ß

û An International Journal on Human Rights

Photo: L.A. Hyder Czechoslovakia Special Section: Greece Medicine Indonesia and Torture South Vietnam

VOL. 1, NO. 2 FALL 1974 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATES Danilo Dolci Prof. Eric Fromm Sir Brian Horrocks Jean-Flavien Lalive Salvador de Madriaga Yehudi Menuhin Gunnar Myrdal Dr. Martin Niemoller Alan Paton Sean McBride Giorgio La Pira Archbishop Arthur Ramsey Prof. Julius Stone NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL Sen. James Abourezk Philip Amram Joan Baez Daniel Bell Nelson Bengston Zbigniew Brzezinski William F. Buckley, Jr. Joseph Buttinger David Carlner Rep. Don Edwards Richard Falk Jules Feiffer Richard Gardner Stephen Goldman Sanford Gottlieb Frances Grant Rep. Michael Harrington Rita Häuser Nat Hentoff Victor Honig Annapurna Lodge George Houser Sen. Jacob Javits Kathmandu, Nepal Dr. Albert Jonsen 20 July, 1974 Frank Mankiewicz John R. May Mary Messner Editor, MATCHBOX Rev. Paul Moore, Jr. Edward Mosk Stewart Mott Michael McCone Believe it or not, I discovered the first issue of MATCHBOX while I was sitting Prof. Frank Newman in the study of a large house in Kathmandu, Nepal. That was a profoundly Jan Papanek Stanley Plastrik exciting moment — proof that the Amnesty International family is becoming Millard Pryor • ever more and more a world family. Rex Stout Marietta Tree George Wald To find MATCHBOX like that, over a distance of 10,000 miles, had a special June A Willeru significance for me because it's my job as Amnesty's Field Secretary in Asia to see that this family of ours (which until recently has been exclusively Western NATIONAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS European) joins hands with and grows among those people in Asia who also Prof. Ivan Morris, Chairman share the vision of fundamental human freedom. Arthur Michaelson, Vice-Chairman Arthur Danto, Secretary Arnold Price, Treasurer But this much-needed growth, which is also taking place in Latin America and Mark Benenson Africa, is slow and difficult. After all, these continents hold the vast bulk of the Theodore Bikel Howard Blue prisoners we work for. But at the same time, the cutting edge of contemporary Joel Carlson history is here, in the so-called Third World, and if the Amnesty movement is to Ramsey Clark become truly a world force, it must avoid the sad fate of becoming just another Whitney Ellsworth Stephen Fenichell Western-oriented Goodwill Club. Maurice Goldbloom Frank Greer Hanna Grunwald So we are trying to discover people throughout these three continents — Asia, Thomas Jones Africa and Latin America — who are prepared to face the risks which Amnesty William Korey work can mean in their countries. In Asia, we have several good bases of growth: Arne Lewis Sally Hellyer Lilienthal National Sections in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Japan and South Korea and a Ginetta Sagan newly formed group in Thailand. Norman Schorr Barbara Sproul Rose Styron I mention this in the hope that you could ask your readers to do one more thing Telford Taylor for "the cause." Many must have friends in Asia, Africa or Latin America. A good idea would be for each reader to enclose some Amnesty material in the next WEST COAST ADVISORY BOARD Joan Baez letter to such friends or colleagues, asking them to join with us in building a Frank Greer t global network of "freedom fighters." Victor Honig Dr. Albert Jonsen Sally Hellyer Lilienthal , Also, a number of your readers must travel abroad (either for work or pleasure). John R. May Perhaps they could devote one day of their holidays or free days at conferences to Michael McCone Amnesty work. For example, if someone is going to Bangkok, she could easily Thomas Silk get the address of the Amnesty group there and arrange a visit to exchange ideas and share problems. And the same goes for Mexico City or Tokyo. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL is a worldwide And while I'm still writing from this tiny Himalayan Kingdom, (whose human rights movement which is independent of any government, pol itical faction or rel ig ious government, by the way, is the first in Asia to openly support Amnesty's creed. AI works, irrespective of political con­ initiatives to get torture on the UN General Assembly agenda) let me just say siderations, for the release of men and women how well-produced and inspiring I found MATCHBOX. Corragio! who are in prison for their beliefs, color, ethnic origin or religion, provided they have never used nor advocated violence. Founded in Richard Reoch 1961, Amnesty International has consultative Field Secretary — Asia status with the United Nations, the Council of Amnesty International Europe, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of American States. M ATC H BOX

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2 FALL 1974 CONTENTS The Prisoners in South Vietnam Page Jane and David Barton 2 Medical/Scientific: Dr. Edward N. Opton, Jr. 6 Dr. Leonard Sagan 8 A Personal Matter Ginetta Sagan 22 Civilian Government Returns to Greece Dennis Piper 24 Indonesia: Background: Barbara French 26 The Current Situation: David Hinkley 28 Czechoslovakia Under Dubcek David Hinkley 30

During the final days of World War II, a captured resistance member sat alone in a black prison cell, tired, hungry, tortured and convinced of approaching AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL MATCHBOX STAFF: With death. After weeks of torture and torment, the prisoner was convinced that OFFICE STAFF: special there was no hope, that no one knew or cared. But in the middle of the night the Editor: thanks door of the cell opened, and the jailer, shouting abuse into the darkness, threw New York Grace Harwood a loaf of bread onto the dirt floor. The prisoner, by this time ravenous, tore to open the loaf. Pamela Bond David Fenichell Layout/Design Editor: Nowels Sarah Foote Joanjfr O'Donnell Press, Inside, there was a matchbox. Inside this matchbox, there were matches and a Menlo scrap of paper. The prisoner lit a match. On the paper there was a single word: San Francisco Contributing Editors: Park, Coraggio! Coraggio. Take courage. Don't give up, don't give in. We are try­ Kit Bricca Barbara French and ing to help you. Coraggio! Theo Brown David Hinkley Janet Johnstone Resource Resistance people disguised as SS doctors later freed this prisoner, who has Ginetta Sagan Staff: One, spent many subsequent years helping others who sit in prisons without hope, alone. L.A. Hyder San Lucille Melander Francisco To the people of Amnesty's Western Regional Office this matchbox has Dennis Piper become a symbol and a mandate for continuing and expanding the work of Amnesty International. To those still in prison throughout the world, and to all those concerned about human rights, we offer MATCHBOX.

