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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Mercury--Quicksilver
scueu« No. 12 Mineral Technology Series No 6 University of Arizona Bulletin Mercury---Quicksilver By P. E. JOSEPH SECOND ISSUE NOVEMBER, 1916. Entered as second class matter November 2:1, 191~, at the postoftice at Tucson, Arizona. under the Act ot August 24, 1912. Issued weekb". September to Ya)·. PUBLISHED BY THE University of Arizona Bureau of Mines CHARLES F. WILLIS, Director TUCSON, ARIZONA 1916-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bancroft, Howland. Notes on the occurrence of cinnabar in central western Arizona. U. S. G. S. Bull. 430, pp. 151-153, 1910. Becker, G. F. Geology of- the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific slope, with atlas. Mon. 13, p. 486, 1888. Only the atlas in stock. Quicksilver Ore Deposits; Mineral Resources U. S. for 1892, pp. 139-168, 1893. Christy, S. B. Quicksilver reduction at New Almaden, Cal. Min- eral Resources U. S. for 1883-1884, pp. 603-636, 1885. Hillebrand, W. F., and Schaller, W. T. Mercury miner-als from Terlingua, Tex. U. S. G. S. Bull. 405, pp. 174, 1909. McCaskey, H. D. Quicksilver in 1912; Mineral Resources U. S. for 1912, Pt. 1, pp. 931-948, 1913. Quicksilver in 1913-Production and Resources; Mineral Resources U. S. for 1913, Pt. 1, pp. 197-212, 1914. Melville, W. H., and Lindgren, Waldemar. Contributions to the mineralogy of the Pacific coast. U. S. G. S. Bull. 61, 30 pp., 1890. Parker, E. W. Quicksilver; Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. G. S., Pt. 6, pp. 273-283, 1901. University of Arizona Bulletin BULLETIN No. 12 SECOND ISSUE, NOVEMBER, 1916 MERCURY-QUICKSILVER By P. -
Alamosite Pbsio3 C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic
Alamosite PbSiO3 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2=m: Crystals ¯brous [010]; as radiating aggregates and balls, to 7.5 cm. k Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on 010 . Hardness = 4.5 D(meas.) = 6.488(3) D(calc.) = [6.30] f g Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless to white, cream, or light gray. Luster: Adamantine. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Orientation: Y = b. Dispersion: r < v; strong, weak inclined. ® = 1.945{1.947 ¯ = 1.955{1.961 ° = 1.959{1.968 2V(meas.) = 65± Cell Data: Space Group: P 2=n: a = 12.247 b = 7.059 c = 11.236 ¯ = 113:12± Z = 12 X-ray Powder Pattern: Tsumeb, Namibia. 3.34 (100), 3.56 (95), 3.53 (75), 2.300 (75), 3.23 (70), 2.987 (70), 3.25 (60) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) SiO2 21.11 20.01 21.21 Al2O3 0.09 FeO 0.09 0.18 MnO 0.02 PbO 78.13 78.95 78.79 CaO trace 0.09 insol: 0.61 Total 99.94 99.34 100.00 (1) Alamos, Mexico. (2) Tsumeb, Namibia; by electron microprobe. (3) PbSiO3: Occurrence: As a rare secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of lead-bearing base metal deposits. Association: Wulfenite, leadhillite, cerussite (Alamos, Mexico); leadhillite, anglesite, melanotekite, °eischerite, kegelite, hematite (Tsumeb, Namibia); diaboleite, phosgenite, cerussite, wulfenite, willemite (Tiger, Arizona, USA); melanotekite, shattuckite, wickenburgite (Rawhide mine, Arizona, USA). Distribution: From Mexico, in Sonora, at Alamos, and the San Pascual mine, near Zimap¶an, Hidalgo. In the USA, from Arizona, in the Mammoth-St. -
A Multi-Methodological Study of Kurnakovite: a Potential B-Rich 2 Aggregate 3 4 G
