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Chapter 20 *Lecture Powerpoint the Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 20 *Lecture PowerPoint The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The route taken by the blood after it leaves the heart was a point of much confusion for many centuries – Chinese emperor Huang Ti (2697–2597 BC) believed that blood flowed in a complete circuit around the body and back to the heart – Roman physician Galen (129–c. 199) thought blood flowed back and forth like air; the liver created blood out of nutrients and organs consumed it – English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) did experimentation on circulation in snakes; birth of experimental physiology – After microscope was invented, blood and capillaries were discovered by van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi 20-2 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of a blood vessel. – Describe the different types of arteries, capillaries, and veins. – Trace the general route usually taken by the blood from the heart and back again. – Describe some variations on this route. 20-3 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillaries Artery: Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Nerve Vein Figure 20.1a (a) 1 mm © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer • Arteries carry blood away from heart • Veins -
Physiology Lessons for Use with the Biopac Student Lab Lesson 5
Physiology Lessons Lesson 5 for use with the ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY I Biopac Student Lab Components of the ECG Richard Pflanzer, Ph.D. Associate Professor Emeritus Indiana University School of Medicine Purdue University School of Science William McMullen Vice President BIOPAC Systems, Inc. BIOPAC® Systems, Inc. 42 Aero Camino, Goleta, CA 93117 (805) 685-0066, Fax (805) 685-0067 Email: [email protected] Web: www.biopac.com Manual Revision PL3.7.5 03162009 BIOPAC Systems, Inc. Page 2 Biopac Student Lab 3.7.5 I. INTRODUCTION The main function of the heart is to pump blood through two circuits: 1. Pulmonary circuit: through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide; and 2. Systemic circuit: to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide. Because the heart moves blood through two separate circuits, it is sometimes described as a dual pump. In order to beat, the heart needs three types of cells: 1. Rhythm generators, which produce an electrical signal (SA node or normal pacemaker); 2. Conductors to spread the pacemaker signal; and 3. Contractile cells (myocardium) to mechanically pump blood. The Electrical and Mechanical Sequence of a Heartbeat The heart has specialized pacemaker cells that start the electrical sequence of depolarization and repolarization. This property of cardiac tissue is called inherent rhythmicity or automaticity. The electrical signal is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) and spreads to the ventricular muscle via particular conducting pathways: internodal pathways and atrial fibers, the atrioventricular node (AV node), the bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers (Fig 5.1). -
Cardiovascular System 9
Chapter Cardiovascular System 9 Learning Outcomes On completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the car- diovascular system. 2. Explain the circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart. 3. Identify and locate the commonly used sites for taking a pulse. 4. Explain blood pressure. 5. Recognize terminology included in the ICD-10-CM. 6. Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. 7. Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. 8. Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to the cardiovascular system. 9. Identify and define selected abbreviations. 10. Apply your acquired knowledge of medical terms by successfully completing the Practical Application exercise. 255 Anatomy and Physiology The cardiovascular (CV) system, also called the circulatory system, circulates blood to all parts of the body by the action of the heart. This process provides the body’s cells with oxygen and nutritive ele- ments and removes waste materials and carbon dioxide. The heart, a muscular pump, is the central organ of the system. It beats approximately 100,000 times each day, pumping roughly 8,000 liters of blood, enough to fill about 8,500 quart-sized milk cartons. Arteries, veins, and capillaries comprise the network of vessels that transport blood (fluid consisting of blood cells and plasma) throughout the body. Blood flows through the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart, and on to the various body parts. Table 9.1 provides an at-a-glance look at the cardiovascular system. Figure 9.1 shows a schematic overview of the cardiovascular system. -
Chapter Xi the Circulatory System and Blood
CHAPTER XI THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND BLOOD Page General characterlstlcs______ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 239 of these organs are independent of the beating of The pericardium ___ __ __ __ 239 the principal heart, and their primary function is The heart. _____ __ __ 240 Physiology of the heart.______________________________________________ 242 to oscillate the blood within the pallial sinuses. Automatism of heart beat. _ 242 The pacemaker system_ 245 THE PERICARDIUM Methods of study of heart beat_____________________________________ 247 Frequency of beat___ __ __ _ 248 Extracardlac regulatlon____ __ __ _ 250 The heart is located in the pericardium, a thin Effects of mineral salts and drugs___________________________________ 251 Blood vessels_ __ ___ _ 253 walled chamber between the visceral mass and the The arterial system______ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 253 adductor muscle (fig. 71). In a live oyster the The venous system_________________________________________________ 254 location of the heart is indicated by the throbbing The accessory heart._____________ 258 The blood______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 259 of the wall of the pericardium on the left side. Color of blood_ __ __ 261 Here the pericardium wall lies directly under the The hyaline cells___________________________________________________ 261 The granular cells .______________________________________ 262 shell. On the right side the promyal chamber Specific gravity of blood____________________________________________ 265 extends down over the heart region and the mantle Serology ___ __________ __________________ ____ __ ______________________ 265 Bibliography __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 266 separates the pericardium wall from the shell. The cavity in which the heart is lodged is slightly A heart, arteries, veins, and open sinuses form asymmetrical; on the right side it extends farther the circulatory system of oysters and other bi along the anterior part of the adductor muscle valves. -