MATCHBOX is published quarterly by the Western Regional Office of Amnesty Amnesty International International in the United States, 3618 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Califor­ Amnesty International nia 94118. ©1974 by Amnesty International. All rights reserved. Write for reprint USA National Office West Coast Regional Office permission. 200 West 72nd Street 3618 Sacramento Street New York, NY 10023 San Francisco, CA 94118 Sent to all Amnesty International members, contributors and concerned individuals and distributed by Amnesty International groups. Newsstand price, $0.50. Sent free Amnesty International to prisoners on request. International Secretariat 53 Theobald's Road We welcome submissions of photographs and graphic art on international events London WC1X 8SP, England and human rights themes. Please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope; Phone: 01-242 1871 MATCHBOX assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. THE PRISONERS IN SOUTH VIETNAM CHAINED TOGETHER Jane and David Barton

Tran thi Thin Photo: Bartons

(Jane and David Barton were field di­ We continued to make medical visits to rectors of the American Friends Service Tran thi Thin each day, but in spite of our Committee Rehabilitation Center in care she got worse. Now, when Tran thi Quang Ngai, South Vietnam, May 1971 Thin fed herself she couldn't use chopsticks — May 1973. In addition to providing and ate with a large metal spoon which she medical services, physical therapy, and As Tran Thi Thin's was too weak to lift. Grains of rice stuck to prosthetic care for the many thousands health failed, we asked the side of her face or spilled down her front. of war-injured civilians, the AFSC the police if she could be program also included medical visits to In a land where old people are honored, people at Quang Ngai Prison and the buried in her ancestral Tran thi Thin lay in a prison bed, alone, prisoner ward in Quang Ngai Hospital.) grave rather than in a helpless, and bewildered. As her health numbered coffin in a lot failed, we visited the South Vietnamese A very old woman lay under a gray blanket police and requested that Thin be allowed to in a far corner of the prison ward of the behind the hospital, go home to die where she could be buried in Quang Ngai Hospital. As we approached used for trash dumping. her ancestral grave rather than in a num­ her motionless form we began to smell the bered coffin in a lot behind the hospital, stench of dried human waste which used for trash dumping. permeated. The old woman's mattress was a piece of cardboard with a hole cut through which she defecated. Flies gathered around Tran thi Thin Photo: Bartons her and another prisoner sat nearby trying to fan them away. The other prisoners explained that special police from the Interrogation Center brought her to the hospital on a stretcher that morning. We examined her and discovered that she was completely paralyzed on her right side. She weighed only 70 pounds; her bones were so exposed that the skin stretched and wrinkled across them.

Though weak, she told us that her name was Tran thi Thin and that she was 63 years old. One day when she was carrying four pounds of rice from the marketplace where she'd gone to have it milled, she was arrested. The police said she was walking toward an insecure area and that she might have been planning to give or sell the rice to the Viet Cong. She told them she was only walking home but they beat her anyway, causing a brain injury which resulted in her hémiplégie condition.

2 Amnesty International, USA But the police refused. They said she was a , p "... ' ':''':^'.:-::'- political suspect and potentially dangerous. Tran thi Thin died May 10, 1973. WE Tran thi Thin was only one of 2500 prisoners jailed in Quang Ngai, one of South s Vietnam's 37 provinces. During our two years in Vietnam we had daily contact with ••-»«'^ * BP na these prisoners when we made medical m visits to the Quang Ngai Prison and to the x • prison ward at the local hospital. Most of «.-. ^^mSr ff m these people weren't actively working for i % the Viet Cong nor were they third-force ipipw PI • neutralists.

They were, country people — people who were jailed for being in the wrong place at the wrong time, for losing their government ID cards, for refusing to bribe government officials, for not refugeeing to government- controlled territory when their ancestral lands came under control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government. These were 1 children as young as eleven, pregnant f\ women, mothers with young children, high school students, rice farmers, monks, old men with white beards, and grandmothers. \ . sar iifiiiiiiiiiii Though none had been tried most of these Co Lang, imprisoned for refusing an ARVN officer Photo: Bartons people had been in prison from two to six years. repeatedly banged her head against the wall. Later, she was given electrical shocks We first visited this prison ward in 1971 under her fingernails and with wires with a Quaker service doctor. As we stepped attached to both ears. from the sunlight into the small room, we couldn't see anything. We could only smell. She told us she had been One night the police began torturing her at As we came to see in the dark, the prisoners seven o'clock, but she couldn't remember seemed all around us, staring, almost picked up because she much because she kept blanking out. When breathing on us. We felt terribly exposed, had rejected an officer she woke up nine hours later, blood was standing there as gigantic Americans, who had friends in the coming from her vagina. The next time they slightly awkward in our Vietnamese beat her head and face with a club. After, Co clothes. Quang Ngai Secret Lang couldn't move her right side. The Police.. . doctor felt her skull and found a lesion and a The men were in beds on the left, the women depressed area.

in beds along the right wall. They were not Photo: Bartons only chained to their beds, but together, in Photo: Bartons pairs. Twice a day they were released to go to the bathroom, but their ankle chains were not undone, so they had to hobble, dragging their chains between them.

The Quaker doctor began to examine the women. We helped interpret and distribute the medicine (in most cases, aspirin). Some of the youngest women seemed sweet and naive; they even giggled and laughed a bit. Others were quiet and strong, and a few looked at us with hostility and hate.

We particularly noticed one young woman who looked more like a Saigon-Vietnamese than the tougher, country women of Quang Ngai. We learned that her name was Co Lang and that she was unable to move her right side; her leg and arm were limp and useless.

She told us she had been picked up because she had rejected an ARVN offcer who had friends in the Quang Ngai secret police force and, in revenge, told his friends that Co Lang was a VC. She was taken to the prison where the police beat her and

Matchbox Fall 1974 3 Nelson, an American doctor who had lung. As a result, she had an abcess on her worked in Quang Ngai before). Bac Si Mai lung, and the doctor had given her had returned to the States, married, added a penicillin. I checked to see how many pills degree in public health to her MD, practiced she was taking each day. She didn't reply at medicine, had a baby, and spoke and first. Then, quietly, "Two." traveled through many countries trying to bring the plight of these prisoners to world "But the doctor told you to take eight each attention. And, each day, this woman re­ day. Why aren't you doing that?" mained in prison. She replied in a pleading voice, "I've been in The majority of prisoners we treated had prison for a year and a half. I have so much been tortured. We were able to gather pain, but no doctor has ever seen me. I've evidence of torture through physical never had any medicine. I want to save it. examination, through interviews and Next time they beat me, I'll have some personal accounts by the prisoners medicine." themselves, and from X-rays and photographs. I sat down and gently tried to explain that she would feel less pain if she took all the The ceasefire accords changed nothing for medication now as the doctor prescribed. I these thousands of political prisoners. In promised we'd return in the morning and April of 1972, President Thieu claimed give her 56 capsules, enough for a week. I there were no such prisoners in South thought if she saw that many, she wouldn't Vietnam, yet, at that time, the prisoners we be afraid to take eight a day. were treating in Quang Ngai were wearing tags printed with their name, number, and The next morning she wasn't there. Then I the words "Political prisoner." During our understood why she hoarded the medicine, two years in Quang Ngai we met and spoke and why she was afraid. with several hundred people, but not once did we personally meet someone who had (Parts of this article were adapted from been arrested for criminal reasons. And "Women POWs in South Vietnam," by Jane none of these prisoners we knew were freed Barton, OFF OUR BACKS, a quarterly after the ceasefire. journal on women's liberation, April 1973. Other portions were presented as testimony "Vietcong" Photo: Bartons before the House of Representatives Com­ Women Prisoners mittee on Foreign Affairs, September 9, 1973. Bac Si Mai, Dr. Margery Nelson, tes­ I (Jane) treated all the prisoners as best I tified before the Committee on June 17, We asked the policemen in charge of the could, but I felt close to the women prisoners 1970. Ed.) hospital if Co Lang could be taken to the in a special way. Although a million Ameri­ X-ray room for a film of her skull. He wasn't can men had come to fight in Vietnam, most sure it could be arranged. "There are so Vietnamese have never seen an American many problems," he said. woman, especially not one who spoke their language. So the women were more curious Photo: Bartons A woman in a nearby bed couldn't lift her about and perhaps more trusting of me than head. She was beaten all over her back and of my male counterparts. They asked me all neck. The entire area was exposed raw skin sorts of personal questions about myself and and muscle, and some of the lacerations the women in the States. I was just as in­ were so deep they had to be stitched. terested in them, their histories, and their Because she couldn't lift her head, she sat problems. bent over. The doctor asked her if he could take a better look at her back. When he saw I was amazed at the political sophistication her stretched out, we realized she was of the Vietnamese and how quickly these pregnant; six and a half months, she said. women distinguished me as a "nhan dan tien bo my," or "progressive American." A woman called us over to look at a sixteen They knew as well as I what had happened year old girl. She was a delicate girl in her at My Lai, only four miles from Quang white blouse. Her hair was tied back with a Ngai, yet they were loving with me. length of hospital gauze. She was vacant, saying and hearing nothing. I soon became used to the generous affection and physical contact with these women. The older woman told us the police had They talked with me, calling me by my forced the young girl to drink water mixed Vietnamese name. The ones I knew best with lime, until her stomach bloated. Then would sometimes hug me or try to fix my they jumped on it till she vomited, gagged, hair a little, very tenderly tucking back and defecated. The doctor suspected that stray strands. Some women wouldn't speak the lime acted as a toxin, causing brain or as openly as others, but none of them were nerve damage. Incongrously, she wore a ever rude or aloof with me. necklace of round white stones. It seemed ironic that the police would beat this girl There were always new prisoners. into a coma-like state without taking her Sometimes the old ones were able to stay on necklace. (We saw as many as 25 women the ward until they were better, but often who had eight-ten seizures a day resulting they disappeared and were taken back to from this particular technique.) the Interrogation Center while they were still seriously ill. The thirty-five year old woman chained to this girl also had been tortured, and was an One such woman had been shot through the old timer. She even knew Bac Si Mai (Marge chest with a bullet passing through her left

4 Amnesty International, USA AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL is an independent organization which is not asso­ ciated with any government, political party or religious creed. It works for the release of persons imprisoned, restricted or detained because of their political, religious or other conscientiously-held beliefs, or by reason of their ethnic origin, color or language, provided they have neither used nor advocated violence. These persons are called Prisoners of Conscience. Amnesty International opposes the death penalty and the torture or otherwise cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of all prisoners. Amnesty International seeks to secure throughout the world the observance of the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations' Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Amnesty International maintains an overall working balance in relation to countries of different world political ideologies and groupings. METHODS Amnesty International endeavors to aid and secure the release of Prisoners of Conscience through investigation, adoption, financial and legal assistance to them and their families, working to improve their condition while imprisoned or detained, and publicizing their plight wherever desirable. Where appropriate. Amnesty International sends representatives to investigate allegations that the rights of Prisoners of Conscience have been violated. Amnesty International publishes carefully researched reports on countries whose treatment of prisoners has become a matter of grave concern. Amnesty International makes representations to governments and international organizations about Prisoners of Conscience and encourages general am­ nesties to include such prisoners. At the same time it promotes the adoption of constitutions, conventions, treaties and other measures which guarantee the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to all prisoners. AMNESTY:

Amnesty International has consultative status with the United Nations, UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, the Interamerican Commission on Human Rights, and, in regard to refugees, the Organization of African Unity. This status gives Amnesty International the right of petition, the right to have its observers attend debates, and a direct channel for making its views known to these organizations. SYMBOL The universally recognized symbol of Amnesty International is a candle surrounded by barbed wire. STRUCTURE Amnesty International grew out of an appeal published in London on 28 May 1961 calling attention to the plight of Prisoners of Conscience throughout the world. There are now over 1,400 Amnesty Groups linked in NATIONAL SECTIONS. Sections exist, or are in the process of being formed, in Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Gambia, Ghana, India, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States. There are individual members in a further 30 countries. The National Sections, with an upper limit of five votes each, have proportional representation at the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL which meets annually to make policy decisions for the movement as a whole. The International Council elects an INTERNATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE consisting of six members and the Treasurer who meet at least twice a year to supervise the conduct of the organization. The INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT as a whole carries out research on prisoners, arranges missions, provides information for groups and the news media, publishes reports and documents under the imprint of AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS, organizes publicity, co-ordinates relief activities, and performs the day-to-day administration of Amnesty's work. The main organs of the Secretariat are the RESEARCH DEPARTMENT and the INFORMATION OFFICE. An EXECUTIVE SECRETARY is responsible for liaison between the International Secretariat and National Sections and Groups. WHO WE ARE

Amnesty International is unique among human rights organizations because its global impartiality is translated into a rigorously balanced system of casework. This balance is reflected in Amnesty's annual reports and publications which demonstrate neither favor for nor prejudice against any single country, system, religion or geographical region. Three unwavering rules safeguard Amnesty's nonpartisanship: • Groups and individual members work simultaneously for three prisoners from contrasting ideological backgrounds or holding different political or religious beliefs. Thus, one may be from a Communist country, another from a Western industrialized society and the third from a non-aligned Third World nation. • Groups do not work for prisoners arrested in their (the qroups') own country. • No one is adopted who is proved to have advocated or used violence or engaged in espionage. This enforces the distinction between Prisoners of Conscience and other prisoners and ensures that Amnesty International cannot justifiably be accused of supporting violent subversion or terrorism. • Furthermore, no prisoner is adopted if this would in any way jeopardize his position. Adoption of prisoners by Amnesty groups creates individual relationships between them. Each Amnesty member soon feels a sense of personal engagement and responsibility. Adoption aims to bring moral and, at times, material support to the prisoner and his or her family through continuing contact, providing relief where needed and persistent pressure for justice, better treatment, or healthier conditions.

Matchbox Fall 1974 5 WHEN THERAPY IS PUNISHMENT Dr. Edward M. Opton, Jr.

When is torture not torture? When a medical procedure is done at the When it is aversion therapy. request of a patient and for his benefit, it is a When is brutality legal? treatment. When the identical medical pro­ When it is behavior modification. cedure is done against a person's interests and/or will, it is either a battery, if lacking When is capital punishment imposed without legal sanction, or a punishment, if imposed trial? Of all tyrannies a by legal authority. For example, when a When the lobotomist's knife slices into the brain. tyranny exercised for surgeon amputates a diseased hand in order When is brainwashing morally justified? to prevent the spread of gangrene, he per­ When it is done for a good purpose. the good of its victims forms a medical treatment. Were he to re­ may be the most op­ move his rival's hand in a fit of jealousy, he When is punishment by the State not regulated by would commit a battery. If he were a Libyan Law? pressive. — C.S. Lewis When it is prescribed by a psychiatrist. surgeon amputating a thief s hand in accor­ dance with his nation's laws as duly ordered by a judge, he would be the instrument of an official punishment. Amputation with the According to some partisans of prisoners' intent of treating gangrene is not violence, rights, these conundrums fairly summarize but amputation with the intent of injuring a an alarming trend toward the misuse of Treatment, on the other hand, is a medical rival would be a violent battery, and ampu­ psychiatry to sanction acts of violence term, meaning "management in the appli­ tation with the intent of discharging a against prisoners. Representatives of de­ cation of remedies; medical or surgical ap­ court-ordered punishment would be legally fendant institutions in cases involving plication or service." Since it is a "service" sanctioned violence carried out by medical these issues say that such characterizations for the benefit of a patient, one does not personnel. are gross distortions, that litigation is an ordinarily ask whether a treatment is cruel unwarranted attempt to interfere with and unusual or whether it has been imposed medical discretion, and that denial of neces­ through due process. Courts have been most The use of mind-altering drugs for punish­ sary medical treatment would be the real reluctant to entertain such questions, and it ment and/or control is the most common cruelty. should not be surprising, therefore, if prison instance; behavior modification programs administrators have from time to time are rapidly multiplying. Aversion therapy While the outcome of some recent litigation labeled as "treatment" acts which, if called is not uncommon, psycho-surgery is done has favored the plaintiff prisoners' position, "punishment," would be instantly recog­ occasionally, and allegations have been this litigation concerns only a few espe­ nized as of dubious morality and/or legality. made of programs much like thought re­ cially egregious abuses of psychiatric To label acts "treatment" requires the coop­ form, ("brainwashing" as carried out on power. The bulk of psychiatrically sanc­ eration of medical personnel; thus do American prisoners during the Korean War tioned punitive violence against prisoners psychiatrists and psychologists become in­ and in the People's Republic of China dur­ remains untested in the courts, or tested volved in violence against prisoners. ing the years following 1949.) and legitimized against prisoners. It is the thesis of this article that violence by The philosophy of punishment-as-therapy psychiatrists against prisoners represents a is not limited to drugs, electric shocks, con­ blind spot, the logical center of which is the finement to isolation cells and other insistence on a distinction between treat­ punishments carried out in prisons. The ment and punishment. punishment-as-therapy concept is fre­ quently applied to the fact of incarceration itself. The distinction is crucial, for punishment is It is impossible to dis­ regulated both by law and by the all but tinguish some therapies universal power of a common morality: "Let Most (mentally) hospitalized people, Mir on the punishment fit the crime." The var­ from some punish­ writes, are not incarcerated because they ieties, degrees, durations and circums­ ments, not because they are ill, but because someone in the outside tances of legal punishments are specified by are similar, but because community is "frightened, annoyed, re­ law, circumscribed by administrative rules, pulsed, or angered by their behavior." Since and subject to scrutiny by the courts, espe­ they are identical. they cannot be released until they change cially with respect to Constitutional re­ their behavior, he writes, almost any meas­ quirements of due process and prohibition ure including punishment is justified if it of cruel and unusual punishments. provides some hope of success.

Ö Amnesty International, USA ^3

Lee Marrs

Destruction of the prisoner's "spirit" and "therapy" on punishments permits the use reason. . . . You start being 'kind' to people breaking of his "will" have long been prime of procedures up to and including torture, before you have considered their rights, and means of keeping order in prisons; the prob­ procedures which their own administrative then force upon them supposed kindnesses lem for the public is that people whose self- regulations, the courts, and the public which they in fact had a right to refuse, and esteem ("spirit") has been destroyed and would not permit if the justification were finally kindnesses which no one but you will whose will has been broken cannot readily merely punishment. Prison physicians, and recognize as kindnesses and which the reci­ earn a living and make a place for them­ psychologists if they are also involved, be­ pient will feel as abominable cruelties. selves in the outside world to which nearly nefit, for ther budgets, their numbers, and all eventually return. Condemned by their their powers are expanded. In addition they prison-created disability to be outsiders to are enabled to believe that they are really (Dr. Opton is presently Senior Research society, they become a danger to society. "doing something." Psychologist and Associate Dean of the graduate school, the Wright Institute, Berkeley, Ca.) "Treat the criminal as a patient and the C. S. Lewis summarized this reasoning crime as a disease," said a prison warden at well: the 1874 Congress of the American Correc­ tional Association. The warden's advice has Of all tyrannies a tyranny exercised for the often been heeded in subsequent years, but good of its victims may be the most oppres­ only in the last 20 years has punishment- sive. It may be better to live under robber References for Dr. Opton's arti­ as-treatment emerged from the shadowy barons than under omnipotent moral cle are available through AI's fringes of the medical arts into the spotlight busybodies. The robber baron's cruelty may West Coast office. Dr. Opton's of scientific research. sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some complete 75-page research point be satiated; but those who torment us paper from which this piece was for our own good will torment us without end Drawing a distinction between treatment adapted is also available and punishment has advantages for for they do so with the approval of their own through the West Coast office everyone concerned except the public and conscience. ... To be 'cured' against one's the prisoner-patient-victim. Prison ad­ will and cured of states which we may not for a $1.50 fee. ministrators, supervisors, and guards be­ regard as disease is to be put on a level with nefit, for fixing the labels "treatment" and those who have not yet reached the age of

Matchbox Fall 1974 7 THE PHYSICIAN AND TORTURE: A SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITY Leonard Sagan, M.D.

This is a commentary on physicians and by, a recent accidental discovery produced their special responsibility to oppose and such evidence in Portugal. During the re­ eradicate torture. I say special because cent political coup, soldiers raiding the when acute and lasting damage to the phys­ It is time to think headquarters of the security police (DGS) ical and mental health of the victim is found films demonstrating the use of tor­ clearly at stake, and where the practice of clearly: the incarcera­ ture techniques to extract information from torture has reached a magnitude legiti­ tion of free thinking political prisoners. According to the MAN­ mately called epidemic, we have a situation healthy people in mad CHESTER GUARDIAN, photographs of in which medical personnel have a respon­ prisoners taken during "interrogation" sibility above that of other citizens. houses is spiritual mur­ were available to prison doctors who der. — Solzhenitsyn wanted to study the scientific effects of tor­ Secondly, physicians themselves have fre­ ture. quently been personally involved in the tor­ ture process, sometimes wittingly, some­ Evidence was also uncovered of doctors who times not, as in: took part before, during, and after torture well-rewarded subjects in a dark, soundless sessions to examine prisoners and test their room with a bed. The thinking of all subjects • Providing medical examination prior ability to resist further torture. The Caxias who lasted more than ten hours became dis­ Prison Complex had a special hospital wing to an interrogation which will obvi­ ordered, two complaining of a jumble of ously include torture for torture victims where at least two thoughts without rhyme or reason, and in psychiatrists supervised the application of twelve subjects this technique produced • Examining the victim during torture the most sophisticated methods of sensory fear and panic, one saying, "I thought I was and sleep deprivation. procedures in order to indicate when going mad." All had anxiety and most, he or she has been pushed "too far" panic attacks just before they gave up, Seven had disorders of body image such as TORTURE OF MEDICAL • Providing treatment for the effects of "my head is like a spinning cone going away torture from my body." Five had nightmares and PEOPLE two showed signs of paranoid states. Thirdly, physicians themselves often be­ Under certain circumstances, physicians come victim of torture or political repres­ In addition to such experimental work, themselves may be singled out as victims of sion. The famed purge of physicians by Sta­ there have been extensive studies of former persecution and torture. Such a situation lin and the arrest and torture of many concentration camp internees by both apparently now exists in Chile where a physicians today in Chile are examples. Danish and Norwegian investigators deal­ large number of physicians who were sup­ ing with the late effects of exposure to se­ porters of the Allende government now find vere strain and stress situations. There themselves out of work or in jail, sometimes DEFINITIONS AND PREMISES seems no doubt that the strain to which the tortured. At least 20 and as many as 60 have prisoners were exposed in prison camps can been killed. There is the very difficult question of what lead to chronic irreversible somatic and torture is. The definition which Amnesty psychic injuries. Not only is there an in­ Reasons for this vicious attack on physi­ International has adopted is: "Torture is the crease in morbidity and mortality, there is cians are multiple. For one thing, most of systematic and deliberate infliction of acute also an increased use of sick leave and hos­ Chile's physicians were opposed to the Mar­ pain in any form by one person on another pitalization. xist government and the changes that were or on a third person in order to accomplish being instituted. The Medical Association the purpose of the former against the will of twice called strikes against the govern­ the latter." EVIDENCE ment. Physicians who refused to partici­ pate, either for political reasons or because The arguments against torture are based Though persuasive evidence that physi­ they felt a sense of duty to their patients, were later easily identifiable targets when essentially on moral grounds. Yet man's cians may become torturers is hard to come historical experience provides a practical the government fell. The fact that the argument. Nowhere is the corruption of the Chilean Medical Association was directly end by the means more true. History shows involved in identifying such physicans im­ that torture is never limited to just once. plicates that Association in the practice of Just once becomes once again, becomes a torture. practice and finally, an institution. As soon Once the use of torture as its use is permitted, as for example in is permitted in extreme extreme circumstances like a bomb or hi­ circumstances, such as jacked plane, it is logical to use it on people DEHUMANIZATION who might plant bombs or people who might a bomb or hijacked think of planting bombs and the people who plane, it is logical to use How do physicians, normally concerned defend people who might think of planting with human welfare, become torturers? bombs. it on people who might Perry Ottenberg addresses himself to this plant bombs or people question in an article entitled "Bureaucra­ who might think of tic Attitudes as a Psychosocial Defense." PSYCHOLOGICAL AND planting bombs and the The complex psychological phenomenon MEDICAL EFFECTS people who defend called dehumanization helps us understand people who might think the bureaucratic personality, as well as par­ A good deal of experimental work verifies tially answering this complex question. the extremely devastating effects of the tor­ of planting bombs. Dehumanization includes two distinct but ture technique sensory deprivation. In interrelated series of processes: self- 1959, Smith and Lewty confined twenty directed, the diminuation of an individual's

Ö Amnesty International, USA sense of his own humanness; and object- C. Medical and associated professionals Shallice, T. 'The Use of Sensory Deprivation directed, perceiving others as lacking those should remain scrupulously vigilant of the in Depth Interrogation,' PHYSICAL AND attributes considered most human. possibility that their research be used for MENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF IM­ purposes contrary to the original intent of PRISONMENT AND TORTURE, Arnnesty And, too, many psychiatrists have an ina­ the investigation and should avoid in­ International, London, 1973. bility to oppose dominant group attitudes or volvement in any work which seems likely pressures. Fear of losing one's occupational to be so abused. Research done on behalf of Wade, N. TECHNOLOGY IN ULSTER. security or of attacks on one's integrity, loy­ or with material assistance from military or Science 176:1102-1106, 1972. alty, or family are more than many indi­ security organizations should be particu­ viduals can bear. By joining the party, or­ larly suspect. MEDICAL WORLD NEWS. May 24, 1974, ganization or club, a doctor can free himself p. 13. to be an inconspicuous member of a large D. Medical personnel working in pris­ structure with relief from difficult tensions, ons or other security camps should insist Ottenberg, P. BUREAUCRATIC AT­ uncertainties and the pressures of noncon­ that they be employed by and responsible to TITUDES AS A PSYCHO-SOCIAL DE­ formity. an authority independent from that of the FENSE. Psychiatric Opinion 11, No. 1, confining institution. 1974.

E. Medical personnel who have know­ ledge of instances of torture or plans for (For the forthcoming WAR, THE PHYSI­ such are under the obligation to report such CIAN AND HUMAN PRIORITIES, Andre The very fact that to responsible bodies, national, interna­ Bruwer, M.D., Editor.) brutal treatment was tional or both, as appropriate. meted out for so long in F. Medical experimentation in what­ so many countries, with ever institution, but particularly where the person is held against his will, should be so many ignorant or carried out only with the strictest obser­ heedless of what was vance of the Helsinki Rules of Conduct for going on underlines the human experimentation. need for doctors to... es­ G. Prisoners and others held against tablish a firm line for their will shall have the right of free access the future. — Lancet to physicians of their own choosing. H. Members of the medical professions shall give all possible support to colleagues who are penalized for abiding by this code of THE AI MEDICAL COMMIS­ ethics. SION GUIDELINES In an editorial in Britain's LANCET (April 1,1972), the editor, recognizing the absence What can be done to dissuade physicians of adequate guidelines for physicians impli­ from participating in torture? How can we cated in torture, wrote, "Regrettably, the support those physicians who wish to resist use of these (torture) techniques cannot be pressures to participate? At the Conference regarded as an aberration which can be re­ for the Abolition of Torture sponsored by legated to oblivion. The very fact that . . .During rounds, just by way of an Amnesty International in Paris, December brutal treatment was meted out for so long experiment, I complained about feeling 10-11, 1973, a special Medical Commission in so many countries, with so many ignor­ poorly after a dose of haloperidol, and asked convened to consider these questions. ant or heedless of what was going on, under­ that the dose be reduced. This led to my lines the need for doctors to learn from the being prescribed even more aminazin than I A two-fold approach was developed: a regis­ past and to establish a firm line for the was already receiving. . . . During a hunger try of medical and legal experts was estab­ future." He then concluded that what is strike in January (I had been given lished who would investigate both ques­ necessary as a safeguard is a standing aminazin ever since my arrival), I felt tions of torture and ethical questions of committee of interested medical parties. steadily worse, and after making a physician participation in torture. Second, Unfortunately, such has not yet been ac­ complaint, I began to get aminazin an ethical code was created to disseminate complished. injections in the maximum dose, or very through medical schools and professional close to it (approximately 6 cc). I couldn't organizations. Provisions of that code are: sleep at all, yet the same dose was administered to me for twelve days in a row, A. Medical and associated personnel REFERENCES until they became convinced that I was still shall refuse to allow their professional or not sleeping, and that the injections had not research skills to be exploited in any way for (1) Smith,S. and Lewty, W. PERCEP­ made me give up my hunger strike. I was the purpose of torture, interrogation or TUAL ISOLATION USING A SILENT given two injections a day, from the 7th to punishment, nor shall they participate in ROOM. Lancet 2:342-345, 1959. the 17th of January, and from the 19th of the training of others for such purposes. January onward I have been given two This injunction shall be understood to apply (2) Thygesen, P., Hermann,K., and Wil- tablets of haloperidol twice daily, that is also to the protection of political dissenters longer, R. CONCENTRATION CAMP four tablets in all (and . . . assures me that in whatever institution they are confined. SURVIVORS IN DENMARK. Danish Med­ this will go on for a long time). This ical Bulletin 17:65-108, 1970. medicine makes me feel more awful than Members of the conference are aware of anything I have experienced before; you no the participation of medical personnel in (3) Eitinger, L. LATE EFFECTS OF IM­ sooner lie down than you want to get up, you examination of alleged criminals who PRISONMENT IN CONCENTRATION no sooner take a step than you're longing to themselves may request such consultation CAMPS DURING W.W. II. Amnesty Inter­ sit down, and if you sit down, you want to in preparing for their own defense and con­ national, London, 1973. walk again and there's no where to cede that such practice has legitimate ends. walk. . . . (4) MANCHESTER GUARDIAN. May 3, B. Physicians should diligently avoid 1974. From "Tell Us Why. an Amnesty publi- abuse of their special power to commit per­ cation sons to mental hospitals as a means of av­ Amnesty International, REPORT ON oiding due process of law. TORTURE, Duckworth, London, 1973.

