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Cromwelliana Cromwelliana The Cromwell Association 1992 The Cromwell Associatio11 President: Dr JOHN MORAi LL, DPhll, FRHlstS CROMWELLIANA 1992 Vice Presidents: Baron FOOT of Buckland Monachoruin Right Hon MICHAEL FOOT, PC Dr MAU RICE ASHLEY, CBE, DPhll, DLltt edited by Peter Gaunt ProfessorlVAN ROOTS, MA, FSA, FRlilstS ! Professor AUSTIN WOOLRVCH, MA, DLltt, FBA I; Dr GERALD AYLMER, MA, DPhll, FB.i\, FRHlstS Miss HILARY PLATT, BA Mr TREWIN COPPLESTONE, FAGS CONTENTS Chairman: Dr PETER GAUNT, PhD, FRHlstS Hon. Secretary: Miss PAT BARNES CROMWELL-DAY 1991. OLIVER ·CROMWELL AND Cosswell Cottage, Northedge, Tupton, Chesterfield, THE PEOPLE OF GOD. By Austin Woolrych. 2 S42 6AY THE POETS AT WAR: A VERSE-HISTORY OF Hon. Treasurer: Mr JOHN WESTMACOTT THE BATTLE OF ECGEHILL. By John Sutton. 8 1 Sallsbury Close, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG11 4AJ THE CROMWELL ASSOCIATION was founded In 1935 by the late Rt Hon Isaac LESSONS. IN REVOLUTION: THE. IMPACT OF Foot and others to commemorate Oliver Cromwell, the great Puritan stateman, THE LONDON MILITARY COMPANIES. and to encourage the study of the history or his times, his achievements and By Keith Roberts. 35 Influence. It Is neither polltlcal nor sectarian, Its alms being essentially historical. The Association seeks to advance Its alms In a variety of ways which have VICTORIAN ARTISTS AND THE ENGLISH Included: CIVIL WAR. By J L Atkins. 48 a. the erection of commemorative tablets (e.g. at Naseby, Dunbar, Worcester, Preston, etc) (From time to time appeals are made for funds to pay for projects BICAMERALISM IN THE 1650s. of this sort); By Ivan Roots. · 53 b. helping to establlsh the Cromwell Museum In the Old Grammar School at Huntingdon; c. holding two annual meetings, one the now tradltlonal Memorial Service by the CROMWELLIAN BRITAIN V: statue outside the Houses of Parllament, the other a business meeting at Evesha~, Worcestershire. 67 which the Council presents a report on Its year's work for discussion by members. At both, an Address Is given by a distinguished Cromwellian; SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS. 70 d. producing an annual publlcatlon, Cromwelliana, which Is free to members; e. awarding an annual prize for an essay on a Cromwellian theme; BOOK .REVIEWS. By Barry Denton, r. maintaining a small reference library for the use of members; Peter Gaunt and Ivan Roots. 75 g. supporting the formation of local groups of paid-up members of the Association meeting for study or social purposes; h. acting as a 'lobby" at both national and local levels whenever aspects or Items of our Cromwellian heritage appear to be endangered. All enquiries about the library should be addressed to: ISBN 0-905729-03-X Mr M BYRD, 12 Miiton Road, Maldon, Essex, CM 9 6BT Press Liaison Officer: Mr BARRY DENTON, FRHlstS 1 O Melrose Avenue, off Banis Lane, Northampton, N"'5 SPB CROMWELL DAY 1991 Presbyterian national church in line with Scotland's. Crawford was in the right in that parliament had required all officers to sign the Covenant, but OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE PEOPLE OF GOD Cromwell rebuked him in a stiff letter: · by Professor Austin Woolrych Surely you are not well advised thus to turn off one .so faithful to There has been one welcome shift in the historical climate during the Cause, and so able to serve you as this man is ... Admit he be the twenty-six years since I last gave the address here on Cromwell Day. [a Baptist], shall that render him incapable to serve the public? ... Most historians have now come back to accepting that religion was the Sir, the state, in choosing men to serve them, takes no notice of profoundest of the issues that divided the two sides in the Great Civil their opinions; if they be willing faithfully to serve them, that War. Those issues were many and complex, of course; but the people satisfies. who were most committed to the struggle tended to judge the other points of difference - political, constitutional, economic - from the Cromwell was saying what he wished the state's policy to be rather than standpoint of their religious convictions. That is true of many royalists, as what it actually was in 1643, but throughout his career he stood for liberty well as parliamentarians. Among the parliamentarians, Cromwell was one of conscience and against confessional tests. of those who were fired by the conviction that God was. leading the A dozen years later, when he was Lord Protector, Cromwell said English nation towards a fuller and more perfect reformation. He was in a much quoted speech: confident from the start that parliament's forces were fighting the Lord's