Stabilisation of Clayey Soil with Lime, Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium

Home , Phosphorus pentoxide

Research Article Volume 10 Issue No.5 Stabilisation of Clayey Soil with Lime, Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide and Phosphorus Pentoxide Bhawna Sahay Assistant Professor Noida International University, India

Abstract: Soil Stabilisation is a method to improve the geotechnical properties of soil such as bearing capacity, shear strength, plastic limit, liquid limit, etc. it is important before construction of any project whether it is buildings and pavement construction. There are numerous method available for stabilisation of soil but with chemical stabilisation is a quick method.

Keywords: Stabilisation, bearing capacity, plastic limit, liquid limit.

I. INTRODUCTION with water which results into a powerful compaction and giving higher density for same compaction effort. Clayey soil is originated from weathering and disintegration of rocks. It is generally classified as low compressible soil, medium compressible soil and highly compressible soil. The volume changes and shrinkage is a major problem occur in it. It is generally classified as highly plastic soil which depends on the mineral content of the soil. Stabilisation of soil with chemicals increase the strength of soil and improve the general properties of soil. Lime, sodium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and phosphorus pentoxide reacts vigorously with soil which interacts with the clay particles of soil and increases the resisting capacity of soil.

II. CHEMICALS

Lime: Calcium oxide or lime is available in white colour powder form, highly reactive in nature, modify all fine grained soil and improves the plasticity, moisture holding capacity, swell and shrinkage behaviour of soil and stability of soil. Aluminium Oxide Aluminium oxide is white coloured shining powder form which reacts with soil to form a sample little bit cool due to its affinity with water. It improves the properties of soil such as dry density and optimum moisture content.

Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium hydroxide is a white, odourless, non –volatile solution. It does not burn but highly reactive. It reacts violently with water and numerous commonly encountered materials generating enough heat to ignite nearby combustible materials. Its principal advantage is that it can easily react

IJESC, May 2020 25714 http:// ijesc.org/ Phosphorus Pentoxide: The objective is to Phosphorus Pentoxide is white coloured sticky powder form which is highly reactive with water and clay particles of soil. • Determine the index properties of soil. It improves the index properties, dry density, and optimum moisture content of soil. • Determine Compressive Strength and durability of soil.

Scope of Study The laboratory experiments indicate the suitability of chemical techniques to stabilize the clayey soil. The sample was taken from Shahpur village Karnal Haryana.

Experimental Work

1.Moisture Content

2.Specific Gravity

3.Liquid Limit

4.Plastic Limit

5.Compaction

6.Unconfined Compressive Strength

All these are laboratory test which conduct on soil sample with chemicals on different percentages such as 3%,7% and 10% on lime , 8%, 12% and 16% on Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide and Phosphorus Pentoxide. Chemical Aim and Objective stabilizer is used for mixing of chemicals in definite The aim is to stabilize the clayey soil with different proportions during testing and pulveriser is used for grinding percentage of lime, sodium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and of soil in definite proportions so that the soil resembles well phosphorus pentoxide. graded soil. Table represent the data of clayey soil.

Table.1. Data of clayey Soil PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUE

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

GRAVEL 0

SAND 8.5

SILT + CLAY 91.5

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.71

LIQUID LIMIT 45.3 PLASTIC LIMIT 26.4

PLASTICITY INDEX 18.9 IS CLASSIFICATION CI OMC 17.70

MDD 1.81

From the above table the soil is classified as medium • MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY OF SOIL SAMPLE compressible which indicate the liquid limit of soil sample which is obtained from cassagrande method of testing. Unconfined Compressive Test Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soil is obtained from compaction test. Compaction test is conduct on UCS performed on both clayey soil alone and with different different soil sample with different percentage of chemicals. percentage of chemicals.it was further being performed on

Tri- Axial Machine. The sample was tested on a duration of Compaction Test 7,14and 28 days. So that the soil sample gain some strength before being tested. Compaction test being conducted on a soil sample alone and with different percentage of all chemicals. It was performed III. RESULTS OF COMPACTION TEST by Standard Proctor test. Compaction test represents the Table represent the value of compaction test with different percentage of chemical with clayey soil. • OPTIMUM MOISTUTRE CONTENT OF SOIL SAMPLE

IJESC, May 2020 25715 http:// ijesc.org/ Table.2. Compaction Result Graphs for COMPACTION test

