DOCSLIB.ORG

Upland Hardwood Forests and Related Communities of the Arkansas Ozarks in the Early 19Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Upland Hardwood Forests and Related Communities of the Arkansas Ozarks in the Early 19Th Century UPLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS AND RELATED COMMUNITIES OF THE ARKANSAS OZARKS IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY Thomas L. Foti1 Abstract—Historic accounts of the 19th Century Arkansas Ozarks mention such communities as oak forests, pine forests, barrens and prairies. I document the region-wide distribution of these types based on data from the first land survey conducted by the General Land Office (GLO). Structural classes used here include closed forest, open forest, woodland, savanna, open savanna and prairie or herbaceous-dominated. The analysis is based on subsections of the Ozark Mountains within Arkansas. These provide areas small enough to represent the landscape level diversity of the Ozark ecoregion, but large enough to encompass a relatively large number of GLO corners, the basic unit of analysis. As of the 1820s and 1830s, there were differences in the proportion of structural classes within these subsections: the Boston Mountains had more closed forest than the Ozark Highlands to the north, but communities were more open than today, probably as a result of recent fire suppression. INTRODUCTION flora was comprised of species typically found in prairies. Understanding the composition, structure and processes Steyermark (1959) issued a spirited and devastating of natural communities of the past may provide valuable rebuttal, also quoting from historic sources and surveyor’s perspectives for developing appropriate forest management notes to argue his position that the patterns of vegetation approaches and understanding of current issues such as structure in Missouri had changed little from the early oak decline and red oak borer. This does not mean that the historic time to the present. Many later researchers (Ladd goal of management today must be the restoration of past 1991, Nigh and Pallardy 1983, Schroeder 1981) have conditions; accomplishing that goal may be impossible given provided more support for the Beilmann and Brenner view current social, economic or ecological constraints. Know- than that of Steyermark, and have provided considerable ledge of past conditions may simply inform managers and insight into the role of fire in maintaining the open condition. decision makers about how much change has occurred in the landscape and what some of the implications of that Most of the debate over historic condition of oak woodlands change may be. of the Ozarks has been limited to the Missouri portion of the region. The conclusions reached there may apply to the The presettlement character of the Ozark Mountain region Arkansas Ozarks as well, but there may be differences. has been the subject of considerable and sometimes acri- While the physiography of part of the Arkansas Ozarks is monious debate. A central issue has been the structure of the same as that of adjacent areas of Missouri, the Boston the wooded areas, specifically whether they were open Mountains Subdivision (Foti 1974) does not extend into woodlands with herbaceous ground cover or whether they Missouri. The Boston Mountains and the Ozark Highlands were closed-canopy forest. A further question involves the have been recognized as separate sections (Foti and processes that may have led to a previously more open Bukenhofer 1998, Foti and Bukenhofer 1999, Keys and condition, especially fire frequency. These issues have others 1995) as a result of the significant differences substantial implications today for deciding on “appropriate” between them. In turn each of these sections has been management for public lands, for achieving silvicultural subdivided into subsections, each of which varies somewhat objectives such as oak regeneration, and for understanding from the others, in terms of both physical and biological current forest health problems. features (fig. 1). Therefore the descriptions and analyses presented here will be stated in terms of these finer geogra- The typical view of the vegetation of the Ozark region that phic regions. Subsections are still large enough to contain dominated the scientific literature of the first half of the 20th many of the GLO survey section corners, but are small Century was that most of the non-prairie areas were dense enough to reduce the landscape and plant community forest (e.g., Braun 1950). This view was challenged by variation within each. Beilmann and Brenner (1951), who presented historic descriptions and notes of the first land surveyors from the HISTORIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ARKANSAS early 19th Century that provided evidence that much of the OZARKS non-prairie area of the Missouri Ozarks was not closed The most comprehensive map of the vegetation of Arkansas forest but rather was open woodland often termed “barrens.” including the Ozarks in the 19th Century was provided by Such areas had trees spread widely enough to allow sunlight Sargent (1884) who mapped pine forest, hardwood forest to reach the ground, dramatically increasing the density and prairie. However, he did not map structural differences and diversity of vegetation in that stratum. In many cases, of the forest types. particularly in the most open woodlands, the ground-layer 1 Chief of Research, Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission, Little Rock, AR 72201. Citation for proceedings: Spetich, Martin A., ed. 2004. Upland oak ecology symposium: history, current conditions, and sustainability. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–73. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 311 p. 21 Figure 1—Subsections of the Arkansas Ozarks referred to in this study, along with the locations of GLO corners analyzed. In the White River Hills Subsection of the Ozark Highlands PREVIOUS STUDIES BASED ON GLO SURVEY Section Schoolcraft in 1818 found cane thickets and forests NOTES of oak, ash, maple, walnut, mulberry, sycamore, hickory, General Land Office (GLO) notes of the original land survey and elm on alluvial soils. He found prairies of coarse grass of the Ozarks from 1818 to the 1850’s provide quantitative and “scanty” timber on the limestone hills and “bald data on forest composition at that time. Surveyors traversed mountains” (Rafferty 1996). the east and south sides of each 6 mile by 6 mile township and then the east and south sides of each mile-square Owen (1858) described traveling north from Huntsville, section within each township. Direction and distance from Madison County, through the Boston Mountains and each section corner and quarter-section corner (that is, Springfield Plateau, saying one travels first through barrens halfway along each section side traversed) to two or four and then prairie (p. 103). He described the land between bearing trees were measured and species were identified the White River and Bentonville (Benton County) in the (Bourdo 1956). Diameter of each tree was also recorded. Springfield Plateau as being mainly barrens interspersed Location of additional line trees and qualitative descriptions with prairies. He expressed the opinion that the prairies of the topography, soil, forest, and undergrowth along each there had been of much greater extent and had been mile line surveyed were also recorded. Although there were reduced by human activity. no doubt biases in the selection of bearing trees and some- times errors in measurements, these surveys are the most Near the White River in the Upper Boston Mountains complete quantitative data set on vegetation in the early Subsection, Gerstacker (1881) described forest rather than 19th Century. barrens: “There was no trace of fir [cedar]; the mountains were covered with oak, beech, and hickory . It struck me These surveys offer several ways to characterize vegetation: as extraordinary that the best and most fertile land was on (1) Compilation of numbers of trees by species can provide the hill tops, where in other places, it is generally the worst; information on composition, (2) Diameters of bearing trees here grew black walnut, wild cherry, with stems sometimes can provide estimates of size, (3) Distances to bearing trees twenty inches in diameter, black locust, and sugar maple, can provide estimates of total density and density by species, trees which generally grow only on the richest soils” (p. 282). (4) Diameter and distance combined can provide estimates of basal area or dominance, (5) Mile notes can provide quali- tative assessment of land, timber and undergrowth, and (6) Plat sheets of each township provide maps of notable features such as streams, prairies, fields and ridgelines. 22 Prairies are often well delineated both in the notes and on Red oaks and white oaks were the most frequently recorded plat sheets because these were considered valuable in tree species groups within the study area at 374 and 365 land selection decisions. Other measures must be deter- trees respectively, and post oak was third with 145 trees. mined from the written data and notes. The Class III savanna areas that contained 18 percent of the total trees contained 29 percent of the total post oaks, Of particular interest in the present study is the density of 0.6 percent of the white oaks and 24 percent of the red trees in the non-prairie areas. Most previous studies have oaks. Thus post oak and the red oaks were more important used methods developed in Illinois to characterize the open- than average in these areas and white oak much less ness of the areas with trees based on average distance of important. bearing trees from the corner (Anderson and Anderson 1975, Rodgers and Anderson 1979). According to these studies, The vegetation of Benton and Washington counties, in the savanna is defined as having less than 50 percent canopy Springfield Plateau and both Upper and Lower Boston cover of trees, a density of 1 tree per 5 acres to 19 trees Mountains subsections, was mapped from the GLO notes per acre, and average distance from the corner greater than interpreted with the assistance of topographic maps by Miller 32 feet (48 links). Open forest varies from 19 to 40 trees (1972). Five generalized communities were interpreted and per acre, average distance from 22 feet (33 links) to 32 feet, mapped: (1) oak barrens (also called open woodlands and and closed forest has a greater density.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geologic Mapping from Aerial Photography in the Boston Mountains, Northwestern Arkansas Mikel R
