prohtenii teksta. Kul;turnye kontakty me'du Kvebekom i Rossiej v poslednie gody pri- obreta[t bolee ustojhivyj xarakter, hto svidetel;stvuet o vzaimnom interese nawix narodov. Slovar;, bezuslovno, predostavlqet novye vozmo'nosti dlq bolee glubokogo ponimaniq Rossii i, nade[s;, daet impul;s dlq poqvleniq novyx rabot o Rossii, ee prowlom i nastoq]em. {rij N. Afanas;ev, akademik Rektor RGGU Moskva Préface de M. Youri Afanassiev l existe plusieurs dictionnaires et encyclopédies consacrés à la Russie, à son histoire et à sa I culture. Parmi eux, le Russionnaire occupe une place particulière. Cet ouvrage contient un matériel unique caractérisant les réalités russes des périodes soviétiques de même que pré- et postsoviétiques : renseignements sur les institutions, les organismes sociaux, les peuples de même que les territoires et les États qu’ils habitent, leurs coutumes culinaires et vestimentaires, leurs traditions. Ce dictionnaire ne constitue pas seulement une publication scientifique et acadé- mique, mais aussi une narration vivante et séduisante de la Russie développée par des auteurs qui maîtrisent fort bien leur matière. En un sens, cette Petite encyclopédie présente des analogies avec le Dictionnaire raisonné de la langue russe vivante colligé par Vladimir Dahl, qui, depuis plus de cent ans, constitue un livre de chevet pour quiconque s’intéresse à la culture russe. Le Russionnaire trouvera une large utilisation auprès des historiens, des linguistes, des ethnologues et
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