SOIL SAMPLE WITH % OF OMC MDD CHEMICALS (%) (g/cc) CLAYEY SOIL + 3% LIME 21.40 1.80 CLAYEY SOIL + 7% LIME 23.61 1.71 CLAYEY SOIL + 10% LIME 24.48 1.74

CLAYEY SOIL + 8% NaOH 16.03 1.98

CLAYEY SOIL + 12% NaOH 17.26 2.01

CLAYEY SOIL + 16% NaOH 16.03 2.02 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% Al2O3 17.41 1.86 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% Al2O3 17.13 1.93 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% Al2O3 17.52 1.96

CLAYEY SOIL + 8% P2O5 16.36 1.92

CLAYEY SOIL + 12% P2O5 16.75 1.96

CLAYEY SOIL + 16% P2O5 16.52 2.01

Clayey Soil

Figure.1. Graph of Clayey Soil Sample

Comparison graph of lime with clayey Soil

Figure.2. Comparison graph for clayey soil with lime

IJESC, May 2020 25716 http:// ijesc.org/ Comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil

Figure.3. Comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil

Comparison graph of Aluminium Oxide with Clayey Soil

Figure.4. comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil

Comparison graph of Phosphorus Pentoxide with Clayey Soil

Figure.5.Comparison graph of Phosphorus Pentoxide with Clayey Soil

IJESC, May 2020 25717 http:// ijesc.org/ MIX COMPACTION 2.05

1.95

1.9 Dry Density (g/cc)

1.85

1.8

1.75

1.7 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Water Content (%)

PARENT SOIL NAOH 8% NAOH 12% NAOH 16% AL2O3 8% AL2O3 12% AL2O3 16% P2O5 8% P2O5 12% P2O5 16%

Figure.6. Graph of Mix Compaction

IJESC, May 2020 25718 http:// ijesc.org/ Result of UCS of Soil Sample Table represent the value of UCS

Table.3. UCS Result

2 SOIL SAMPLE WITH % OF CHEMICALS UCS (Kg/cm ) CLAYEY SOIL + 3% LIME 2.56 CLAYEY SOIL + 7% LIME 2.81 CLAYEY SOIL + 10% LIME 2..98 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% NaOH 2.63 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% NaOH 2.85 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% NaOH 3.04

CLAYEY SOIL + 8% Al2O3 2.48 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% Al O 2.88 2 3 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% Al O 3.19 2 3 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% P O 2.89 2 5 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% P2O5 3.24 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% P2O5 3.42

Graphs for UCS Soil Sample

Clayey Soil

Figure.7. Graph of clayey soil

Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime

Figure.8. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime

IJESC, May 2020 25719 http:// ijesc.org/ Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Sodium Hydroxide

Figure.9. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Sodium Hydroxide

Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Aluminium Oxide

Figure.10. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Aluminium Oxide

Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Phosphorus Pentoxide

Figure.12. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime

IJESC, May 2020 25720 http:// ijesc.org/ III. CONCLUSION University Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar, Or, India, “ A Review Of Literature On Stabilization Of Expansive Soil • In this research lime, Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide Using Solid Wastes ” and Phosphorus Pentoxide were used to stabilize the clayey soil resulting in improvement of geotechnical properties of the [3]. Ali, F.H., Adnan, A., and Choy, C. K., Use of rice husk soil. ash to enhance lime treatment of soil, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, 1992, pp, 843–852. • The lime effect on soil leads to increase in optimum moisture content of soil and reduction in maximum dry [4]. Ali, F.H. (1993) “Field behaviour of a geogrid-reinforced density. On 3% lime concentration, OMC value increased to slope, Geotextile Geomembranes”, International Geotextiles 21.40% from parent soil value i.e. 17.71% on other percentage Society, 12(1), 53-72 i.e. 7% and 10% the value are 23.61% and 24.48%. The compressive strength of the soil also increases from their [5]. Ali, F.H.,Osman, N. (2008) “Shear strength of a soil parent soil. containing vegetation roots. Soils and Foundations”, Jap Geotechnical Soc., 48(4), 587-596. •Clayey soil interaction with sodium hydroxide results in increase in maximum dry density with reduction in optimum [6]. Ali, F.H. Wong, L.S. and Hashim, R. (2010 “Engineering moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength of soil properties of improved Fibrous peat”, Scientific Research and also increased as compared to parent soil. Essay, 5 (2), 154-169