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 31 Article 31 1977 Geologic Mapping from Aerial Photography in the Boston Mountains, Northwestern Arkansas Mikel R. Shinn Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Geomorphology Commons, and the Stratigraphy Commons Recommended Citation Shinn, Mikel R. (1977) "Geologic Mapping from Aerial Photography in the Boston Mountains, Northwestern Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 31 , Article 31. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol31/iss1/31 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 31 [1977], Art. 31 Geologic Mapping from AerialPhotography in The Boston Mountains, Northwest Arkansas MIKELR.SHINN Department of Geology, University ofArkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 ABSTRACT Aerial photography has been employed to map stratigraphic and structural features in the Boston Mountains of Washington and Crawford Counties, Arkansas. Exposures of resis- tant stratigraphic units within the lower Atoka Formation were delineated on a series of large scale aerial photographs over an area of about 150 square miles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of New England Forested Land Cover, Nutrient-Poor Frigid and Cryic Soils (Mostly Spodosols), and Numerous High-Gradient Streams and Glacial Lakes
    58. Northeastern Highlands The Northeastern Highlands ecoregion covers most of the northern and mountainous parts of New England as well as the Adirondacks in New York. It is a relatively sparsely populated region compared to adjacent regions, and is characterized by hills and mountains, a mostly Ecoregions of New England forested land cover, nutrient-poor frigid and cryic soils (mostly Spodosols), and numerous high-gradient streams and glacial lakes. Forest vegetation is somewhat transitional between the boreal regions to the north in Canada and the broadleaf deciduous forests to the south. Typical forest types include northern hardwoods (maple-beech-birch), northern hardwoods/spruce, and northeastern spruce-fir forests. Recreation, tourism, and forestry are primary land uses. Farm-to-forest conversion began in the 19th century and continues today. In spite of this trend, Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and 5 level III ecoregions and 40 level IV ecoregions in the New England states and many Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, Ecological regions of North America – toward a common perspective: Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 71 p. alluvial valleys, glacial lake basins, and areas of limestone-derived soils are still farmed for dairy products, forage crops, apples, and potatoes. In addition to the timber industry, recreational homes and associated lodging and services sustain the forested regions economically, but quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for continue into ecologically similar parts of adjacent states or provinces. they also create development pressure that threatens to change the pastoral character of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • ARKANSAS-BOSTON MOUNTAINS CHAPTER the Missouri & Louisiana Railroad
    Volume 31, No. 5 January 2018 Official Monthly Publication of the ARKANSAS-BOSTON MOUNTAINS CHAPTER NATIONAL RAILWAY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Chapter No. 188 founded in 1987 2018 DIRECTORY OF OFFICERS President Bob Stark Vice President Al Kaeppel Secretary Malcolm Cleaveland Treasurer Tom Duggan Nominations Bill Merrifield National Director Ken Eddy Board Director Gary McCullah Editor Mike Sypult The Missouri & Louisiana Railroad - 1902-1914 M&L Mogul #114 builder photo at Baldwin Locomotive Works in August 1912. – John Dill collection Page 1 - THE ARKANSAS SCRAMBLER January 2018 The Missouri & Louisiana Railroad Arkansas well, a well-known Kansas City Banker. Stilwell was Branch already in the railroad business by this date and his By John Dill railroads all needed a reliable, relatively inexpensive supply of coal. Stilwell and his associates were then How do you write about a virtually unknown railroad in the process of assembling what would become the that does not fit well into any category that would nor- Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Railroad, the predeces- mally be used to classify a railroad? The Missouri sor of the Kansas City Southern. Within only a few and Louisiana Railroad is the railroad in question. years, Central was heavily involved in the regional Have you ever heard of it? Few have. This article is coal business, mostly in Kansas and Missouri. Lum- as much an appeal to readers for information as a re- ber operations began near Texarkana in southern Ar- cital of the painfully limited knowledge of the author. kansas in January of 1894. A large amount of this Don’t get me wrong, the Missouri and Louisiana was lumber business soon became the production of rail- a very interesting, small but semi-important railroad in road ties and bridge timbers.
