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Mercury Isotope Fractionation During Ore Retorting in the Almadén Mining District, Spain

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Mercury Isotope Fractionation During Ore Retorting in the Almadén Mining District, Spain Chemical Geology 357 (2013) 150–157 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo Mercury isotope fractionation during ore retorting in the Almadén mining district, Spain John E. Gray a,⁎, Michael J. Pribil a, Pablo L. Higueras b a U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225, USA b Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almadén, Spain article info abstract Article history: Almadén, Spain, is the world's largest mercury (Hg) mining district, which has produced over 250,000 metric Received 28 May 2013 tons of Hg representing about 30% of the historical Hg produced worldwide. The objective of this study was to Received in revised form 20 August 2013 0 measure Hg isotopic compositions of cinnabar ore, mine waste calcine (retorted ore), elemental Hg (Hg (L)), Accepted 22 August 2013 and elemental Hg gas (Hg0 ), to evaluate potential Hg isotopic fractionation. Almadén cinnabar ore δ202Hg Available online 30 August 2013 (g) varied from −0.92 to 0.15‰ (mean of −0.56‰, σ = 0.35‰, n = 7), whereas calcine was isotopically heavier δ202 − ‰ ‰ ‰ σ ‰ δ202 Editor: J. Fein and Hg ranged from 0.03 to 1.01 (mean of 0.43 , =0.44 ,n = 8).Theaverage Hg enrichment of 0.99‰ between cinnabar ore and calcines generated during ore retorting indicated Hg isotopic mass depen- Keywords: dent fractionation (MDF). Mass independent fractionation (MIF) was not observed in any of the samples in Mercury isotopes this study. Laboratory retorting experiments of cinnabar also were carried out to evaluate Hg isotopic fractionation 0 0 0 Retorting of products generated during retorting such as calcine, Hg (L),andHg(g). Calcine and Hg (L) generated during Cinnabar ore these retorting experiments showed an enrichment in δ202Hg of as much as 1.90‰ and 0.67‰, respectively, com- Mine waste calcine 202 0 pared to the original cinnabar ore. The δ Hg for Hg (g) generated during the retorting experiments was as much Mass dependent fractionation as 1.16‰ isotopically lighter compared to cinnabar, thus, when cinnabar ore was roasted, the resultant calcines 0 formed were isotopically heavier, whereas the Hg (g) generated was isotopically lighter in Hg isotopes. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction by-product compounds such as calomel (Hg2Cl2), corderoite (Hg3S2Cl2), montroydite (HgO), kleinite (Hg2N(Cl,SO4)·n(H2O)), terlinguaite + 2+ Areas in and around Hg mines contain some of the highest concentra- (Hg Hg ClO), gianellaite (Hg4(SO4)N2), and schuetteite (Hg3(SO4)O2) tions of Hg worldwide (Gosar et al., 1997; Rytuba, 2000; Bailey et al., in calcine (Kim et al., 2000; Gray et al., 2010). Calcine samples in the 2002; Gray et al., 2003; Feng and Qiu, 2008). Active and inactive Hg Almadén district were reported to contain about 99% cinnabar + 0 mines are of potential environmental concern because of high concen- metacinnabar + Hg (L), and thus, other minor by-product Hg com- trations of Hg (N1% in some areas) present in discarded mine wastes, in- pounds comprise b1% of the total Hg in Almadén calcine (Gray et al., cluding calcine at these sites (Gray et al., 2000; Higueras et al., 2003; Lin 2010). et al., 2010; Rimondi et al., 2012; Yin et al., 2013). Cinnabar (hexagonal, The world's largest Hg mining district is Almadén, Spain, which has HgS) is the dominant Hg-bearing ore mineral in Hg mines worldwide, produced over 250,000 metric tons of Hg during more than 2000 years 0 although minor Hg (L), and metacinnabar (HgS, isometric) constitute of mining, representing about 30% of the total Hg produced worldwide ore in some deposits including Almadén (Gray et al., 2004; Stetson (Hernandez et al., 1999). Mining of ore at Almadén ceased in May 2002, et al., 2009). Extraction of Hg during mining is generally carried out in but retorting of stockpiled cinnabar ore continued into February 2004 a retort or a rotary furnace where cinnabar ore is heated to temperatures (Gray et al., 2004). Considerable research has been carried out in the 0 of 600–700 °C, which converts cinnabar to Hg (L),thefinal product sold Almadén mining district to evaluate Hg distribution, speciation, and commercially. Retorting of Hg-bearing ore is known to be an incomplete local effects to the environment (Berzas Nevado et al., 2003; Gray et al., process, and as a result, calcine found at most Hg mines contains 2004; Bernaus et al., 2006; Higueras et al., 2006; Esbrí et al., 2010; Llanos 0 unconverted cinnabar, Hg (L), metacinnabar, and other Hg by-product et al., 2011). However, no studies have attempted to evaluate Hg isotopic compounds formed during ore retorting (Kim