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A Handbook of Patrology HANDBOOK PATHOLOGY BY THE REV. J. TIXERONT, D.D. 1 -~i "Z-J AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION, BASED UPON THE FOURTH FRENCH EDITION SECOND EDITION 2 ^Qf ? B. HERDER BOOK CO. 17 SOUTH BROADWAY, ST. Louis, Mo. AND 68, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, W. C. 1923 NIHIL OBSTAT Sti. Ludovici, die 15. Sept. 1920 F. G. Holweck, Censor Librorum IMPRIMATUR Sti. Ludovici, die 16. Sept. 1920 ^Joannes J. Glennon, Archicpiscopus Sti. Ludovici Copyright, 1920 by Joseph Gummersbach All rights reserved Printed in U. S. A. VAIL-BALLOU COMPANY CONTENTS PACE INTRODUCTION i 1. Preliminary Remarks The Purpose of this Book . I 2. Main Works on Patrology and on the History of Ancient Christian Literature 3 3. Principal Patrological Collections 6 FIRST PERIOD. BEGINNING AND GROWTH OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE THE FATHERS OF THE FIRST THREE CEN TURIES 9 Section I. The Apostolic Fathers 9 1. St. Clement 10 2. St. Ignatius 13 3. St. Polycarp and the Acts of His Martyrdom . 16 4. Pseudo-Barnabas 18 5. The Doctrine of the Twelve Apostles (Didache) . 19 6. The Homily Called Second Epistle of St. Clement . 21 7. The Shepherd of Hennas 23 8. Papias and the Presbyters . .. ........ .27 9. The Apostles Creed 28 Section II. The Apologists of the Second Century Gen eral Survey -.31 1. Lost Apologies Aristides of Athens 33 2. St. Justin Martyr 35 3. Tatian 40 4. Athenagoras 43 5. Theophilus of Antioch 45 6. The Letter to Diognetus 47 7. Hermias 48 8. Minucius Felix 49 Section III. The Heretical and Apocryphal Literature of the Second Century 52 1. Judeo-Christian Literature 52 2. Gnostic Literature ............. 54 3. Montanistic Literature ........... 61 CONTENTS PAGI 4. Apocryphal Literature Christian Apocrypha of the Old Testament 61 5. The Apocrypha of the New Testament The Gospels . 63 6. Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 68 7. Apocryphal Epistles 72 8. Apocryphal Apocalypses 73 Section IV. The Opponents of Heresy in the Second Century 75 1. The Anti-Gnostic Writers Hegesippus 75 2. St. Irenaeus 77 3. Anti-Montanistic and Other Writers 80 Section V. The Oriental Writers of the Third Century . 83 1. Alexandrians and Egyptians Clement 84 2. Origen 89 3. Dionysius of Alexandria and Other Lesser Authors . 97 4. Syro-Palestinians Julius Africanus Pamphilus and Less Important Authors 100 5. Anonymous and Disciplinary Writings 103 6. Writers of Asia Minor St. Gregory Thaumaturgus Methodius 105 Section VI. Western Writers of the Third Century ... 109 1. African Writers Tertullian 109 2. St. Cyprian 120 3. Commodianus and Anonymous Contemporary Writers . 123 4. Arnobius and Lactantius 125 1 S . Roman Writers St. Hippolytus 128 6. Novatian and the Popes of the Third Century .... 132 Writers of 7. Gaul and Pannonia Victorinus of Pettau . 134 Appendix to Part I. The Acts of the Martyrs 136 SECOND PERIOD. THE GOLDEN AGE OF PATRISTIC LITERATURE (313-461) .... J 39 Section I. Greek Heterodox Literature 141 1. The Arians 141 2. Apollinaris and His Disciples 146 3. Nestorius and the Nestorians 150 Section II. The Writers of Alexandria and Egypt . .152 1. St. Athanasius 152 2. Didymus the Blind . 158 CONTENTS PAGE 3. St. Cyril of Alexandria 160 4. Less Important Authors Bishops and Monks . 164 Section III. Writers of Asia Minor and Thrace .... 169 1. St. Basil 169 2. St. Gregory of Nazianzus 173 3. St. Gregory of Nyssa 175 4. St. Amphilochius 179 5. Historians and Hagiographers 181 6. Lesser Writers 182 Section IV. Writers of Antioch and Syria 185 1. Eusebius of Caesarea 185 2. St. Cyril of Jerusalem 191 3. St. Epiphanius * 192 4. Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia . 194 5. St. John Chrysostom 200 6. Theodoret and the Group of Oriental Writers .... 205 7. Lesser Authors 208 8. The Apostolic Constitutions and Other Disciplinary Writings 213 Section V. Syriac Writers 216 1. Aphraates and St. Ephraem 216 2. Lesser Writers 220 Section VI. Western Writers 223 1. Heterodox Writers 223 2. St. Hilary 227 3. Other Opponents of Arianism 230 4. The Opponents of Novatianism, Donatism, and Priscil- lianism 233 5. St. Ambrose and the Bishops of the End of the Fourth Century 235 6. Historians and Chronographers Rufinus Sulpicius Severus 241 7. Poets Prudentius St. Paulinus of Nola .... 246 8. St. Jerome 253 9. St. Augustine 259 10. Disciples and Friends of St. Augustine St. Prosper of Aquitania 269 n. The Writers of Southern Gaul Cassian 272 12. St. Leo and the Italian Writers from 400-461 .... 276 CONTENTS PAGE THIRD PERIOD. DECLINE AND END OF PATRISTIC LITERATURE (461-750) 281 Section I. Greek Writers 283 1. Heretical Writers Severus of Antioch 283 2. Dionysius, the Pseudo-Areopagite 287 3. The Opponents of Monophysitism Leontius of Byzan tium 290 4. The Opponents of Monothelitism St. Maximus Con fessor 296 5 . Exegetes and Orators 299 6. Historians and Hagiographers Evagrius 302 Ascetic 7. Writers and Canonists St. John Climacus . 