ISSN 2321 3361 © 2020 IJESC Research Article Volume 10 Issue No.5 Stabilisation of Clayey Soil with Lime, Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide and Phosphorus Pentoxide Bhawna Sahay Assistant Professor Noida International University, India Abstract: Soil Stabilisation is a method to improve the geotechnical properties of soil such as bearing capacity, shear strength, plastic limit, liquid limit, etc. it is important before construction of any project whether it is buildings and pavement construction. There are numerous method available for stabilisation of soil but with chemical stabilisation is a quick method. Keywords: Stabilisation, bearing capacity, plastic limit, liquid limit. I. INTRODUCTION with water which results into a powerful compaction and giving higher density for same compaction effort. Clayey soil is originated from weathering and disintegration of rocks. It is generally classified as low compressible soil, medium compressible soil and highly compressible soil. The volume changes and shrinkage is a major problem occur in it. It is generally classified as highly plastic soil which depends on the mineral content of the soil. Stabilisation of soil with chemicals increase the strength of soil and improve the general properties of soil. Lime, sodium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and phosphorus pentoxide reacts vigorously with soil which interacts with the clay particles of soil and increases the resisting capacity of soil. II. CHEMICALS Lime: Calcium oxide or lime is available in white colour powder form, highly reactive in nature, modify all fine grained soil and improves the plasticity, moisture holding capacity, swell and shrinkage behaviour of soil and stability of soil. Aluminium Oxide Aluminium oxide is white coloured shining powder form which reacts with soil to form a sample little bit cool due to its affinity with water. It improves the properties of soil such as dry density and optimum moisture content. Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium hydroxide is a white, odourless, non –volatile solution. It does not burn but highly reactive. It reacts violently with water and numerous commonly encountered materials generating enough heat to ignite nearby combustible materials. Its principal advantage is that it can easily react IJESC, May 2020 25714 http:// ijesc.org/ Phosphorus Pentoxide: The objective is to Phosphorus Pentoxide is white coloured sticky powder form which is highly reactive with water and clay particles of soil. • Determine the index properties of soil. It improves the index properties, dry density, and optimum moisture content of soil. • Determine Compressive Strength and durability of soil. Scope of Study The laboratory experiments indicate the suitability of chemical techniques to stabilize the clayey soil. The sample was taken from Shahpur village Karnal Haryana. Experimental Work 1.Moisture Content 2.Specific Gravity 3.Liquid Limit 4.Plastic Limit 5.Compaction 6.Unconfined Compressive Strength All these are laboratory test which conduct on soil sample with chemicals on different percentages such as 3%,7% and 10% on lime , 8%, 12% and 16% on Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide and Phosphorus Pentoxide. Chemical Aim and Objective stabilizer is used for mixing of chemicals in definite The aim is to stabilize the clayey soil with different proportions during testing and pulveriser is used for grinding percentage of lime, sodium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and of soil in definite proportions so that the soil resembles well phosphorus pentoxide. graded soil. Table represent the data of clayey soil. Table.1. Data of clayey Soil PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUE GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAVEL 0 SAND 8.5 SILT + CLAY 91.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.71 LIQUID LIMIT 45.3 PLASTIC LIMIT 26.4 PLASTICITY INDEX 18.9 IS CLASSIFICATION CI OMC 17.70 MDD 1.81 From the above table the soil is classified as medium • MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY OF SOIL SAMPLE compressible which indicate the liquid limit of soil sample which is obtained from cassagrande method of testing. Unconfined Compressive Test Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soil is obtained from compaction test. Compaction test is conduct on UCS performed on both clayey soil alone and with different different soil sample with different percentage of chemicals. percentage of chemicals.it was further being performed on Tri- Axial Machine. The sample was tested on a duration of Compaction Test 7,14and 28 days. So that the soil sample gain some strength before being tested. Compaction test being conducted on a soil sample alone and with different percentage of all chemicals. It was performed III. RESULTS OF COMPACTION TEST by Standard Proctor test. Compaction test represents the Table represent the value of compaction test with different percentage of chemical with clayey soil. • OPTIMUM MOISTUTRE CONTENT OF SOIL SAMPLE IJESC, May 2020 25715 http:// ijesc.org/ Table.2. Compaction Result Graphs for COMPACTION test SOIL SAMPLE WITH % OF OMC MDD CHEMICALS (%) (g/cc) CLAYEY SOIL + 3% LIME 21.40 1.80 CLAYEY SOIL + 7% LIME 23.61 1.71 CLAYEY SOIL + 10% LIME 24.48 1.74 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% NaOH 16.03 1.98 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% NaOH 17.26 2.01 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% NaOH 16.03 2.02 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% Al2O3 17.41 1.86 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% Al2O3 17.13 1.93 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% Al2O3 17.52 1.96 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% P2O5 16.36 1.92 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% P2O5 16.75 1.96 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% P2O5 16.52 2.01 Clayey Soil Figure.1. Graph of Clayey Soil Sample Comparison graph of lime with clayey Soil Figure.2. Comparison graph for clayey soil with lime IJESC, May 2020 25716 http:// ijesc.org/ Comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil Figure.3. Comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil Comparison graph of Aluminium Oxide with Clayey Soil Figure.4. comparison graph of Sodium Hydroxide with Clayey Soil Comparison graph of Phosphorus Pentoxide with Clayey Soil Figure.5.Comparison graph of Phosphorus Pentoxide with Clayey Soil IJESC, May 2020 25717 http:// ijesc.org/ MIX COMPACTION 2.05 2 1.95 1.9 Dry Density (g/cc) 1.85 1.8 1.75 1.7 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Water Content (%) PARENT SOIL NAOH 8% NAOH 12% NAOH 16% AL2O3 8% AL2O3 12% AL2O3 16% P2O5 8% P2O5 12% P2O5 16% Figure.6. Graph of Mix Compaction IJESC, May 2020 25718 http:// ijesc.org/ Result of UCS of Soil Sample Table represent the value of UCS Table.3. UCS Result 2 SOIL SAMPLE WITH % OF CHEMICALS UCS (Kg/cm ) CLAYEY SOIL + 3% LIME 2.56 CLAYEY SOIL + 7% LIME 2.81 CLAYEY SOIL + 10% LIME 2..98 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% NaOH 2.63 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% NaOH 2.85 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% NaOH 3.04 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% Al2O3 2.48 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% Al O 2.88 2 3 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% Al O 3.19 2 3 CLAYEY SOIL + 8% P O 2.89 2 5 CLAYEY SOIL + 12% P2O5 3.24 CLAYEY SOIL + 16% P2O5 3.42 Graphs for UCS Soil Sample Clayey Soil Figure.7. Graph of clayey soil Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime Figure.8. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime IJESC, May 2020 25719 http:// ijesc.org/ Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Sodium Hydroxide Figure.9. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Sodium Hydroxide Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Aluminium Oxide Figure.10. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Aluminium Oxide Graph of UCS with clayey soil and Phosphorus Pentoxide Figure.12. Graph of UCS with clayey soil and lime IJESC, May 2020 25720 http:// ijesc.org/ III. CONCLUSION University Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar, Or, India, “ A Review Of Literature On Stabilization Of Expansive Soil • In this research lime, Sodium Hydroxide, Aluminium Oxide Using Solid Wastes ” and Phosphorus Pentoxide were used to stabilize the clayey soil resulting in improvement of geotechnical properties of the [3]. Ali, F.H., Adnan, A., and Choy, C. K., Use of rice husk soil. ash to enhance lime treatment of soil, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, 1992, pp, 843–852. • The lime effect on soil leads to increase in optimum moisture content of soil and reduction in maximum dry [4]. Ali, F.H. (1993) “Field behaviour of a geogrid-reinforced density. On 3% lime concentration, OMC value increased to slope, Geotextile Geomembranes”, International Geotextiles 21.40% from parent soil value i.e. 17.71% on other percentage Society, 12(1), 53-72 i.e. 7% and 10% the value are 23.61% and 24.48%. The compressive strength of the soil also increases from their [5]. Ali, F.H.,Osman, N. (2008) “Shear strength of a soil parent soil. containing vegetation roots. Soils and Foundations”, Jap Geotechnical Soc., 48(4), 587-596. •Clayey soil interaction with sodium hydroxide results in increase in maximum dry density with reduction in optimum [6]. Ali, F.H. Wong, L.S. and Hashim, R. (2010 “Engineering moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength of soil properties of improved Fibrous peat”, Scientific Research and also increased as compared to parent soil. Essay, 5 (2), 154-169 • Aluminium oxide used in research work to stabilize the [7]. Al-Joulani, N. (2000). Engineering properties of slurry clayey soil, results in increased compaction. The maximum waste from stone cutting industry in the west bank. dry density of soil increases as compared to parent soil and Proceedings of the First Palestine Environmental Symposium, optimum moisture content decreases but this material was PPU, Hebron. suitable for stabilization of soil as the effect of chemical with soil show strong bonding with soil. The compressive strength [8]. Al-Khafaji, A.W.; and Andersland, O.B. (1992). of soil increases with each percentage of aluminium oxide i.e. Geotechnical engineering and soil testing. New York: Sounder 8%, 12% and 16%. College Publishing. • Phosphorus Pentoxide used in research work to stabilize the [9].