• Aluminium oxide used in research work to stabilize the [7]. Al-Joulani, N. (2000). Engineering properties of slurry clayey soil, results in increased compaction. The maximum waste from stone cutting industry in the west bank. dry density of soil increases as compared to parent soil and Proceedings of the First Palestine Environmental Symposium, optimum moisture content decreases but this material was PPU, Hebron. suitable for stabilization of soil as the effect of chemical with soil show strong bonding with soil. The compressive strength [8]. Al-Khafaji, A.W.; and Andersland, O.B. (1992). of soil increases with each percentage of aluminium oxide i.e. Geotechnical engineering and soil testing. New York: Sounder 8%, 12% and 16%. College Publishing.

• Phosphorus Pentoxide used in research work to stabilize the [9]. Anderson, W.F. Pyrah, I.C. and Ali, F.H. (1987) “Rate clayey soil resulting in increased maximum dry density and effects in pressure meter tests in clays”, Geotechnical Eng. reduced optimum moisture content. Compressive strength of ASCE, 113, 1344 - 1358. British Standard Institution. (1990) soil also increased. “Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes”, London: (BS1377: Part 2). • Hence, it can be concluded that Sodium hydroxide is the best material among all the chemicals used in research work, as the [10]. Ankit Singh Negi, Mohammed Faizan, Devashish properties of soil get increased on increasing percentage of Pandey Siddharth, Rehanjot Singh, Dep Of Civil Engineering, soil. This experiment also indicated that sodium hydroxide University Of Petroleum And Energy Studies, Dehradun, gives best result always on higher percentage with soil i.e. India“ Soil Stabilization Using Lime ” International Journal 8%, 12% and 16%. Of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering And Technology Vol. 2, Issue 2, February 2013. Future Scope [11]. ASTM D 4318 - Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, • Lime can be used in different percentage to stabilize the Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. Davidovits, J., clayey soil and also in combination with other chemicals. 1991. Geo polymers: Inorganic polymeric New Materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 37, 1633 – 1656. • Sodium Hydroxide can be used with other chemicals to stabilize the soil. [12]. Arora, Dr. K.R., “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, Standard publisher Distribution, Delhi- 110006. • Aluminium oxide can be used in different percentage to [13]. Bowles, J.E. (1992). Engineering properties of soils and stabilize the soil. their measurement (4th Ed.). London: McGraw- Hill Int., 78- 89. • Phosphorus Pentoxide can be used in different percentage and in combination with other chemicals to stabilize the soil. [14]. Chaddock, B. C. J., (1996), “The Structural Performance of Stabilized Road Soil in Road Foundations,” Lime IV. REFERENCES Stabilization. Thomas Telford.

[1]. Ahmad Fauzi, ZuraidahDjauhari and Usama [15]. Consoli, N.C.; Prietto, P.D.M.; and Ulbrich, L.A. (1998). JuniansyahFauzi “Soil Engineering Properties Improvement Influence of fiber and cement addition on behavior of sandy by Utilization of Cut Waste Plastic and Crushed Waste Glass soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental as Additives Iacsit International Journal of Engineering and Engineering, ASCE, 124(12), 1211-1214. Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2016. [16]. Dallas N. Little, Texas A&M University, Eric H. Males, [2]. Akshaya Kumar Sabat, Associate Professor, SubasisPati National Lime Association, Jan R. Prusinski, Portland Cement Research Scholar Department Of Civil Engineering Institute Association, Barry Stewart, Cementitious Stabilization, Lime Of Technical Education And Research Siksha O anusandhan Stabilization, Coal Fly Ash Stabilization, Portland Cement

IJESC, May 2020 25721 http:// ijesc.org/ tabilization, American Coal Ash Association A2j01: Committee On Cementitious Stabilization Chairman: Roger K. Seals, Louisiana State University.

[17]. Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit. Indian standard methods for testing of soils-IS2720 (a) Indian standard Institution, New Delhi, India, part 5, pp. 109144, 1985.

[18]. Dunlop, R. J., (1995), “Draft Manual on Pavement Design with Lime and Cement Stabilize Pavement Layers,” Transit New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.

[19]. Evans, P., (1998). “Lime Stabilization of Black Clay Soils in Queensland, Australia,” Presentation to the National Lime Association Convention, San Diego, California.

[20]. Garg, S.K., “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, Khanna Publishers, Delhi- 110006.

IJESC, May 2020 25722 http:// ijesc.org/