306 8. Poets 308 9. Defenders of the Sacred Images St. John of Damascus 312 Section II. Syrian and Armenian Writers 319 1. Syrian Writers 319 2. Armenian Writers 327 Section III. Latin Writers 332 1. Gallo-Romans and Gallo-Franks Theologians, Homi- lists, and Moralists St. Caesarius of Aries . 332 2. Historians and Hagiographers Gregory of Tours . 337 3. Poets St. Apollinaris Sidonius 341 4. African Writers Theologians, Exegetes, Canonists St. Fulgentius 345 5. Historians and Poets Victor de Vita 350 6. Italian Writers Lesser Authors 352 7. Boethius and Cassiodorius 357 8. St. Gregory the Great 362 St. Isidore of . 9. Spanish Writers Seville , f t 366 PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS P. G. = Patrologiae Cursus Completes . accurante J.-P. MIGNE, series graeca (Paris, 1857-1866). P. L. Patrologiae Cursus Completes . accurante J.-F. MIGNE, latina 1844-1855). series (Paris, Latmorum C. S. E. L.= Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiashcorum 1866 ff.). (Vindobonae, der Christl. Schriftst. = Die griechischen chnsthchen Schnftstellcr ersten drei Jahrhunderte (Leipzig, 1897 flf.). T. U. Texte und Untcrsuchungen zur Geschichte der altchnst- lichen Literatur (Leipzig, 1882 flf.). D. C. B. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, edited by W. SMITH and H. WAGE (London, 1877-1887). A HANDBOOK OF PATROLOGY INTRODUCTION i. PRELIMINARY REMARKS THE PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK Christian Literature is the name given to the collection of writings composed by Christian writers upon Christian subjects. This excludes both the works of Christian au thors upon profane subjects (there are many such in .our days on positive science or history) and the works of non- Christians upon Christian subjects, v.g., the True Discourse of Celsus. Ancient Christian Literature is that of the early cen turies of Christianity or of Christian antiquity. Authors generally fix the limit at the death of St. John of Damascus (c. 749) for the Greek Church, and at the death of St. Gregory the Great (604) or, better, of St. Isidore of Seville (636) for the Latin Church. This was the time when new elements, borrowed from the barbarians, began considerably to modify the purity of the Latin genius. Ancient Christian Literature, thus defined, comprises the New Testament, writings composed by Christians and es sentially Christian in character, and the works of such heretics as may still be called Christians. It has been viewed in this light and dealt with in this way by Harnack in his History of Ancient Christian Literature up to the Time of Euscbius and by Msgr. Batiffol in his Greek Lit erature.1 Other writers until recently the majority among Cath olics have excluded from their histories of Christian lit erature not only the books of the New Testament, which are the object of an independent study, but also the writ- 1 His own contribution to the chapter on " Anciennes litteratures " " chretiennes in the collection Bibliotheque de I Enseignement de I Histoire Scclesiastique," published under the direction of the learned prelate. (Tr.) I 2 INTRODUCTION ings of notorious heretics condemned by the Church. There seems thus to be a tendency to reduce the history of Ancient Christian literature to a history of the writings of the Fathers of the Church (Patrology). The title Father of the Church, which has its origin in " " x the name of Father given to bishops as early as the second century, was commonly used in the fifth century to designate the old ecclesiastical writers ordinarily bish ops who died in the faith and in communion with the Church. According to modern theologians, the title ap those plies only to writers who have the four following qualifications : orthodoxy of doctrine, holiness of life, eccle siastical sanction, and antiquity. Practically, however, it is given to many others who do not possess the first three requisites. Nobody, indeed, would dream of eliminating " " from the list of the Fathers such men as Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius of Caesarea, Faustus of Riez, etc. Errors have been laid to their charge, but these mar their works without making them more dangerous than useful; whilst they are wrong on a few points, there is in them much that is good. At all events, they eminently deserve the title of Ecclesiastical Writers? However comprehensive may be the name " Fathers of the Church," Petrology is the study of the life and works of the men designated by that name. As a science, then, it is part of the History of Ancient Christian Literature, since it excludes from the field of its labors both the canonical writings of the New Testament and all writings that are strictly and entirely heretical. On this latter point, how ever, most authors exercise a certain tolerance. As a knowledge of heretical works is very often useful, nay even necessary, for understanding the refutations written by the Fathers, most Patrologies do not hesitate to mention and describe at least the principal ones.
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