1 A multi-methodological study of kurnakovite: a potential B-rich 2 aggregate 3 4 G. Diego Gatta1, Alessandro Guastoni2, Paolo Lotti1, Giorgio Guastella3, 5 Oscar Fabelo4 and Maria Teresa Fernandez-Diaz4 6 7 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, 8 Via Botticelli 23, I-20133 Milano, Italy 9 2Dipartmento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, 10 Via G. Gradenigo 6, I-35131, Padova, Italy 11 3Agenzia delle Dogane e dei Monopoli, Direzione Regionale per la Lombardia, 12 Laboratorio e Servizi Chimici, Via Marco Bruto 14, I-20138 Milan, Italy 13 4Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France 14 15 16 Abstract 17 The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of kurnakovite from Kramer Deposit (Kern 18 County, California), ideally MgB3O3(OH)5·5H2O, was investigated by single-crystal neutron 19 diffraction (data collected at 293 and 20 K) and by a series of analytical techniques aimed to determine 20 its chemical composition. The concentration of more than 50 elements was measured. The empirical 21 formula of the sample used in this study is: Mg0.99(Si0.01B3.00)Σ3.01O.3.00(OH)5·4.98H2O. The fraction 22 of rare earth elements (REE) and other minor elements is, overall, insignificant. Even the fluorine 23 content, as potential OH-group substituent, is insignificant (i.e., ~ 0.008 wt%). The neutron structure 24 model obtained in this study, based on intensity data collected at 293 and 20 K, shows that the 25 structure of kurnakovite contains: [BO2(OH)]-groups in planar-triangular coordination (with the B- 2 26 ions in sp electronic configuration), [BO2(OH)2]-groups in tetrahedral coordination (with the B-ions 3 27 in sp electronic configuration), and Mg(OH)2(H2O)4-octahedra, connected in (neutral) 28 Mg(H2O)4B3O3(OH)5 units forming infinite chains running along [001]. -
38Th RMS Program Notes
E.fu\wsoil 'og PROGRAM Thursday Evening, April 14, 2011 PM 4:00-6:00 Cocktails and Snacks – Hospitality Suite 400 (4th Floor) 6:00-7:45 Dinner – Baxter’s 8:00-9:15 THE GUALTERONI COLLECTION: A TIME CAPSULE FROM A CENTURY AGO – Dr. Renato Pagano In 1950, the honorary curator of the Museum of Natural History in Genoa first introduced Dr. Renato Pagano to mineral collecting as a Boy Scout. He has never looked back. He holds a doctorate in electrical engineering and had a distinguished career as an Italian industrialist. His passion for minerals has produced a collection of more than 13,000 specimens, with both systematic and aesthetic subcollections. His wife Adriana shares his passion for minerals and is his partner in collecting and curating. An excellent profile of Renato, Adriana, and their many collections appeared earlier this year in Mineralogical Record (42:41-52). Tonight Dr. Pagano will talk about an historic mineral collection assembled between 1861 and 1908 and recently acquired intact by the Museum of Natural History of Milan. We most warmly welcome Dr. Renato Pagano back to the speakers’ podium. 9:15 Cocktails and snacks in the Hospitality Suite on the 4th floor will be available throughout the rest of the evening. Dealers’ rooms will be open at this time. All of the dealers are located on the 4th floor. Friday Morning, April 15, 2011 AM 9:00 Announcements 9:15-10:15 CRACKING THE CODE OF PHLOGOPITE DEPOSITS IN QUÉBEC (PARKER MINE), MADAGASCAR (AMPANDANDRAVA) AND RUSSIA (KOVDOR) – Dr. Robert F. Martin Robert François Martin is an emeritus professor of geology at McGill University in Montreal. -
A (Sixth) List of New Mineral Names
352 A (sixth) list of new mineral names: By L. J. Srv.Nc~a, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the Mineral Department of the British Museum. [Communicated March 11, 1918.] Achla,~ite. (R. Koechlin, l~iineralogisches Taschenbuch der Wiener Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, 1911, pp. 12, 62 ; Min. Petr. Mitt., 1912, vol. xxxi, p. 91 (Achiardit).) Synonym of Dachiardite (G. D'Achiardi, 1906; 4th list). Aohlusite. W.F. Petterd, 1910. Catalogue of the Minerals of Tasmania, 8rd edit., Hobart, 1910, p. 191; Papers Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1910, p. 191. A green alteration product of topaz resembling steatite in appearance, but near soda-mica in composition. Derivation not stated, but no doubt from ~X~.J~, mist, alluding to the cloudy alteration of the clear topaz. Aomite-augite. F. Zambonini, 1910. Mineralogia Vesuviana. Mere. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. Napoli, vol. xiv, pp. 158, 155 (acmlteaugite). The same as aegirine-augite (H. Rosenbusch, 1902 ; 2nd List), but brown in colour. Aegerite. (~Jineral Resources U.S. Geol. Survey, for 1910, 1911, part ii, p. 886.) Trade-name for a bitumen allied to elaterite. Aconite. (Mineral Resources U.S. Geol. Survey, for 1909, 1911, part ii, p. 738.) Trade-name for a bitumen very similar to elaterite. Albanite. C. I. Istrati and M. A. Mihailescu, 1912. Bul. Soc. Rem~ne ,Sti., vol. xx, p. 626. A bituminous material from Alt~nia. Alleharite. B. Je~.ek, 1912. Zeits. Kryst. Min., vol. li, p. 275 (Alleharit). Small, acicular, orthorhombic crystals, resembling stibnite in appearance, found with vrbaite (q.v.) on specimens of realgar and i Previous lists of this series have been given at the ends of vols. -
Volborthite Cu3v2o7(OH)2 • 2H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Volborthite Cu3V2O7(OH)2 • 2H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic, pseudohexagonal. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as rosettelike aggregates of scaly crystals, which may have a hexagonal or triangular outline, to 5 mm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: One, perfect. Hardness = 3.5 D(meas.) = 3.5–3.8 D(calc.) = 3.52 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Dark olive-green, green, yellowish green; green to yellowish green in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous, oily, resinous, waxy, pearly on the cleavage. Optical Class: Biaxial (–) or biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Faint. Dispersion: r<v,r>v, inclined. α = 1.820–2.01 β = 1.835–2.05 γ = 1.92–2.07 2V(meas.) = 63◦–83◦ Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m. a = 10.610(2) b = 5.866(1) c = 7.208(1) β =95.04(2)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Monument No. 1 mine, Arizona, USA. 7.16 (10), 2.643 (7), 2.571 (7), 2.389 (7), 4.103 (5), 3.090 (5), 2.998 (5) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) V2O5 36.65 38.32 CuO 48.79 50.29 SiO2 1.37 H2O [11.49] 11.39 V2O3 1.70 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Scrava mine, Italy; by electron microprobe; V2O3 assumed for charge balance, H2Oby 5+ 3+ • • difference; corresponds to Cu2.89V1.90V0.11Si0.11O7(OH)2 2H2O. (2) Cu3V2O7(OH)2 2H2O. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits. Association: Brochantite, malachite, atacamite, tangeite, chrysocolla, barite, gypsum. Distribution: In Russia, originally from an unknown locality; later identified at the Sofronovskii copper mine, near Perm, and at Syssersk and Nizhni Tagil, Ural Mountains. -
Subject Index, Volume 83, 1998
American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 1377–1385, 1998 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUME 83, 1998 Actinolite 458 jadeitic pyroxene 273 Arsenic model compounds 553 AFM lithium disilicate 1008 Arsenopyrite 316 illite-smectite 762 magnesiowüstite 794 ASH system 881 nucleation and growth 147 MgMgAl-pumpellyite 220 Atmospheric CO2 1503 2+ 3+ Agrell, Stuart O., memorial of 666 Mn (Fe, Mn) 2 O4 786 Augite 419, 434 Albite glass 1141 monazite 248 Awards Al-Fe perovskite (MgSiO3) 947 monazite-(Ce) 259 Mineralogical Society of America, ac - Allanite 248 muscovite 535 ceptance of 917 Allende meteorite 970 muscovite-phengite 775 Mineralogical Society of America, pre- Almandite 1293 offretite 577 sentation of 916 27Al MAS NMR olivine 546 Roebling Medal, acceptance of 914 Al2O3+B2O3+SiO2 ± H2O 638 omphacite 419 Roebling Medal, presentation of 912 AlSiO3OH 881 paranite-(Y) 1100 B8/anti-B8 451 Ammonium illilte 58 phase egg 881 B8-FeO 451 Analcime 339, 746 phosphovanadylilte 889 Bacteria 1583 Analysis, chemical (mineral) pyrope 323, 1293 Bacterial surfaces 1399 almandite 1293 pyroxene 491 Bacterial synthesis of greigite 1469 andradite 835 rossmanite 896 Band Gap 865 anorthite 1209 rubicline 1335 Bamfordite 172 apatite 240, 1122 scandiobabingtonite 1330 Basaltic andesite 36 arsenopyrite 316 scheelite 1100 BaTi5Fe6MgO19 1323 augite 419 schorl 848 Benyacarite 400 bamfordite 172 sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite 668 Berezanskite 907 biogenic magnetite 1409 sorosite 901 Bioaccumulation 1503 boralsilite 638 spessartine 1293 Biogenic magnetite 1409 bornite 1231 titanite 1168 Biogeochemistry 1418, 1494, 1593, 1426 brabantite 259 tourmaline 535, 638, 848 Biomineralization 1454, 1510 brucite 68 tremolite–actinolite–ferro-actinolite 458 Birnessite 305 buergerite 848 tschörtnerite 607 Boehmite 1209 Ca-amphibole 952 wüstite 451 Book reviews caleite 1510, 1503 xenotime 1302 Carey, J.William: Thermodynamics carbon 918 yvonite 383 of Natural Systems. -