    [Show full text]
  • East and Central Farming and Forest Region and Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region: 12 Lrrs N and S
    East and Central Farming and Forest Region and Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region: 12 LRRs N and S Brad D. Lee and John M. Kabrick 12.1 Introduction snowfall occurs annually in the Ozark Highlands, the Springfield Plateau, and the St. Francois Knobs and Basins The central, unglaciated US east of the Great Plains to the MLRAs. In the southern half of the region, snowfall is Atlantic coast corresponds to the area covered by LRR N uncommon. (East and Central Farming and Forest Region) and S (Atlantic Basin Diversified Farming Region). These regions roughly correspond to the Interior Highlands, Interior Plains, 12.2.2 Physiography Appalachian Highlands, and the Northern Coastal Plains. The topography of this region ranges from broad, gently rolling plains to steep mountains. In the northern portion of 12.2 The Interior Highlands this region, much of the Springfield Plateau and the Ozark Highlands is a dissected plateau that includes gently rolling The Interior Highlands occur within the western portion of plains to steeply sloping hills with narrow valleys. Karst LRR N and includes seven MLRAs including the Ozark topography is common and the region has numerous sink- Highlands (116A), the Springfield Plateau (116B), the St. holes, caves, dry stream valleys, and springs. The region also Francois Knobs and Basins (116C), the Boston Mountains includes many scenic spring-fed rivers and streams con- (117), Arkansas Valley and Ridges (118A and 118B), and taining clear, cold water (Fig. 12.2). The elevation ranges the Ouachita Mountains (119). This region comprises from 90 m in the southeastern side of the region and rises to 176,000 km2 in southern Missouri, northern and western over 520 m on the Springfield Plateau in the western portion Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Illinois Native Trees
    Technical Forestry Bulletin · NRES-102 Checklist of Illinois Native Trees Jay C. Hayek, Extension Forestry Specialist Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences Updated May 2019 This Technical Forestry Bulletin serves as a checklist of Tree species prevalence (Table 2), or commonness, and Illinois native trees, both angiosperms (hardwoods) and gym- county distribution generally follows Iverson et al. (1989) and nosperms (conifers). Nearly every species listed in the fol- Mohlenbrock (2002). Additional sources of data with respect lowing tables† attains tree-sized stature, which is generally to species prevalence and county distribution include Mohlen- defined as having a(i) single stem with a trunk diameter brock and Ladd (1978), INHS (2011), and USDA’s The Plant Da- greater than or equal to 3 inches, measured at 4.5 feet above tabase (2012). ground level, (ii) well-defined crown of foliage, and(iii) total vertical height greater than or equal to 13 feet (Little 1979). Table 2. Species prevalence (Source: Iverson et al. 1989). Based on currently accepted nomenclature and excluding most minor varieties and all nothospecies, or hybrids, there Common — widely distributed with high abundance. are approximately 184± known native trees and tree-sized Occasional — common in localized patches. shrubs found in Illinois (Table 1). Uncommon — localized distribution or sparse. Rare — rarely found and sparse. Nomenclature used throughout this bulletin follows the Integrated Taxonomic Information System —the ITIS data- Basic highlights of this tree checklist include the listing of 29 base utilizes real-time access to the most current and accept- native hawthorns (Crataegus), 21 native oaks (Quercus), 11 ed taxonomy based on scientific consensus.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Ecoregions of Idaho
    1 0 . C o l u m b i a P l a t e a u 1 3 . C e n t r a l B a s i n a n d R a n g e Ecoregion 10 is an arid grassland and sagebrush steppe that is surrounded by moister, predominantly forested, mountainous ecoregions. It is Ecoregion 13 is internally-drained and composed of north-trending, fault-block ranges and intervening, drier basins. It is vast and includes parts underlain by thick basalt. In the east, where precipitation is greater, deep loess soils have been extensively cultivated for wheat. of Nevada, Utah, California, and Idaho. In Idaho, sagebrush grassland, saltbush–greasewood, mountain brush, and woodland occur; forests are absent unlike in the cooler, wetter, more rugged Ecoregion 19. Grazing is widespread. Cropland is less common than in Ecoregions 12 and 80. Ecoregions of Idaho The unforested hills and plateaus of the Dissected Loess Uplands ecoregion are cut by the canyons of Ecoregion 10l and are disjunct. 10f Pure grasslands dominate lower elevations. Mountain brush grows on higher, moister sites. Grazing and farming have eliminated The arid Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins ecoregion is nearly flat, internally-drained, and has light-colored alkaline soils that are Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 52 regions Literature Cited: much of the original plant cover. Nevertheless, Ecoregion 10f is not as suited to farming as Ecoregions 10h and 10j because it has thinner soils.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTIFYING OAKS: the HYBRID PROBLEM by Richard J
