Myanmar's Urban Moment

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Myanmar’s urban moment

Towards the development of a National Urban Policy

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26¡N Dimapur 26¡N Chipwi CHIPWI Liuku Injangyang Township

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Kalaura Kakching BANMAUK Myo Hla Rengte Myothit Township Yunxian Luxi Jingdong BHAMO SHWEGU INDAW Township MOMAUK Township Banmauk Township KATHA Township Kailashahar Churachandpur Township TAMU Paungbyin Bhamo Township Shanjie Tam u Indaw Momauk PAUNGBYIN Katha Shwegu Thianship Township Mansi Lwegel Pinlebu Maw Hteik Monekoe WUNTHO Ruili Pang Hseng Township PINLEBU (Kyu Koke) Township KONKYAN 24¡N 24¡N Wuntho Muse Township Cikha MANSI Manhlyoe MUSE Township (Manhero) Township Lincang Konkyan Zhenyuan MABEIN TONZANG Tigyaing Namhkan Khampat Kawlin Township Aizawal Township KAWLIN Township MAWLAIK TIGYAING Laukkaing Township Mawlaik Township NAMHKAN KUTKAI

Township Kokang Self-Administered Zone Gengma Ton za ng SAGAING Township LAUKKAING Douge MANTON Township Daizu Manilan Township Tar mo en ye ¥ Urbanisation rate 29.6% Tak au ng Mabein Jinggu Kutkai Chinshwehaw KYUNHLA Namtit Township Kunlong Ted i m Pa Laung Hopang TEDIM Township KALEWA Kyunhla THABEIKKYIN KUNLONG Rihkhawdar Township Township Self-Administered Township Hseni HSENI Banhong Serchhip Zone Township Pan Lon Kale Kanbalu MONGMIT Manton Township HOPANG Kalewa Township Mongmit Namtu KANBALU FALAM KALE TAZE Township Township Township Township Pangwaun Puer LASHIO SHAN MINGIN Township Township Namhsan MONGMAO Taz e Township 23¡N Lashio PANGWAUN 23¡N Falam Mogoke (NORTH) Mongmao Township Fuyong YE-U NAMHSAN NAMTU Township Township Lunglei Mingin MOGOKE Township Thabeikkyin Township Ye-U Khin-U KHIN-U Township Mongngawt Monglon Wa Self-Administered Simao TABAYIN Rangamati Thantlang Hakha Township Man Kan Division TANGYAN Tab ay i n Kyauk KYAUKME Township SHWEBO Myaung SINGU Township Township Hsipaw Menglang Township Kyaukme Namphan THANTLANG Shwebo Township Singu NAMPHAN Township Saiha BUDALIN Tan gy an Puwen NAWNGHKIO Mongyai HAKHA KANI Kani Township PANGSANG Township Township Township Township WETLET Wetlet HSIPAW Budalin AYADAW Township Township Nawnghkio Township MONGYAI Ayadaw Township Wein MADAYA Pangsang CHIN Madaya Township Mengma MONYWA Pang Hkam Mengman YINMABIN Township Gangaw Township Keranirhat Yinmabin Monywa Rezua GANGAW Township SAGAING Mandalay City PALE Salingyi MYINMU Township . Matman Township Pale Chaung-U Township Pyinoolwin Mongpauk 22¡N Jinghong 22¡N MONGYANG SALINGYI Sagaing Kyethi Monghsu Menghai MADUPI Township CHAUNG-U Myinmu Ngazun Township Township PYINOOLWIN Mongyang Township Township MATMAN Chiringa Myaung Amarapura Myitnge Township MONGHSU TILIN NGAZUN Township Township MYAUNG Township MONGKAUNG Township SINTGAINGSintgaing Township Mongsan MYAING Township Mongkhet Tilin TADA-U Daluo Township (Hmonesan) Mongla Township MONGKHET YESAGYO Township Matupi KYAUKSE Township Kyaukse Myaing Yesagyo MYINGYAN Township Intaw Mongnawng Demenglong Township Mongkaung BANGLADESH YWANGAN KYETHI Myingyan MANDALAY Township LAWKSAWK Township MONGLA Township Township Pauk NATOGYI Myittha Cox's Bazar MINDAT Township PALETWA Township Mindat Township PAUK Natogyi LAIHKA Mongping Township Pakokku Ton t ar Paletwa Kyaukhtu Township MAUNGDAW Samee PAKOKKU MYITTHA Kunhing Township Tau ng t ha MONGYAWNG Mongyu

Township Township Lawksawk Kar Li Township Zone Danu Laihka Nyaung-U TAUNGTHA Kengtung Township WUNDWIN KUNHING KENGTUNG Tau ng py ol e tw ea Saw HOPONG Township Kanpetlet Township Township Township MONGPING Mongyawng SEIKPHYU Ywangan Township BUTHIDAUNG SHAN Wundwin LOILEN Township Bagan Ngathayouk Self-Administered Township Mahlaing PINDAYA Township Kho Lam Pang Kalom KANPETLET SAW NYAUNG-U Township Township Pinlon SHAN Township Township MAHLAING (SOUTH) MONGHPYAK KYAUKTAW Township Pindaya TAUNGGYI Township 21¡N Township 21¡N Township Seikphyu Loilen Muang Luong Nam Tha Buthidaung KYAUKPADAUNG NANSANG (EAST) Monghpyak Township Thazi Nansang Township Kenglat Maungdaw Chauk THAZI Meiktila Township Hopong Kyauktaw MEIKTILA Ayetharyar Kyaukpadaung Township Kengtawng CHAUK Mongkhoke Tar l ay Vien Pou Kha MRAUK-U Township Taunggyi SALIN Aungpan Vieng Township TACHILEIK Township Kalaw MONGNAI Township PYAWBWE KALAW Nyaungshwe Township NATMAUK Township Ban Pawi Pyawbwe Township RATHEDAUNG SIDOKTAYA Salin Township MONGHSAT ¥ Borders China and India Mrauk-U Pa-O Self-Administered Zone Township PONNAGYUN Township Township HSIHSENG Township LAOS MINBYA Yenangyaung Township Mongnai Tac hi l e ik Rathedaung Township NYAUNGSHWE Monghsat YENANGYAUNG Township Mae Sai Sidoktaya Yamethin Minbya Pwintbyu Township YAMETHIN Ban Muang Kan Ban Ta Fa Ban Nou PWINTBYU Natmauk Township Langkho Township Ponnagyun Naungtayar Kyauktalonegyi Mongton PAUKTAW MAGWAY Mongpan Township Mawkmai Saku Myothit Chiang Saen Chiang Khong Magway MYOTHIT TATKON SITTWE Sittwe Township Township PINLAUNG Ban Kheun Township MAGWAY Township Hsihseng LANGKHO Pauktaw MYEBON Minbu Pinlaung MAWKMAI MONGPAN Township Tat k on Township Township Township Township MONGTON Mae Chan Muang Houn Township Myebon Ngape MINBU Pa-O Self- Township Tau ng dw in gy i ANN Mae Ai Township Administered Zone Muang 20¡N NGAPE 20¡N Township Minhla TAUNGDWINGYI OKE TA RA THI RI Pakbeng RAKHINE Township Hmone Fang Chiang Rai Township Ponparkyin Nay Pyi Taw Hta Ann Pekon Bang LOIKAW Pang Hai MINHLA Township Homein Township Pyinmana Sinbaungwe Thoeng LEWE PYINMANA PEKON Muang Township Lewe Township Township Loikaw Shadaw Ngeun SINBAUNGWE DEMOSO Chiang Township Mae Suai Township Phan Kham Demoso SHADAW Kyaukpyu THAYET Township MINDON Township Chiang Township Hpruso Dao Thung Chang Thayet Aunglan THANDAUNGGYI Chun Ma-Ei Township KAYAH Phrao AUNGLAN Wiang Pa Pao Mae Chai Chiang Klang Mindon YEDASHE Township HPRUSO KYAUKPYU Township Mae Pai Township Township Hong Leik Tho Son Pua Yedashe Ywarthit Pong Mae Taeng Ramree Bawlakhe Phayao KAMMA Thandaunggyi BAWLAKHE Wang Nua Muang Phiang Township Township Tha Kaytumati Wang TOUNGUP PAUKKHAUNG TAUNGOO RAMREE Thandaung Pha Township Kamma PYAY Township Township Township Township 19¡N Tau ng oo 19¡N Baw Ga Li Paukkhaung HPASAWNG Hpasawng Munaung Tou ng up Township Samoeng Pyay Khun Yuam Chiang Muan Nan Agromet MUNAUNG OKTWIN Oktwin Htantabin Township Township MESE Ngao PADAUNG Padaung Township Chiang Mai Township PAUNGDE HTANTABIN Chae Hom Township Mese Mae Charim Shwedaung ThegonBAGO Township Ban Na Le

SHWEDAUNG Sa Township THEGON PHYU Lamphun Township Township (WEST)NATTALIN Muang Pa Paungde Township Phyu Thandwe Mae Chaem Chom Thong Nattalin BAGO KYAUKKYI Song Township Mae La Noi Na Noi THANDWE ZIGON GYOBINGAUK Township Kyangin Township Township Kyaukkyi Hang Ban Ray Zigon (EAST) Lampang KYANGIN Chat Township Ban Myanaung Gyobingauk KYAUKTAGA Hong Penwegon Township Hot Pak Bay of OKPHO HPAPUN Kanaung Township Township Mae Sariang Lay MONYO Ko Kha Phrae Township Okpho Kyauktaga Long Hpapun MYANAUNG Township Monyo Kyeintali NYAUNGLEBIN Fak Tha Bengal LETPADAN Township Den Chai Minhla Township Ban An District 18¡N Madauk 18¡N MINHLA Nyaunglebin Township Shwegyin Sop Prap Wang Chin INGAPU Pyuntasa SHWEGYIN Omkoi Tha Pla GWA Township Ingapu Letpadan DAIK-U Township Township Township Li THAYARWADY Daik-U Nam Pat Township Ban Hut Ta Phu Thayarwady LEMYETHNA Thoen BAGO Uttaradit Township Hinthada Thonse ¥ Bipolar urban structure Gwa Township HINTHADA WAW Lemyethna Township Township Si Satchanalai Zalun Okekan KYAIKTO Mae Phrik Na Haeo ZALUN Waw Township Shan Ngathaingchaung Township Ahpyauk HLEGU Ywar Township Thit YEGYI Bago Thung Saliam Yegyi Tai k ky i Kyaikto BILIN Township Kyonpyaw DANUBYU TAIKKYI Sawankhalok Phichai Chat Thanatpin Township Kamarmaung Dan Sai Township Township Sam Ngao Trakan HLAINGBWE KYONPYAW THANATPIN Township Township Danubyu Township Bilin Tha Song THABAUNG YANGON Yang Township HTANTABIN Hlaingbwe Township Hmawbi Hlegu Kyaunggon THAILAND Nakhon Thai Thabaung Nyaungdon KAWA Kawa Shwethaungyan KYAUNGGON Htaukkyant Township Paingkyon Ban Tak Sukhothai NYAUNGDON Mae Ramat Township THATON Ban Dan Lan Hoi Wat Bot Township Htantabin Township 17¡N Kangyidaunt Pantanaw 17¡N KAYAN Hpa-An PANTANAW Kayan Thaton PATHEIN KANGYIDAUNT Township Township Ta k Ngwesaung Township Einme Township HPA-AN Lom Kao Yangon City Township KAYIN Phitsanulok TWANTAY Thanlyin Township THONGWA MON Lom Sak Maubin Township Pathein EINME Thongwa PAUNG Mae Sot Township MAUBIN DALA Township Phran Kratai WAKEMA Township Twantay Township Myawaddy Township Tad ar Kyauktan Paung Kyondoe Wakema Kawkareik Ngapudaw Kawhmu KYAUKTAN Myaungmya KYAIKLAT KAWHMU MAWLAMYINE Ngayokekaung Township Township Township Township KAWKAREIK MYAUNGMYA Township MYAWADDY Phichit Township MAWLAMYINEGYUN Kyaiklat Kungyangon Township NGAPUDAW Township Mawlamyine Kamphaeng Phetchabun KUNGYANGON Township CHAUNGZON Kyaikmaraw Phet o Township Township Dedaye Mawlamyinegyun Bogale KYAIKMARAW Wang Sai Phun Yangon 5.5 million DEDAYE Chaungzon Township Waw Lay Ta ph an Township Myaing Pyapon Mudon Hin AYEYARWADY (Waw Lay) Khlong Khlung Su Ka Li Chon Daen PYAPON MUDON Labutta Township Township BOGALE Umphang Pho Thale LABUTTA Township Gulf of Martaban Hainggyikyun Kyaikkhami Township Kyainseikgyi Kyaikdon Nong Phai