Inyoite Cab3o3(OH)5 • 4H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Inyoite CaB3O3(OH)5 • 4H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as crystals, short prismatic along [001], tabular on {001}, exhibiting prominent {110} and {001} and a dozen other minor forms, to 2.5 cm; in cockscomb aggregates of pseudorhombohedral crystals; also coarse spherulitic, granular. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, good; {010}, distinct. Fracture: Irregular. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 1.875 D(calc.) = 1.87 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Transparent, translucent on dehydration. Color: Colorless, white on dehydration. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: Y = b; X ∧ c =37◦; Z ∧ c = –53◦. Dispersion: r< v, slight. α = 1.490–1.495 β = 1.501–1.505 γ = 1.516–1.520 2V(meas.) = 70◦–86◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a. a = 10.621(1)) b = 12.066(1) c = 8.408(1) β = 114◦1.2◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Monte Azul mine, Argentina. 7.67 (100), 2.526 (25), 3.368 (22), 1.968 (22), 2.547 (21), 3.450 (20), 2.799 (19) Chemistry: (1) (2) B2O3 37.44 37.62 CaO 20.42 20.20 + H2O 9.46 − H2O 32.46 H2O 42.18 rem. 0.55 Total 100.33 100.00 • (1) Hillsborough, Canada; remnant is gypsum. (2) CaB3O3(OH)5 4H2O. Occurrence: Along fractures and nodular in sedimentary borate deposits; may be authigenic in playa sediments. Association: Meyerhofferite, colemanite, priceite, hydroboracite, ulexite, gypsum. Distribution: In the USA, in California, from an adit on Mount Blanco, Furnace Creek district, Death Valley, Inyo Co., and in the Kramer borate deposit, Boron, Kern Co. -
New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI. -
L'leve~Th List of New Mineral Na~Es. ~
556 L'leve~th list of new mineral na~es. ~ By L. J. SPENCER, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. Keeper of Minerals ia the British Museum (Natural History). [Communicated June 12~ 1928.] Ajkaite. (L. Zeehmeister, Math. Termdszettud. ~:rtesitS, Badapest, 1926, vol. 43, p. 332 (ajkait); L. Zechmeister and V. Vrab~ly, Per. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 1926, vol. 59, Abt. B, p. 1426). The same as ajkite (Bull. Soc. Min. France, 1878, vol. 1, p. 126 ; abstract from... ?). A fossil resin containing 1-5 ~ sulphur and no succinic acid, from Ajka, com. Veszpr~m, Hungary. [M.A. 3-362.] Albiclase. A. N. Winchell, 1925. Journ. Geol. Chicago, vol. 83, p. 726 ; Elements of optical mineralogy, 2nd edit., 1927, pt. 2, p. 319. P. Niggli, Lehrbuch Min., 1926, vol. 2, p. 536 (Albiklas). A contrac- tion of albite-oligoclase for felspars of the plagioclase series ranging in composition from Ab~Anlo to AbsoAn~o. Allite. tL Harrassowitz, 1926. Laterit, Material und Versuch erdgesehichtlicher Auswertung, Berlin 1926, p. 255 (Allit, plur. Allite). A rock-name to include both bauxite and laterite. Later (Metall und Erz, Halle, ]927, vol. 24, p. 589) bauxite with A1208. H~O is distinguished as monohydrallite (Monohydrallit) and laterite with Al~0s.3H20 as trihydrallite (Trihydrallit). These, although suggestive of mineral- names (and given so i~ error in Chem. Zentr., 1926, vol. 1, p. 671), are proposed as rock-names ; from aluminium and M~o~. Similarly, siallites (1926, p. 252, Siallit, from Si, A1, M0o~), to include kaolinite and allo- phanite, are rocks composed of the aluminium silicates kaolin and allophane. -
Alphabetical List
LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst