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Home , Bulungur, Kattakurgan District, Navoiy, Navoiy District, Nurota, Zarafshan

Secton 2. Geography

Secton 2. Geography Namozov Jurabek Abduazizovich, National university of , senior staff scientist E-mail: [email protected] Sharipov Shavkat Muxamajanovich, assistant professor E-mail: [email protected] Uralov Eliboy Amanovich, senior staff scientist E-mail: [email protected]

The territorial features of effective use of water resources (as basin) Abstract: Every irrigation systems provide by the definite channel and the name of the system as the same as channel. Moreover, water resources of Zarafshan river divided in different regions, districts and other areas. In this article regions was reflected which was provided by Zarafshan river and analyzed every region separately. In conclusion part was speculated about possibility of using water resources and some suggestions for resolving problems in future. Keywords: water resources, agriculture, industry, water reservoir, irrigation systems, the channeles, regions and districts. Introduction. Waterresources are suitable water for using • Although were used 10–11 thousand m 3 water in a hectare which under the ground, over the ground and humidity of air and till 1990s, nowadays that indicators diminished in 6–7 thousand m 3 soil. Water divided into more than centure (layers over the ground, water in a hectare; pole, ices on mountains, high lakes and such kind of water which • To provide with water resourse overall 3.6 mln. km. hectare suitable for using) and restore (river’s flow, dynamic and fluctuate farmer grounds are activated 180 thousand km. irrigating systems, stores of under ground, the part of lakes and so on) water types. 160 thousand water buildings from these are more than 800 high Water resources also whole objects of rivers, lakes and seas. Be- hydrotechnic buildings, 55 of its are water reservouir which whole cause they are used for ships and submarines, hydroenergy, fish- capacity of 19.2 mlr/m 3, 1614 of its are pupping station which annual ing, tour, resting and etc. Therefore, the water is resource of wealthy spendings are 8.2 mlr. kvt. electr. energy, 4124 of its are irrigating wells; which importance in life and economy. Almost 2.5 percentage of • Although by the whole 4.0 mln hectare irrigating grounds hydrosphere’s water store are suitable for drinking (nearly, 1 percent- were used 2.0 mln hectare for cotton at the and of last centure, nowa- age of this water suitable for people), 70 percentage of its ices, remain days are reduced in 30 % or 1.2 mln hectare; percentages are rivers, lakes, humidity of airs and water stores of the • The rise square also diminished from 180 thousand to under ground [1]. 40 thousand. Instead of it used for other crops which need for life; In Uzbekistan water resources are mainly river’s flows, dynamic • The useful managing and equal spreading of water resources stores of under ground water (restore resources) and also ices on come after to pass from administrative management to conditional mountains, permanent water stores of lakes. River’s water come in by management of water resources. Today 10 boards of irrigation sys- seasonal snow’s layers, melting of ice, snow and rainfalls. The under tems and more than 60 irrigation systems, main canal depatments ground water of mountains were appeared by above resources. The and 1501 the union of water consumers are organized [1]. under ground water of near the mountains and grounds were appeared Body part. By thecapacity and length the Zarafshan river is the mainly by the water of over ground. Rivers and underground water third in the republic of Uzbekistan. The total number of water squear resources are belong to each others. The using amount level of under are 11,722 thousand km 2, overall length are 870 km. The annual ground water its results of the sharpest decreasing river’s flowing [2]. average capacity of water flowing are 5127 mln. m 3. Seasonal water In our country for farmer grounds need annual 114 km 3 wa- flowing are equal to 4255 mln. m 3. The former formal document was ter resources, 74.7 % of its from the Amudarya river (together with reflected distribution of the water resourse of the Zarafshan river are Zarafshan and Qashkadarya), 39 % of its come by the Sirdarya river. following, they are divided by the region in percentage. Water resources are situated uneven and although appear in moun- Table 1. – The distribution of the Zarafshon river’s tains they flow by canals to even grounds for using. The full amount by the region [3] of water resources of quality indicates and using level changed at the last 30–40 years. As the result of have been doing some kind of № Regions Рercentage ( %) strivers. They are followings: 1. 70.2 • The whole rate of annual using of water diminished from 2. Jizzax 7.4 64 mlr./m 3 to 51 mlr./m 3 between last centure of 80s and nowadays 3. Kashkadarya 9.3 (by contrast decresed in 13 mld. m 3); 4. 13.1

8 The territorial features of effective use of water resources (as Zarafshan basin)

The spending to industry of Navoiy sity and GRS are 32.5 m 3/sec, only 14.1 mln. m 3 parts use in industry. There is no any difference in this spends doesn’t enter in the distribution table above. The whole distribution of water, consequently all three districts are , amount of canal’s length are 3233.15 km. which in balance of Basin’s , Payarik consume almost the same amount of water. Payarik board. From this number 185 km. is in regional length, 1295 km. are uses water (292.7 mln. m 3) in irrigation and needs slightly more than districtional length, 1546 km. are magistral length and interagricul- Bulungur, Jomboy [3]. tural canal’s length are 1753 km. [2]. There are 1729 hydraulic engi- 4. Narpay-Navoiy irrigation system — situated in the middle neer buildings, 2647 piece of hydraulic stations, 97 piece of duikers, and lower reaches of Zarafshan, uses 1/8 part or 601.8 mln. m 3 wa- 81 piece of aqueducts and 412 piece of bridges in magistral and inter ter of the Zarafshan river. Irrigate 60 609 hectare of Narpay-Navoiy agricultural canals. There are 10 reservoirs in the territory of basin regions. There are 87 % or 33.7 mln. m 3 water from the total water board which in 1171.8 mln. m 3 capacity. The Zarafshan rivers water are used in industry. Almost 80 % water of Narpay-Navoiy irrigation amount egual to 4888.3 mln. m 3 from total amount of Uzbekistan. system are spent in districts of Narpay, Paxtachi. The lowest part of 83.7 percentage of this water spend to irrigating and 797.8 mln. m 3 water (12.1 mln. m 3) are used in Nurobod [3]. to water industry, communal services other needs. 5. Miyonqol-Toss irrigation system — situated mainly be- Almost 80 percentage of requirements of industry to spend in tween Okdarya and Koradarya. Consumes 530.3 mln. m 3 water energy, 15.8 percentage of this to spend in industry, 2.2 percentage of of the Zarafshan basin and irrigates 67 705 hectare of territory. Al- this in communal services, 17 percentage of its in fishing, 0.06 percent- though three districts use by this irrigation system, have a high ter- age of its spend in other services. From the 637 mln. m 3 water 1/5 part ritorial difference between its (more than 11 times). In particular of its don’t come back to the river which are used in energy [3]. share 59 % to Xatirchi district, 35.4 % to district, 5.3 % The irrigation system were created in the territory of the Zaraf- to Ishtixon district. 59 % water of this irrigation system spends in shan river for using in effectiveness, there are 8 irrigation systems, [3]. which 3 of followings are used in neighbor region. They are “Kar- 6. Ok-Karadaryo irrigation system — situated in the east- mana-Konimeh”, “Eski Anhor”, “Tuyatortar” canals. The consuming ern side of Miyonkol, provide needs of five district in Samarkand percentage of them are following: and irrigate 71 408 hectare of farms. Consume 421.1 mln. m 3 water 1. -Konimeh irrigation systems: are consumsed 21.5 % of the Zarafshan basin and uses in industry almost 1.5 % of total of total number of the Zarafshan rivers. All of its consumed in the consume. Have any difference between territories for example 80 % region of Navoiy. Include in city and 6 district near the city. Also ir- water share to Ishtixon and Okdarya. The only 7.4 mln. m 3 water- rigate 54 355 hectar farmer field. There are have some difference in uses in Kushrabat district. Also this district provide its needs by the water consuming. For instance, the city of Navoiy used 701 mln. m 3, other irrigation system. or 66.5 % of water in industry and farmer. One of the alone feature 7. Eski Anhor irrigation system — although uses fewer wa- of Zarafshan basin it is 14.3 % of total number are used in industry. ter of the Zarafshan basin but provide (73.8 mln. m 3 water) the Namely, 91 % energy, 63,5 % industry and 0.5 mln. m 