    . IDENTIFYING OAKS: THE HYBRID PROBLEM by Richard J. Jensen I Anyone who has spent time trying to identify oaks (Quercus spp.), especially in the for­ ests of eastern North America, has encountered trees that defy classification into any of the recognized species. Such trees commonly are treated as putative hybrids and often are taken as evidence that species of oaks are not as discrete as species in other groups. On the other hand, some (e.g., Muller, 1941) have argued that many, if not most, putative hybrids are nothing more than stump sprouts or aberrant individuals of a species. Muller (1941) did not deny the existence of hybrids; he was cautioning against an inflated view of the frequency of hybridization as a result of cavalier claims. As he put it (Muller, 1951), 'The freedom of hybridization ascribed to oaks is immensely overrated." While I don't disagree with these sentiments, I do believe that hybrids are a common component of forests throughout North America. Virtually all oak species in North America have been claimed to produce hybrids with one or more related species. Hardin (1975j presented a diagram illustrating hybrid combina­ tions for the common white oak (Quercus alba L.) and Fig. 1 provides a similar view for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Because these two species have very broad geo­ graphical ranges and come in contact with a large number of related taxa, there is ample opportunity for hybrid combina- RUB tions to arise naturally. These two examples also reflect the fact that MAR coc instances of hybridization are re­ stricted to taxa within a section: Quercus section Quercus (the white and chestnut oaks) and ELL IU Quercus section Lobatae (the red and black oaks), respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Ouachita Mountains Ecoregional Assessment December 2003
    Ouachita Mountains Ecoregional Assessment December 2003 Ouachita Ecoregional Assessment Team Arkansas Field Office 601 North University Ave. Little Rock, AR 72205 Oklahoma Field Office 2727 East 21st Street Tulsa, OK 74114 Ouachita Mountains Ecoregional Assessment ii 12/2003 Table of Contents Ouachita Mountains Ecoregional Assessment............................................................................................................................i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................................4 Ecoregional Boundary Delineation.............................................................................................................................................4 Geology..........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Soils................................................................................................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Bedrock Geology of War Eagle Quadrangle, Benton County, Arkansas Robert A
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 56 Article 27 2002 Revised Bedrock Geology of War Eagle Quadrangle, Benton County, Arkansas Robert A. Sullivan University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Stephen K. Boss University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the Stratigraphy Commons Recommended Citation Sullivan, Robert A. and Boss, Stephen K. (2002) "Revised Bedrock Geology of War Eagle Quadrangle, Benton County, Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 56 , Article 27. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/27 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 27 Revised Bedrock Geology of War Eagle Quadrangle, Benton County, Arkansas Robert A. Sullivan and Stephen K.Boss* Department of Geosciences 113 Ozark Hall University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701 ¦"Corresponding Author Abstract A digital geologic map of War Eagle quadrangle (WEQ) was produced at the 1:24000 scale using the geographic information system (GIS) software ArcView® by digitizing geological contacts onto the United States Geological Survey (USGS) digital raster graphic (DRG).