A Direct Examination of Papillary Muscle Function in the Canine Left Ventricle
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1968 A Direct Examination of Papillary Muscle Function in the Canine Left Ventricle Robert Emmet Cronin Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cronin, Robert Emmet, "A Direct Examination of Papillary Muscle Function in the Canine Left Ventricle" (1968). Master's Theses. 2081. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2081 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1968 Robert Emmet Cronin A DIRECT EXAMINATION OF PAPILLARY MUSCLE FUNCTION IN THE CANINE LEFT VENTRICLE by Robert Emmet Cronin A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science June 1968 LIFE Robert E. Cronin was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 26, 1942. He attended St. Ignatius High School, in Chicago, Illinois, and then Holy Cross College in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964. Since September, 1964, he has been a medical student at Loyola Uni versity, Stritch School of Medicine, and will receive his M.D. degree in June, 1968. For the past three years he has been enrolled in the combined Master of Science - Medical . -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Heart and Pig Heart Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human heart by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy and flow of blood through the heart. Those students participating in Pig Heart Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 9-12 • Content Standard:K-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes :Systems order and organization; Evidence, models and explanation; Form and function • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal and community health • Content Standard C, Life Science: Matter, energy and organization of living systems • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 5-8 • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry • Content Standard C, Life Science: Structure and function in living systems; Diversity and adaptations of organisms • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal Health Show Me Standards (Science and Health/Physical Education) • Science 3. Characteristics and interactions of living organisms • Health/Physical Education 1. Structures of, functions of and relationships among human body systems Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. -
Blood Vessels: Part A
Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels: Part A Blood Vessels • Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart – Arteries: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus – Capillaries: contact tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs – Veins: carry blood toward heart Structure of Blood Vessel Walls • Lumen – Central blood-containing space • Three wall layers in arteries and veins – Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa • Capillaries – Endothelium with sparse basal lamina Tunics • Tunica intima – Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels • Continuous with endocardium • Slick surface reduces friction – Subendothelial layer in vessels larger than 1 mm; connective tissue basement membrane Tunics • Tunica media – Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin – Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels • Influence blood flow and blood pressure Tunics • Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) – Collagen fibers protect and reinforce; anchor to surrounding structures – Contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels – Vasa vasorum of larger vessels nourishes external layer Blood Vessels • Vessels vary in length, diameter, wall thickness, tissue makeup • See figure 19.2 for interaction with lymphatic vessels Arterial System: Elastic Arteries • Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics • Aorta and its major branches • Large lumen offers low resistance • Inactive in vasoconstriction • Act as pressure reservoirs—expand -
Abnormalities Caused by Left Bundle Branch Block - Print Article - JAAPA
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Physician Assistant Studies Faculty Research and Physician Assistant Studies, Department Publications 12-17-2010 Abnormalities Caused by Left undB le Branch Block James F. Ginter Aurora Cardiovascular Services Patrick Loftis Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, Vol. 23, No. 12 (December 2010). Permalink. © 2010, American Academy of Physician Assistants and Haymarket Media Inc. Useded with permission. Abnormalities caused by left bundle branch block - Print Article - JAAPA http://www.jaapa.com/abnormalities-caused-by-left-bundle-branch-block/... << Return to Abnormalities caused by left bundle branch block James F. Ginter, MPAS, PA-C, Patrick Loftis, PA-C, MPAS, RN December 17 2010 One of the keys to achieving maximal cardiac output is simultaneous contraction of the atria followed by simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. The cardiac conduction system (Figure 1) coordinates the polarization and contraction of the heart chambers. As reviewed in the earlier segment of this department on right bundle branch block (RBBB), the process begins with a stimulus from the sinoatrial (SA) node. The stimulus is then slowed in the atrioventricular (AV) node, allowing complete contraction of the atria. From there, the stimulus proceeds to the His bundle and then to the left and right bundle branches. The bundle branches are responsible for delivering the stimulus to the Purkinje fibers of the left and right ventricles at the same speed, which allows simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. Bundle branch blocks are common disorders of the cardiac conduction system. They can affect the right bundle, the left bundle, or one of its branches (fascicular block), or they may occur in combination. -
Physiology of Heart Unit-4 (ZOOA-CC4-9-TH)
Physiology of Heart Unit-4 (ZOOA-CC4-9-TH) Coronary Circulation: The heart muscle, like every other organ or tissue in your body, needs oxygen-rich blood to survive. Blood is supplied to the heart by its own vascular system, called coronary circulation. The aorta (the main blood supplier to the body) branches off into two main coronary blood vessels (also called arteries). These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart is smaller because it pumps blood only to the lungs. The left coronary artery, which branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery, supplies blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is larger and more muscular because it pumps blood to the rest of the body. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously. Therefore its circulation is of major importance not only to its own tissues but to the entire body and even the level of consciousness of the brain from moment to moment. -
4B. the Heart (Cor) 1
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 4b. The Heart (Cor) 1 The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig. 490). It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the left than into the right half of the thoracic cavity, so that about one-third of it is situated on the right and two-thirds on the left of the median plane. Size.—The heart, in the adult, measures about 12 cm. in length, 8 to 9 cm. in breadth at the 2 broadest part, and 6 cm. in thickness. Its weight, in the male, varies from 280 to 340 grams; in the female, from 230 to 280 grams. The heart continues to increase in weight and size up to an advanced period of life; this increase is more marked in men than in women. Component Parts.—As has already been stated (page 497), the heart is subdivided by 3 septa into right and left halves, and a constriction subdivides each half of the organ into two cavities, the upper cavity being called the atrium, the lower the ventricle. The heart therefore consists of four chambers, viz., right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The division of the heart into four cavities is indicated on its surface by grooves. The atria 4 are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (auriculoventricular groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery. -
Blood Vessels
BLOOD VESSELS Blood vessels are how blood travels through the body. Whole blood is a fluid made up of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. It supplies the body with oxygen. SUPERIOR AORTA (AORTIC ARCH) VEINS & VENA CAVA ARTERIES There are two basic types of blood vessels: veins and arteries. Veins carry blood back to the heart and arteries carry blood from the heart out to the rest of the body. Factoid! The smallest blood vessel is five micrometers wide. To put into perspective how small that is, a strand of hair is 17 micrometers wide! 2 BASIC (ARTERY) BLOOD VESSEL TUNICA EXTERNA TUNICA MEDIA (ELASTIC MEMBRANE) STRUCTURE TUNICA MEDIA (SMOOTH MUSCLE) Blood vessels have walls composed of TUNICA INTIMA three layers. (SUBENDOTHELIAL LAYER) The tunica externa is the outermost layer, primarily composed of stretchy collagen fibers. It also contains nerves. The tunica media is the middle layer. It contains smooth muscle and elastic fiber. TUNICA INTIMA (ELASTIC The tunica intima is the innermost layer. MEMBRANE) It contains endothelial cells, which TUNICA INTIMA manage substances passing in and out (ENDOTHELIUM) of the bloodstream. 3 VEINS Blood carries CO2 and waste into venules (super tiny veins). The venules empty into larger veins and these eventually empty into the heart. The walls of veins are not as thick as those of arteries. Some veins have flaps of tissue called valves in order to prevent backflow. Factoid! Valves are found mainly in veins of the limbs where gravity and blood pressure VALVE combine to make venous return more 4 difficult. -
Euler's Elastica-Based Biomechanics of the Papillary Muscle
materials Article Euler’s Elastica-Based Biomechanics of the Papillary Muscle Approximation in Ischemic Mitral Valve Regurgitation: A Simple 2D Analytical Model Francesco Nappi 1,*, Angelo Rosario Carotenuto 2, Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh 3, Christos Mihos 4 and Massimiliano Fraldi 2 1 Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint-Denis, Paris 36 Rue des Moulins Gmeaux, 93200 Saint-Denis, France 2 Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (A.R.C.); [email protected] (M.F.) 3 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK; [email protected] 4 Columbia University Division of Cardiology at the Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-149-334-104; Fax: +33-149-334-119 Received: 16 March 2019; Accepted: 30 April 2019; Published: 9 May 2019 Abstract: Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) occurs as an adverse consequence of left ventricle remodeling post-myocardial infarction. A change in mitral valve configuration with an imbalance between closing and tethering forces underlie this pathological condition. These abnormalities lead to impaired leaflet coaptation and a variable degree of mitral regurgitation, which can in turn influence the ventricular filling status, the heart rhythm and the afterload regardless of the residual ischemic insult. The IMR correction can be pursued through under-sizing mitral annuloplasty and papillary muscle approximation to restore the mitral valve and left ventricle physiological geometry to, consequently, achieve normalization of the engaged physical forces. Because the structures involved undergo extremely large deformations, a biomechanics model based on the Euler’s Elastica –the mitral leaflet– interlaced with nonlinear chordae tendineae anchored on papillary muscles has been constructed to elucidate the interactions between closing and tethering forces.