3 of water are Amu-Kashkadarya irrigation system which include in Kashkadarya spent in fishing. The 19.7 % or 125.8 mln. m 3 water don’t come back region. Overall 36 mln. m 3 of water consume in two districts of Sa- to the river which are used in energy [3]. markand, 48 926 hectare of territory irrigated in three districts of And other territories use water only in irrigating. The great- Kashkadarya region. From the total amount 62 % or 398.4 mln. m 3 est amount of whole number is equal to Navbahor district which water uses in the Chirokchi district of Kashkadarya. Uses all water in are 174.5 mln. m 3 water used in agricultural system. Because of us- agriculture [3]. ing more than other district the situation of this district suitable 8. Tuyatortar-Canal irrigation system — situated in the for irrigating farmers and also lower flowings of Zarafshan flowing northern and eastern edge of the Zarafshan basin, uses the smallest by there. At the second level the district of Karmana use 13.5 % of amount of water by the canal of Eski Tuyatortar which including whole water in irrigation. The district of Xatirchi and uses 300.3 mln. m 3 water. Irrigate 49 091 hectare agricultural ground in the smallest water resources owing to used from other irrigation three district of Jizzax region. The only 64 % of all water uses by systems. The next level of using water resources are Dargom irriga- Jizzax district. Baxmal and Gallaorol districts uses less than harf as tion system. This board control the canal of Dargom and also ir- much. The Korovultepa reservoir which sitiuated between two re- rigate 123 287 hectare of Samarkand. The Dargom canal flows in gion. It is important to Jizzax’s economy and agriculture. There are south after dividing from the post of Ravotxuja and to provide with annually 16 mln. m 3 water poures in reservoir by the canal of Eski water territory of two region. Tuyatortar [7]. Have main features of water resources are distrib- 2. The Dargom canal is equal to 17.5 % or 856.4 mln. m 3 of to- uted by the territory. Admittedly, three districts of Kashkadarya and tal amount of water resourse. 95 percentage or 815 mln. m 3 of canal Jizzax, six districts of Navoiy, all districts of Samarkand regions are are used for irrigation and only 40.9 mln. m 3 waterto spend in indus- consumed by the Zarafshon river. try (industry, communal services, fishing). The higher part of total On the table 2 bellow was indicated distribution (division) of water store are spent for Pastargom district. Pastargam is the largest water resources in the region of Samarkand. As can be seen from square in the irrigation system. The territory of the Dargom canal is the table, almost full water are used in irrigation in all districts. The more fertile and more suitable for farming than others. Moreover, only center of region and near the region are used in industry and in districts of , Tayloq and Samarkand also have some kind of etc. (3.4 %). There are more than 50 times differences of water re- farming, which famous for horticulture, viticulture, to plant tobacco sources in distribution by the territorial. From ancient times irri- and potatoes over the republic. Yet, districts of Kattakurgon, espe- gation system have been developing in Samarkand, therefore have cially Nurobod are used very fewer water of Dargom because this more posibilities in farming, especially in irrigation. There are two districts are used more by another basin [3]. territory which is the most consumer. In that case, developed in all 3. Mirza-Pay irrigation system — uses 726.5 mln. m 3 of wa- sphere of farming and irrigating, have more level between other dis- ter from the Zarafshan river and irrigate 93 172 hectare of fag- tricts of region. They are Pastargam and districts. Only these ming. In this irrigation system the main water are used in farming, districts consume more than 300 mln. m 3 of water or ј part of total

9 Secton 2. Geography number. And almost once level of water are consuming in other dis- • Influencing historical situation of population: although, tricts. There are two of its use a remarkable little water which disert having unconvinent situation (mountains, near the mountains, districts (Nurobod and Kushrabot). It is nearly 7.4 mln.m 3 or 0.26 % any diserts), but people live there from ages and had been flour- of water belongs to Kushrabot [7]. ishing. Moreover, are occupied with stock-racing, horticulture Table 2. – The distribution of water resources by the region and viticulture. of Samarkand (countedas mln. m 3) Conclusion: The Zarafshan river the main water resource which is one of the third in our country. The people are being lived The whole Use in irriga- near this basin are situated very dense. Furthermore, economy of № Districts number of con- tion from the this territory depending on more agriculture, therefore main prob- suming water total number lem providing with water resource. As a result of, there are any 1 Bulungur 208.2 208.2 problems with water in Samarkand are expecting to solve. There 2 Jomboy 227.8 227.8 are following results are problems. 3 Ishtixon 211.7 211.7 1. The increasing of population: Nowadays, over the 6 mln 4 Kattaqurgan 252.6 252.6 people live near the Zarafshon basin. By contrast it is 5 Narpay 260.0 260.0 escalated 20 % more than in the beginning of XXI cen- 6 Nurobod 50.2 50.2 ture. The requirement of water a remarkable increase as 7 Okdaryo 154.8 154.8 much [4]. 8 Pastdargom 364.5 364.5 2. The wide spread of farmer grounds: Increasing of popu- 9 Paxtachi 223.8 223.8 lation, also rising needs for foods, enlarging of farming 10 Payariq 345.7 345.7 the result of them climbed demands of water resouces. 11 Samarqand 118.2 118.2 Particularly, from the 60s of last centure begin to change 12 Tayloq 112.2 112.2 from disert to farming, widened of cotton fields also result 13 Urgut 185.7 185.7 of decreasing of water resources. 14 Kushrabat 7.4 7.4 3. The developing of industry and producing. By the 80s Na- Needs in industry and farmer 96.8 voiy region to begin changing into industrial city. The de- Total the whole region 2819.3 2722.6 mands had being provided by the Zarafshon river. Also in Samarkand have been building industrial factories in Kat- Note: * — The table above prepared by author with the statistics of takurgan and other territories which are near the river. the Board irrigation system of Zarafshan. Although, industries used no more water resources but it Admittedly, have more affects the using of water resources in more influences in quality of water. effectiveness. Mainly are followings: 4. The decreasing of water resources. As can be seen water • Hydro-geographic situation: situation of territory near the resources depend on ices and snow on mountains. But water resources. It is a good factor, because how many more near to changing of the weather especially increasing level of the water so more higher effectiveness and condition for developing weather, no more rainfallings are result of decreasing wa- once level of agro-economy. Its steady affects in every sphere if have ter resources. Although, the Amudarya and Zarafshan’s not enough water. There are more such kind of effective territory water flows fully in july, august. besides two disert districts. As we know that the first civilization 5. The useless wasting of water resources and pollution of riv- began in such geographical territories; ers. The irregular using of water in farmer and other needs • Features and fertilities of over ground or relief: it is be- result of water do not coming back river, but water steamed longs to a good fertile ground resources, especially important to agri- away, absorbing, to gathering and become swamping or cultural district which is need develope. There are kind of problem in saltness of grounds. Furthermore, the wasters of factories such territory have a low comfortable ground for agriculture, the the greatest result of dirtiness of river. scarcity of water which is reguired to provide fastly. It is situated in 6. The transboundary problems. Nowadays, it is important the western region. First of all need permanent looking after such problem but one of the highest increasing in future. More- a deficit grounds; over, it is important as political problem. References: 1. Valiyev Kh. I., Muradov Sh. O., Kholbayev B. M. Perfect use and protection of water resources. – T.: Science and Technology, 2010. 2. Djalalov S. Ch. Irrigated agriculture in the conditions of water scarcity. – T., 2000. 3. Information about Zarafshan irrigation systems in board of basin. – Samarkand, 2014. 4. Namozov J. A. About the importance of the Zarafshan River of Samarkand region’s socio-economic development//Akta NUUz. – № 3/1. – , 2015. 5. Qayumov A. A., Rahmonov R. N., Egamberdiyeva L. Sh. Use and protection of natural resources. – T.: Economy, 2014. 6. Rakhmatullayev A. R. Water resources and irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan//J.: Problems of Desert Development. – № 1–2. – Ashkhabad, 2009. 7. Soliyev A. S., Nazarov M. I., Qurbonov Sh. Socio-economic development of the . – T.: The classic word, 2010. 8. Shuls V., Mashrapov A. Hydrography Central Asia. – T.: «The economy», 1963.

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