Matchbox Fall 1974 9 POEMS

Nothing at all happens — neither fear, In my own twentieth century nor stiffening before the executioner: where there are more dead than graves I let my head fall on the hollowed block, to put them in, my miserable, as on a casual lover's shoulder. forever unshared love

Roll, curly head, over the planed among these Goya images boards, don't get a splinter in your parted lips: is nervous, faint, absurd, the boards bruise your temples, as, after the screaming of jets, the solemn fanfare sounds in your ears, the trump of Jericho.

the polished copper dazzles the eyes, the horses' manes toss, — O, what a day to die on!

Another day dawns sunless, Only music, nothing else, is left — and in the twilight, half awake, or suffering neither happiness, nor peace, nor freedom; from some old fever or some new apocrypha, in all this glassy sea of suffering my casual lover's shoulder the only saving grace is music. still smells to me of pine shavings. Yes, for an hour or maybe more, where there is neither past nor future, in the depths of winter a flute sings like the woodland oriole of summer.

But this brief moment of oblivion ends, Don't touch me! I scream at passers-by the human bird falls silent and they don't notice me. again, barefoot over broken glass, Cursing alien rooms, we enter the emptiness, the blizzard and the dark. I hang about alien lobbies. A star from the heavens, an enchanting sonnet, But who will put a window in the wall? nothing will beguile you anymore, Who'll stretch a hand out to me? and 'Sleep peacefully,' you will murmur I am roasting over a slow fire. and silently cry, There's no peace left.'

Natalya Gorbanevskaya

(These poems are reprinted from NATALYA GORBANEVSKAYA, translated and edited by Daniel Weissbort, with a transcript of her trial and papers relating to her detention in a prison psychiatric hospital. The book was published by Carcanet Press Limited, and distributed in the United States by Dufour Editions, Inc., Chester Springs, PA 19425.)

XU Amnesty International, USA Matchbox Fall 1974 11 Ill XVISONE R OF CONSCIENCE WEEK

This section of MATCHBOX includes information on 16 prisoners of consci­ ence. Mrs. Kusnah, Rosario Ramirez Mora, and Dr. Jan Tesar are the three Postcards for Prisoners Campaign cases for September. We ask that you per­ sonally involve yourself with them by writing a simple postcard, courteously worded, to the government or prison officials indicated. Such worldwide coop­ eration on the part of free people has very often dramatically improved prison­ ers' conditions.

The remaining 13 people are cases selected by Amnesty's London Secretariat for special attention during Prisoner of Conscience Week in October. They represent the total spectrum of political and religious conviction, skin color, geographical location, education, and wealth found in the human race. But they are separated from us by many things, many steel things such as bars, guns, and their government's conviction that in some mysterious way the ideas they hold are fearsome, dangerous, insidious. None of these people has used or advocated the use of violence. None was convicted of a crime of violence or of property.

And yet, they sit in prisons worldwide, often under spartan circumstances, including insufficient diet and medical care, often without trial or the oppor­ tunity to see their families, and all too often under physically damaging condi­ tions, such as a too-stringent work regime, or conversely, no opportunity for exercise. Far too many have been tortured.

The day has past when we as free people can safely assume that courts or governments are incapable of imprisoning the innocent. We can no longer believe that all the people in prisons or mental institutions belong there.

During Prisoner of Conscience Week, we ask you to think of these people and add your own voice to those all over the globe demanding that fundamental human rights be honored. The only real way to insure our own freedom and just treatment is to recognize our individual responsibility in realizing it for all human beings.

\2A Amnesty International, USA MRS. KUSHAN (INDONESIA) DR. JANTESAR (CZECHOSLOVAKIA)

Mrs. Kusnah was first arrested shortly after the abortive coup attempt in 1965. After spending several months in prison, Dr. Jan Tesar, 41, a prominent historian, is she was released. She was rearrested in married with four children. He held a re­ 1969 and has remained in prison since, search post at the Military Historical Insti­ without charge or bail. tute and was later attached to the Historical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Before she was arrested, Mrs. Kusnah was in Prague. employed at the Unilever plant in Jakarta and was an activist in the Unilever Work­ He took part in the drafting of the "Piller ers' Union, which was affiliated with the Report," ordered by Alexander Dubcek. left-wing trade union federation, SOBSI. This report analyzed political developments SOBSI and its affiliates were banned im­ in Czechoslovakia since 1948 and outlined mediately after the coup attempt, and many reasons why the socialist experiment had of its leaders were arrested. Courtesy. failed. He was also coauthor of the "Ten New York Times Point Manifesto," a letter to Czech state and During interrogation, Mrs. Kusnah was se­ party institutions protesting the retreat verely maltreated by cigarette burning and from policies of the reform period (Prague other tactics. She was pressed to give infor­ Spring). mation about her pre-1965 trade union col­ ROSARIO RAMIREZ leagues. Dr. Tesar was arrested in 1969, released, MORA (SPAIN) and arrested again in November 1971. In After many months of interrogation in cen­ July 1972, he was sentenced to six years ters in Jakarta, Mrs. Kusnah was transfer­ imprisonment on charges of subversion of red to Bukit Duri Women's Prison in the republic. He is presently held in Os­ Jakarta, where she remained until April Arrested together with her husband, trava Prison. In July 1973, he underwent a 1971, when she was transferred to Plantun- Cayetano Rodriguez Garcia, in December stomach operation. His wife, who last saw gan Women's Detention Center, in Central 1969, Rosario Ramirez Mora has been held him in February, was not allowed to visit Java. This indicates that her classification in Granada Provincial Prison since 1969 him in the hospital. is presently "B" which signifies that she without bail. They are both accused of illicit can't be tried (for lack of evidence) but won't association and illegal propaganda, charges Please send courteously worded cards ap­ be released as she is considered a security for which the prosecution is demanding a pealing for his release to: risk. Mrs. Kusnah has 13 children, now in total 10 year sentence. She suffers from a the care of her husband. liver disease and is not receiving adequate General Ludvik Svoboda medical care for her condition. She has been President of the Czechoslovak Repub­ Please send cards appealing for her release unable to have children because of poor lic to: health and has no family other than her Praha - HRAD husband, also imprisoned in Granada. President Suharto Dr. Gustav Husak Istana Hegara Please send cards appealing for her trial or Secretary General of the Czechoslovak Jakarta, Indonesia release to: Communist Party Praha 1 The Prosecutor-General Sr. Don Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo y Ban- Nabrezi Kyjevske Brigady Ali Said SH quero Kejaksaan Agung Ministro de Justicia Dr. Jan Nemec Jalan Hasanuddin 1 Ministerio de Justicia Minister of Justice Kebayoran-Baru Calle San Bernado 47 Praha - Nove Mesto Jakarta, Indonesia Madrid, Spain Vysehradska 16

Matchbox Fall 1974 13 VLADIMIR ENCARNACION V Y ACHE SLAV MAKAROV FORMENTI CHORNOVIL (BULGARIA) ARENER (SPAIN) (USSR)