battles, and that God would bless their arms if they were worthy of the For religion was not the thing at first contested for, but God cause. "God hath given us this evening a glorious victory over our brought it to that issue at last, and gave it unto us by way of enemies", he wrote after his very first fight. "It's great evidence of God's redundancy, and at last it proved to be that which was most dear to us. · favour", he wrote after his next action at Gainsborough, "as if God should say, 'Up and be doing, and I w.ill help and stand by you'; there is nothing to be feared but our own sin and sloth". From the first troop of horse that This has often been cited - I used to be guilty myself - as evidence that in he raised to the heyday of his famous double regiment of Ironsides, he Cromwell's view religion had not been a primary issue in bringing the Civil looked for officers and men who viewed the war in the same crusading War abo~t, and had only come to the fore in the course of the struggle. terms. "I raised such men as had the fear of God before them", he said, But that 1s not what he meant. In the context of the speech it is quite clear "and made some conscience of what they did". They "knew what they th~t .he .. was .u~ing. "religion" as a kind of verbal. shorthand for "liberty of fought for, and loved what they knew". rehg1on . Rehg;on itself had always been at the centre of the struggle for In denominational terms Cromwell was an Independent, but of a him; all that he said and wrote from 1642 onward testifies to that. But very broad kind. As he rose to become head of state in the 1650s he religious liberty had not been among the Long Parliament's war aims. The chose chaplains who followed the Congregational way like Thomas Gra.nd Remonstrance had declared "that it is far from our purpose or Goodwin. John Owen and Stephen Nye, but he got on equally well with a desire to let loose the golden reins of discipline and government in the moderate Presbyterian like Stephen Marshall and with a tolerant Baptist Church, to lea~~ private. persons or particular congregations to take up like Henry Jessey. From early on he acquired a .reputation for seeking to what form of Divine Service they please, for we hold it requisite that there pac'k his own regiment, and later the entire cavalry of the New Model should be throughout the whole realm a conformity to ~hat order which Army, with Independents and sectaries. This was hugely exaggerated. the laws enjoin according to the Word of God". Conformity to the worship The only reason why he ever discriminated against Presbyterians in his and government of a . single national church remained the Long command - and it was really only a passing phase - was that Presbyterians Parliament's objective right through the 1640s. could be so intolerant towards puritans of other persuasions. Quite early That was a policy over which Cromwell was at odds with his in the first Civil War he had a famous clash with Major-General Crawford, a I' parliamentary masters and he took advantage of his military victories to Scottish Presbyterian, when Cromwell commanded the cavalry and challenge it. m his dispatch to the Speaker after the battle of Naseby he Crawford the infantry in the army of the Eastern Association. Crawford wrote: had sent the lieutenant-colonel of his own regiment up to headquarters In disgrace because this officer, being a Baptist, scrupled to sign the Sir, this in none other but the hand of God; and to him alone Solemn League and Covenant, which pledged England to establish a belongs the glory... Honest men served you faithfully in this 2 3 I action. Sir, they are trusty; I beseech you in the name of God not I those who had "the root of the matter" in them (a phrase borrowed from to discourage them ... He that ventures his life for the liberty of his the Book of Job); "all the seed .of Christ"; "those regenerated ones of the country, I wish he trust God for the liberty of his conscience, and land, of several judgements, who are all the flock of Christ"; "all those that you for the liberty he fights for. are members of Jesus Christ and are to him as the apple of his eye" (another biblical phrase to which I shall return). He had in mind nothing as Parliament cut those sentences out when it published his dispatch. After precise and dogmatic as what strict Calvinists understood by the elect; the fierce and bloody storming of Bristol three months later, Cr~mwell indeed his recorded sayings during his last illness suggest that he was again reminded parliament that the people of God were not confined to always uncomfortable with the doctrine of predestination_in any rigid form.
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