16¡N Thanbyuzayat 16¡N Banphot Chumsaeng Phisai Nong Bua Pyinsalu THANBYUZAYAT Ahmar Township KYAINSEIKGYI Lat Yao Township Nakhon Sawan

Lamaing Ban Dong Phayuha Khiri Noi Nong Chang Hpayarthonesu Uthai Thani Ta k Fa YE Agromet Ye Township Bua Chum Chai Nat o Sangkhla Buri Khok Ban Rai Samrong Mandalay 1.3 million Sankhaburi In Buri Khawzar 15¡N 15¡N

Phrom Buri Dan Chang Lop Sam Chuk Buri Pak Chong Agromet

Kaleinaung Si Prachan Si Sawat

YEBYU Township Suphan Buri Bang U Thong Pahan Nong Khae Bo Phloi Thong Pha Phum Yebyu Bang Myitta Song Phi Pa-in Cocokyun Phanom Thuan Nong Sai Yok Ongkharak Kamphaeng DAWEI Prachin Buri Dawei Township Saen Agromet COCOKYUN Kanchanaburi Township Launglon

14¡N Tha Muang 14¡N o LAUNGLON Thayetchaung Don Township Ban Pong Muang 5 cities 200,000 Ð 300,000 Airport* Nakhon Pathom Bangkok THAYETCHAUNG Nakhon Chaisi Phanom Sarakham Township Andaman Chom Bung Bang Phae Chachoengsao Samut Prakan Suan Phung Ratchaburi

Sea Samut Sakhon Damnoen Bang Pakong Saduak

Pak Tho Samut Songkhram Chon Buri Palauk Ban Bung Khao Yoi Ban Laem PALAW Township Si Racha Phetchaburi Legend Tha Palaw Yang 13¡N 13¡N

Phatthaya Wang Chan Towns Cha_am

Huai Pong Capital Agromet o Rayong TANINTHARYI MYEIK Township Hua Hin 10 cities 100,000-200,000 Township Myeik State/Region Capital Kyunsu Pran Buri Main Town TANINTHARYI

KYUNSU Township Other Town Tan i nt ha r yi Gulf of Thailand 12¡N Airports 12¡N Prachuap Khiri Khan Airports

Railways Thap Pyigyimandaing Sakae Map ID: MIMU539v11 o Creation Date: 1 December 2015, 36x72 inches 25 cities 50-100,00 Major Road Projection/Datum: GCS/WGS84 BOKPYIN Bokpyin Rang Saphan Secondary Road Township Data Sources Base Map : MIMU Boundaries : WFP/MIMU Karathuri 11¡N Self-Administered Boundary Self-Administered Division/Zone : 2008 Constitution 11¡N Roads : MIMU/DCW Township Boundary Hillshade/Bathymetry : SRTM/ETOPO Pathiu Places: GAD translated by MIMU/GAUL/DCW Tha Sae State/Region Boundary Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) is a common resource of KAWTHOUNG the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) providing information management Township Chumphon services, including GIS mapping and analysis, to the humanitarian and Kra Buri development actors both inside and outside of Myanmar. International Boundary Khamaukgyi E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.themimu.info Sawi Coast Line 030609012015 Sawi Agromet Miles La-un Copyright © Myanmar Information Management Unit 2015. May be used Thung Tako free of charge with attribution. For more information see Water body Kawthoung Ranong http://www.themimu.info/license. This notice cannot be modified or

10¡N Lang 10¡N Kilometers Suan removed. Disclaimer: The names shown and the boundaries used on this map do not imply official 0 37.5 75 150 225 300 Lamae endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Phato

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Kapoe

¥ Unique set of development challenges: o Long period of international isolation & military dominance Ð reforms started 2011 o Strategic location, bordering powerful neighbours o Emerging peace o Historically rich, but facing decades of underdevelopment Ð today 150th on HDI

¥ Low rate of urbanisation o Historical restrictions on freedom of movement, economic activity, international business o Emphasis on agricultural-led development

Myanmar’s urban moment, December 2015, Incheon Metropolitan City International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towards Smarter and Greener Cities McKinsey Global Institute Myanmar’s moment: Unique opportunities, major challenges 9

of two new cities the size of Yangon or ten new cities the size of Mandalay. This could be one of the most signiﬁcant migrations in Myanmar’s history and has the potential to fundamentally transform Myanmar’s economy and society in the decades to come. Large cities could generate 54 percent of the nation’s GDP growth to 2030 (Exhibit E4). Myanmar has the opportunity to learn from the successes and failures of other countries. Their experience suggests that there are three elements that Myanmar needs to get right. First, it needs to plan proactively for its urban expansion, putting in place a modern planning system. Second, Myanmar needs to invest in the infrastructure that cities require to run smoothly and to cater to the needs of their citizens. Third, it needs toFirst consider International the governance of cities. One of the models that has proved effectiveConference in cities on The urban transition around the world (including London, Johannesburg, and Kolkata) is NAanTIONAL elected URB AN POLICY mayor whose jurisdiction covers the whole city, and who works with professional agencies that implement urban plans and policies.9 This would be especially useful in Myanmar, where there are only two active city mayors, governing Yangon ¥ Low rate of and Mandalay, and one de facto mayor, governing Nay Pyi Taw.

urbanisation, but Exhibit E4 Myanmar’s population living in large cities with 200,000 plus inhabitants, could double from just 13 percent to one-quarter of the population in 2030 unlikely to remain Share of country population living in cities of more than 200,000 inhabitants %, 2010 Number of cities with more than 85 200,000 inhabitants 77

This increase ¥ Currently urbanisation would entail ten million more 48 people living in rate of approximately 43 Myanmar’s large Average: 39 percent cities by 2030 35 33 30% 26 ~25 18 16 11 13

South Japan China Indo- Malaysia Philip- Thailand India Vietnam Cambodia 2009 2030 ¥ 12 cities <200,000 pop Korea nesia pines Myanmar

47 51 710 118 16 33 32 228 15 1 10 ~25 NOTE: Share of country population living in cities of more than 200,000 is not the same as the urbanisation rate. SOURCE: McKinsey Global Institute Cityscope 2.0 database; Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development, Ministry of Construction, Myanmar; McKinsey Global Institute analysis ¥ 13% of population in Globally connected economy. After decades of being cut off, Myanmar needs to be open to, and part of, the global economy through investment, large cities Ð to double trade, people and the exchange of ideas. Based on the experience of other by 2030 Asian countries, Myanmar could need around $650 billion in total investment to achieve its growth potential. In the Source:early years Mckinsey of its economic Global transformation, Institute Myanmar may need to rely heavily on foreign capital and trade to drive Myanmar’s urban moment, December 2015, Incheongrowth. Metropolitan Myanmar could City potentially need to attract foreign capital of more International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towardsthan $170 billionSmarter to close and the gap Greener between requiredCities investment and potential domestic savings. This foreign capital could also help transfer capabilities and ideas. To bring in these high volumes of foreign capital, Myanmar would need to develop a targeted investment attraction strategy led by a dedicated agency

9 India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth, McKinsey Global Institute, April 2010. First International Conference on NATIONAL URBAN POLICY

¥ Country in transition o Pre-2011 military rule – Top-down style of government and urban management – International isolation

o 2011 reforms – Emerging democracy – Engaging with international actors – FDI encouraged – Restrictions lifted on freedom of speech and movement

¥ Image Ð NLD rally

Myanmar’s urban moment, December 2015, Incheon Metropolitan City International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towards Smarter and Greener Cities First International National Spatial Development FrameworkConference Plan on Myanmar’s plans for growth NATIONAL URBAN POLICY • Adopted Yangon and Mandalay Bi-Polar Development Concept • Practice Concentrated¥ Bipolar Decentralization urban structure and Balanced Development Strategy

National ¥ Leverage• Yangon, strategic Mandalay and Special Growth Center Economic Zone (SEZs) (Thilawa, Dawei, locationKyawkphyu Ð trade-oriented)

Regional development• Capital and Majorstrategy Cities of States and Regions (Sittwe, Pathein, Bago, Mawlamyine, Growth Center Dawei, Monywa, Myitkyina)

¥ Agriculture-led• Border Trading and SME (Thai-Myawaddy, developmentTarchilake, China - Muse, India-Tamu, Special Function Bangladesh – Maungtaw) Growth Center • Tourism and Services Based Zone (Bagan, Inlay, Coastal area) • Resource Based Industrial Zone (water, ¥ Manufacturingmineral, agriculture, & export- ..) oriented growth

Main Corridor, Emerging Corridor, Major Communication Axis

¥ Pre-empt the challenges of rapid urbanisation o Slums o Vulnerability & urban poverty o Lack of housing

¥ Facilitate economic growth o Implement national spatial strategies o Facilitate Government’s policy of agricultural-led dev’t – What is the role of cities & urban-rural linkages?

¥ Pressing need for urban governance structure

¥ Before 2011, Government did not recognise the need for complex urban governance Ð no urban governance system

o Changing Ð commitment to NUP, draft Planning Law, draft Housing Law, development of zoning codes

¥ Before 2011, Government did not recognise the need for complex urban governance

o Changing Ð commitment to NUP, draft Planning Law, draft Housing Law, development of zoning codes

¥ Need for urban planning, and allocation of roles and responsibilities

o Now preparing plans for 81 cities over three years

¥ Before 2011, Government did not recognise the need for complex urban governance

o Changing Ð commitment to NUP, draft Planning Law, draft Housing Law, development of zoning codes

¥ No urban planning conducted pre 2011

o Now preparing plans for 81 cities over three years

¥ Urgent capacity need Ð less than ten trained planners

¥ Before 2011, Government did not recognise the need for complex urban governance

o Changing Ð commitment to NUP, draft Planning Law, draft Housing Law, development of zoning codes

¥ No urban planning conducted pre 2011

o Now preparing plans for 81 cities over three years

¥ Huge capacity need Ð only 6 trained planners

¥ No municipal government, outside major cities

o Now has established City Development Organisations

¥ Need to develop awareness of ‘urban possibilities’ in technical staff Ð strategic planning & coordination Myanmar’s urban moment, December 2015, Incheon Metropolitan City International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towards Smarter and Greener Cities First International Conference on NUP development process NATIONAL URBAN POLICY

¥ UN Habitat supporting Ministry of Construction in developing NUP under MOU Ð should be government-led process

¥ UN Habitat has prepared NUP Policy Note setting out the rationale, methodology and costs of NUP

¥ Recently undertaken a Rapid Diagnostic Report with regional expert

¥ Next steps: o Consult and verify RDR with Government and stakeholders – Challenge: few stakeholders in urban sector o Development of NUP Framework

¥ Future steps depend on resource mobilisation

¥ Severe lack of data Ð need more funding and actors for urban research

¥ Urbanisation is a cross-cutting issue Ð needs a whole of government approach o Multisectoral o State and Regions resonsible for urban development

¥ Relatively few urban stakeholders Ð ‘urban’ is a new agenda

¥ Government capacity constraints Ð NUP development is intensive process

¥ Urban planning system still emerging, with no strong controls over development o Will take years before fully formed

¥ No real third tier of government Ð need further clarification on level of government responsible for urban management

¥ Capacity constraints at local level Ð six qualified planners nationally, no history of urban management o Need for external support as well as strengthening existing institutions

¥ Sectoral fragmentation - how to make NUP binding?

¥ NLD Manifesto - Urban: o Develop public transportation systems

o Renovate existing urban water, electricity, and sewage

o Establish urban greening programme

o Rehousing homeless migrants

o Reinvigorate spaces for public recreation and sport

Myanmar’s urban moment, December 2015, Incheon Metropolitan City International Conference on National Urban Policy: Towards Smarter and Greener Cities