et al., 2000; Kim et al., fractionation in ore or mine wastes generated during ore processing at 2003; Gray et al., 2010). Studies have reported the presence of minor Almadén. Analytical methods for the precise and accurate measure- ment of the stable isotopes of Hg have been developed using multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP- MS) (Hintelmann and Lu, 2003; Foucher and Hintelmann, 2006; Blum ⁎ Corresponding author at: U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Tel.: +1 303 236 2446; fax: +1 303 2363200. and Bergquist, 2007). Using these analytical techniques, previous studies E-mail address: [email protected] (J.E. Gray). have shown a wide variation of Hg isotopic compositions in Hg ores 0009-2541/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.036 J.E. Gray et al. / Chemical Geology 357 (2013) 150–157 151 (Hintelmann and Lu, 2003; Smith et al., 2005; Stetson et al., 2009). In ad- consisted dominantly of calcine (~90%), with lesser rock fragments dition, Hg isotopic compositions of hydrothermal or volcanic emissions (~10%), and minor organic matter (~1–2%). All solid samples were (Smith et al., 2008; Sonke et al., 2008; Sherman et al., 2009; Zambardi hand ground with a mortar and pestle prior to chemical digestion and et al., 2009) and those interpreted to be of atmospheric origin (Ghosh Hg isotopic analysis. et al., 2008; Bergquist and Blum, 2009; Carignan et al., 2009; Gratz et al., 2010; Gray et al., 2013) have also been reported. However, there has 2.2. MC-ICP-MS analysis 0 been no direct measurement of the Hg isotopic composition of Hg (g) formed during cinnabar ore retorting. Isotopic analysis of Hg was carried out at the U.S. Geological Survey Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretomeasuretheisotopiccomposition (USGS) in Denver, Colorado, using a Nu Instruments HR® MC-ICP-MS. 0 of Hg in (1) cinnabar from the Almadén Hg mining district and other Cinnabar, Hg (L), calcine, schuetteite, and soil samples for Hg isotopic cinnabar deposits in Spain to evaluate the isotopic variability within analysis were digested using concentrated HNO3 and HCl (9:1) following o these deposits; (2) calcine, soil, Hg (L), and the mineral schuetteite to a method similar to that previously described (Foucher and Hintelmann, evaluate potential isotopic fractionation during ore retorting; and 2006). For samples with high organic matter such as soil, 1 mL of con- 0 0 (3) cinnabar ore, calcine, Hg (L),andHg (g) formed during laboratory centrated H2O2 was added slowly to assist in the digestion of organic ma- retorting experiments to directly evaluate isotopic fractionation of terial. The samples were heated on a hot plate at 80 ºC for 2–4huntilthe Hg resulting from cinnabar roasting. The laboratory retorting experi- formation of NOx gasses ceased and then the samples were diluted with ments were designed to replicate large-scale cinnabar retorting typically 18 MΩ MilliQ water. carried out at Hg mines worldwide. Other studies have measured the Hg The Hg isotopic compositions were determined by a cold vapor (CV) isotopic compositions of cinnabar ore and mine waste calcine and have generation method using a CETAC HGX-200 unit attached to the MC- suggested Hg isotopic fractionation during cinnabar ore retorting (Smith ICP-MS. Argon carrier gas was introduced into the CV generation system et al., 2008; Stetson et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2013). However, the labora- at a flow rate of 55–65 mL/min and a 3% w/v solution of SnCl2 was used tory retort experiments are the first of this kind carried out as there as the reductant (Foucher and Hintelmann, 2006). The acidified Hg- are no known similar studies reported in the scientific literature bearing solution was introduced at a flow rate of about 1.0 mL/min. 0 where there has been direct Hg isotopic measurement of the Hg (L) Instrumental mass bias was monitored and corrected using the ex- 0 and Hg (g) products formed during cinnabar ore retorting. ponential law with the SRM NIST 997 Tl isotope standard solution with a 205Tl/203Tl value of 2.3871 (Foucher and Hintelmann, 2006). The NIST 997 Tl solution was introduced to the Hg0 sample flow for 2. Methods every sample just after the glass liquid separator via a desolvating nebulizer (Nu DSN 100). An Ar makeup gas flow of approximately 2.1. Sample collection and preparation 80 mL/min was added prior to introduction into the plasma. The isoto- pic compositions of Hg were acquired using a single block of 30 cycles Samples were collected from various locations in the Almadén dis- with a 10 second integration per cycle for a total data acquisition time trict (Fig. 1,38°47′N, 4°51′W) and some Hg0 and cinnabar samples (L) of 5 min per sample. The sensitivity of the MC-ICP-MS for 202Hg was were from archived collections.
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