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Oklahoma Native Plant Record
    30 Oklahoma Native Plant Record Volume 19, December 2019 A WALK THROUGH THE McLOUD HIGH SCHOOL OAK-HICKORY FOREST WITH A CHECKLIST OF THE WOODY PLANTS Bruce A. Smith McLoud High School 1100 West Seikel McLoud, OK 74851 [email protected] ABSTRACT The McLoud High School oak-hickory forest is located a short distance from the McLoud High School campus. The forest has been used as an outdoor classroom for many years for high school students. This article will guide you through the forest trail and discuss several woody plants of interest at 16 landmarks. The article also includes a checklist of the 38 woody species identified in the forest. Key words: woody plants, checklist, invasive plants, hybridization, leaf curl INTRODUCTION indicated, all photos were taken by McLoud High School Botany classes over a number The McLoud High School forest has of years. been an important element in my teaching career for many years. I can’t remember the STUDY AREA first time that we started using the McLoud oak-hickory forest as an outdoor classroom. The forest is about 100 m (330 ft) by I do remember Kari Courkamp doing 76 m (250 ft) and is located near the research on tree lichens 25 years ago. Since McLoud High School campus in McLoud, that time there was a long period when we Oklahoma. It is bordered by adjacent used it mostly to learn about the forests on the south and east. The forest has composition and structure of the forest. In been utilized as an outdoor classroom for the last few years, we have done a variety of the high school students for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • Arkansas Endemic Biota: an Update with Additions and Deletions H
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 62 Article 14 2008 Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions H. Robison Southern Arkansas University, [email protected] C. McAllister C. Carlton Louisiana State University G. Tucker FTN Associates, Ltd. Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Robison, H.; McAllister, C.; Carlton, C.; and Tucker, G. (2008) "Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 62 , Article 14. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol62/iss1/14 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 62 [2008], Art. 14 The Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions H. Robison1, C. McAllister2, C. Carlton3, and G. Tucker4 1Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71754-9354 2RapidWrite, 102 Brown Street, Hot Springs National Park, AR 71913 3Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1710 4FTN Associates, Ltd., 3 Innwood Circle, Suite 220, Little Rock, AR 72211 1Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Pringle and Witsell (2005) described this new species of rose-gentian from Saline County glades.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plant List Trees.XLS
    Lower Makefield Township Native Plant List* TREES LIGHT MOISTURE TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME STREET SUN PART SHADE DRY MOIST WET TREE SHADE EVERGREEN Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar x x x x IIex opaca American Holly x x x x Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar x x x Picea glauca White Spruce x x x Picea pungens Blue Spruce x x x Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine x x x Pinus resinosa Red Pine x x x Pinus rigida Pitch Pine x x Pinus strobus White Pine x x x Pinus virginiana Virginia Pine x x x Thuja occidentalis Eastern Arborvitae x x x x Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock xx x DECIDUOUS Acer rubrum Red Maple x x x x x x Acer saccharinum Silver Maple x x x x Acer saccharum Sugar Maple x x x x Asimina triloba Paw-Paw x x Betula lenta Sweet Birch x x x x Betula nigra River Birch x x x x Betula populifolia Gray Birch x x x x x Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam x x x (C. tomentosa) Carya alba Mockernut Hickory x x x x Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory x x x Carya glabra Pignut Hickory x x x x x Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory x x Castanea pumila Allegheny Chinkapin xx x Celtis occidentalis Hackberry x x x x x x Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn x x x x Crataegus viridis Green Hawthorn x x x x Diospyros virginiana Common Persimmon x x x x Fagus grandifolia American Beech x x x x PAGE 1 Exhibit 1 TREES (cont'd) LIGHT MOISTURE TYPE BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME STREET SUN PART SHADE DRY MOIST WET TREE SHADE DECIDUOUS (cont'd) Fraxinus americana White Ash x x x x Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash x x x x x Gleditsia triacanthos v.
    [Show full text]