Vladimir Makarov, 60, a resident of Bul­ Encarnacion Formenti Arener was arrested In January 1972 several prominent Ukrai­ garia who was born in Russia, was sen­ in 1968 and held in preventive detention for nian dissidents were arrested, among them tenced on 13 February 1974 to five years two years until her trial, on 23 January the journalist, Vyacheslav Chornovil. Their imprisonment and fined 1,000 leva (app 1970, when she was sentenced to 16 years arrests were the KGB's opening move in 2,500 French francs) by the Sofia City imprisonment for illicit association and il­ what became an intensive campaign to sil­ Court. legal propaganda on behalf of the banned ence dissent in the Ukraine. Marxist-Leninist Party of Spain. Sentenced with him were Theodossi Be- Chornovil's arrest in 1972 has to be seen in lyakovski, 76, also of Russian origin, and a She had joined the party in 1966 when she the context of his previous career. During young Frenchwoman, Catherine Lvoff, was 28 and quickly became one of its most the early 1960's, Chornovil had worked as specialist in Bulgarian literature, who had active members, making, for example, five an editor in the Lvov television studios and been arrested in Bulgaria during her re­ journeys trance in 1967 to talk to exiled later in the editorial offices of several publi­ search with the Bulgarian Academy of Sci­ leaders about the development of the or­ cations. He also published many educa­ ences. Belyakovski was sentenced to three ganization in Spain. She later became one of tional and literary articles in various Uk­ years and Lvoff to four, but because of the Central Committee of the party and was rainian newspapers and magazines. In French diplomatic pressure, she was re­ active in and around Madrid. She was de­ 1965, he covered trials of a number of Uk­ leased three weeks after the trial. Makarov termined to encourage more political con­ rainian intellectuals. However, he was and Belyakovski immediately appealed, sciousness among women and established deeply disturbed by what he regarded as the but their appeal was rejected. an undercover women's branch of the fac­ illegality of the proceedings and when he tion in the outlying suburbs of Madrid. himself was summoned as a witness at a The charge sheet against Makarov was political trial in January 1966, refused to rather complex, including all kinds of ac­ Even in the "sentencia" of her trial, testify. This stand led to his dismissal and a cusations. Reference was made, for in­ Arener's "extraordinary dedication and en­ three month prison sentence. stance, to his connections with White Rus­ thusiasm" was referred to, and this is shown sians, although this was not a formal — even after years in prison — in her many Chornovil subsequently issued a number of charge, and it was alleged that he supported letters to her Swedish Amnesty adoption declarations and protests about the 1965-66 alternatively the Germans and the British group. She was visited by one of the group in trials which have been published in West­ during the last war. An accusation that 1972 who told us that she had appeared ern Europe as THE CHORNOVIL PAP­ Makarov took part in forming an anti-state "radiant, vivacious" and keenly involved in ERS. As a result of these protests, Chor­ group whose aim was the destruction of the all that was going on around her in the novil was tried for "slandering the Soviet socialist order in both Bulgaria and the prison. In a recent letter Arener told the state," and in November 1967 sentenced to Soviet Union followed. What really worried group, "Now my sixth year in prison has three years in a labor camp, later reduced to the authorities was the fact that Makarov passed and I still have not experienced one 18 months. used to meet and discuss problems of human single moment of boredom." However, de­ rights and political dissidents in Eastern spite this determination not to be de­ Despite constant surveillance by the au­ Europe with friends. pressed, Arener still has at least five more thorities, Chornovil continued to issue ap­ years to serve and in conditions that have peals and write critical articles until his Another charge was that Makarov and his been far from easy. In January 1973, there arrest in January 1972. He was held in­ two friends had engaged in "disseminating was a hunger strike in the prison in protest communicado for 13 months before being slanderous fascist literature and prop­ against bad conditions there. The com­ brought to trial in February 1973 on aganda" which referred to publications plaints were of poor food, inadequate charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and prop­ found in their possession, such as various facilities, and of harsh and arbitrary discip­ aganda." Chornovil pleaded not guilty and Russian books and periodicals printed by linary measures, as well as of the fact that refused to make any statement of repen­ the emigre press abroad. These are re­ the prison governor called in more than 40 tance or to testify against other Ukrainians garded by the Bulgarian authorities as baton-armed police to break up a demonst­ arrested during 1972. Several of the witnes­ anti-state and anti-socialist. ration in the prison yard, which they al­ ses refused to testify against Chornovil, legedly did with extreme brutality. stating that the trial was illegal because he It is difficult to call this trial of Makarov Arener's participation in the strike meant had been held for over nine months in pre­ and his colleagues a typical one in the Bul­ she lost some remission which could have trial detention (the legal limit). Neverthe­ garian context, for dissident activities are reduced her sentence. less, Chornovil was convicted and sen­ themselves unusual in Bulgaria. However, tenced to seven years imprisonment, to be the preparation of the trial and its interpre­ After a period of political inactivity in the followed by a five year exile. tation by the official propaganda, which de­ years following the Civil War, most out­ liberately misinterpreted the charges, may lawed political associations started gradu­ Chornovil's writings are informed not by serve as a good example of the disregard of ally to operate again, underground. The hostility to the Soviet regime, but by a deep human rights by Bulgarian authorities. For most important was the Communist Party concern with what he believes tô be abuses instance, all three were mentioned in the of Spain, one of the main defenders of the of socialist legality. Writing from labor press as working for foreign intelligence Republic. Some of its leaders, who had been camp in 1968 he said: ". . .1 have always agencies. They firmly rejected these in exile, returned to Spain and worked se­ firmly adhered to the principles of socialism charges, which were in any case never men­ cretly to rebuild party cells. By the mid- and continue to do so. But not of that tioned during the trial itself. sixties, all types of forbidden political activ­ socialism which tries to regiment not ity flourished underground, particularly merely the actions but also the thoughts of The conviction of Makarov and his as­ among the workers and intellectuals, who the individual. I cannot imagine true sociates during the trial in Sofia, at which suffered most from the political restrictions socialism without guaranteed democratic more than 30 witnesses appeared, is a clear of the Franco Government. In these years, freedoms, without the widest political and violation of those human rights guaranteed several groups split away from the old economic self-government of all the cells of by the United Nations Covenant for the Moscow-oriented Communist Party. In the state organism down to and including Protection of Civil and Political Rights 1965 one of these formed the pro-Chinese the smallest, without a real guarantee — which Bulgaria, as the first socialist coun­ Marxist-Leninist Communist Party, of and not merely a paper one — of the rights try, ratified in September 1970. which Arener is a member. of all nations within a multinational state."

14 Amnesty International, USA GENERAL LIBER ABDUL AZIZ AL ELSA SEREGNI MU'AMMAR (SAUDI RUDOLFI (URUGUAY) ARABIA) (CHILE)

General Liber Seregni is a retired Abdul Aziz Al Mu'ammar was arrested in Elsa Rudolfi, or Coca, as she is known pro­ Uruguayan soldier and former presidential Jeddah in Saudi Arabia early in 1963. Two fessionally, studied drama at the Catholic candidate. He retired from the army in weeks prior, he had been relieved of his post University in Santiago. After graduation in 1968, disagreeing with government at­ as Ambassador to Switzerland and, despite 1970, she worked professionally in the tempts to involve the military in civilian offers of political asylum, and advice from theatre, taking part in at least six major politics. In July 1973 he was arrested after many quarters to remain in Switzerland, he theatrical productions, both on stage and in taking part in demonstrations against the returned home, convinced he had nothing to television. close of parliament and proscription of the fear. major trade union. She played in classics, such as the 15th cen­ At first Abdul Aziz was kept under re­ tury "La Celestina" by Fernando de Rojas, Born in 1916, Seregni was a career army stricted residence in a remote village 40 and Brecht's "Antigone," directed by Victor officer, and in 1963 became the youngest miles north of Riyadh. A few months later Jara, the Chilean folk singer and director ever to reach the rank of general. In 1968, he was transferred to Sijn Al Abeed (liter­ who was killed after the September coup. when strikes created an explosive social ally: Prison of the Slaves), an old Turkish Coca was also involved in production of two and political situation in Montevideo, he fortress in the town of Al Hufuf in the East­ "collective creations," plays which were was responsible for handling army inter­ ern Province, where prison conditions were written and directed by a group of actors. vention in the strikes and for exercising reputedly bad. This prison is now closed and She was a member of the cultural commis­ temporary military control over the univer­ recent reports have him somewhere in sion of the Chilean Theatre Actors Union, sity; he is said to have done both with pro­ Riyadh. SIDARTE, which has now been taken over fessional skill and deep civic responsibility. by the military. But later that year, disagreeing with the Abdul Aziz's arrest should be seen in the government policy of suppression of light of events in Saudi Arabia during the Coca was arrested at her home in Santiago guerilla activities and dissent, he retired. In 1960's. Saudi Arabia, the largest oil- in October 1973, a time when many 1971, he stood as presidential candidate, producing country in the Arab world, is a thousands of Chileans and foreigners alike representing "Frente Amplio," a left-wing theocratic state ruled by an absolute were being rounded up for often brutal coalition of socialists, communists and monarch according to strict Islamic tradi­ questioning or would "disappear." During Christian Democrats. tion. It is conservative and fiercely anti- the initial period of interrogation, Coca was communist. In the 1960's, with the rapid tortured and savagely beaten. She is now In 1972 and 1973, the government re­ rise of radical revolutionary Arab permanently deaf in one ear as a result. She sponded to the country's deepening nationalism encouraged by President Nas­ was then held incommunicado until finally economic and political crisis by drawing the ser of Egypt, and the increasing Soviet in­ transferred to the women's prison in San­ army further into political life; this process fluence in the Middle East, King Sa'ud and, tiago, where she is today. Although charges culminated in closing parliament and ban­ after 1963, King Faisal pursued vigorous have not been announced, it is reported that ning the major trade union in June 1973. diplomatic offensives in favor of conserva­ the military has demanded a sentence of 15 On 9 July, a massive civic demonstration tive Arab monarchies — and Western states years imprisonment in her impending trial. took place in Montevideo in which Seregni — against radical republics (for example, in participated. Later that day he was ar­ the Yemen Civil War of 1962-1967 Saudi The prison in which Coca is being held, rested. Arabia supported the royalists in their fight Buen Pastor, is a convent used as a against the Egyptian-backed republicans). "women's correctional house," but still ad­ Seregni was held in solitary confinement in ministered by nuns. The political prisoners a military barracks for five months. A writ President Nasser's policy was apparently are held in a separate part of the convent of habeas corpus remained unanswered, the overthrow of the Saudi government. He from the other women. The majority of the and he was not brought before a judge, supported progressive Saudi intellectuals women held in Buen Pastor have been tor­ charged or even informed under which demanding a more liberal regime, and vari­ tured and many of them have been sexually legislation he was being held. In Sep­ ous clandestine organizations engaged in assaulted. There are at least two women tember, he petitioned first for release, and propaganda or sabotage activities against here pregnant as a result of rape. in January 1974, to be allowed to go into the king. The ruling family reacted by ar­ exile - an option open to all prisoners held resting and imprisoning all Saudis who Rudolfi's imprisonment should also be seen under the so-called Security Measures. were suspected of disloyalty to the govern­ in a wider context: since the military coup, Shortly, he was finally indicted. The ment. the popular arts have been virtually de­ charges related not only to the July de­ stroyed in Chile. During the three years of monstration but also to pre-election meet­ Many of those detained at that time have the Popular Unity Government, popular ings with political groups which members of since been released, and there appears to be theatre, ballet, dance and cinema developed the Tupamaros urban guerilla movement no logical reason for the continued deten­ and expanded, achieving a high interna­ were said to have attended. Seregni was tion of Abdul Aziz without charge or trial. tional reputation. Since September 1973 charged with "concealment," failing to re­ There have been many appeals for his re­ many arts companies have been forced to port their presence to the authorities. lease without avail. His wife and some of his close down. The National Folklore Ballet six children were allowed to visit him last has been disbanded, its director going into As a soldier, Seregni represents a long year and they report that he is losing his exile after imprisonment in the National Uruguayan military tradition of con­ eyesight. A request for medical treatment Stadium. Drama schools within the na­ stitutionalism; he left the army when it was for him was, as far as we know, refused. tional universities have also been severely beginning to use increasingly harsh affected, and many faculty members im­ methods, including torture, when dealing prisoned. In the Theater Department of the with strikers, Tupamaros suspects, and University of Chile alone, it has been re­ other political dissenters. Seregni's ported that 44 out of 60 actors and drama speeches during the 1971 election campaign teachers had been dismissed from their jobs show clearly his belief in the need for radi­ bv March. cal structural reform in Uruguay. They also make plain his objections to violence as a method of achieving this.

Matchbox Fall 197415 JEAN SANDOS SUBADI (CAR) (INDONESIA)

Jean Richard Sandos is Secretary General Subadi is a peasant who farmed a small plot of the Union General des Travailleurs Cen­ in a village in Kutoardjo in central Java, trafricains (UGTC), the general union of with the help of his wife and children. He workers in the Central African Republic was a member of the Indonesian Com­ (CAR). He was arrested in January 1974, munist Party (PKI) and has much in com­ only weeks after dissolution of the Execu­ mon with more than 50,000 political pris­ tive Committee of UGTC by the govern­ oners who have been held in Indonesia for ment. He was accused of "political ac­ the eight years following the 30 September tivities" and embezzlement of funds. His 1965 left-wing coup attempt. Subadi was case fits the pattern of detention of union arrested in October 1965 during the purges leaders in repressive regimes when unions which resulted. (See Indonesia section in are not thought to be in line with govern­ this MATCHBOX.) ment policy. Since 1965, many have been released, but Since a military coup in December 1965, the Subadi remains a prisoner. During the past CAR has been ruled by General Jean-Bedel eight years fewer than 500 have been tried; Bokassa, whose unpredictable and erratic the remainder are detained because they power has grown over the years, beginning were communist or "pro-communist" before with his assumption of all key governmen­ October 1965, and would therefore consti­ tal posts. Justice in CAR allows public beat­ tute a "security risk" if released. And since ings of common criminals and the severing detainees in Indonesia are not informed of of ears and hands as punishment for rob­ charges, have no right of appeal nor access bery, under a decree published in June to legal advice or protection, and are held 1974. under military jurisdiction without redress to civilian courts, it is impossible for Subadi Prison conditions are poor - prisoners are to challenge his imprisonment. held in solitary confinement without access to either legal or medical assistance - and Following his arrest in 1965, Subadi was since Sandos' arrest early this year, his held in prison in Kutoardjo for about one health has badly deteriorated. Sandos is un­ year. His wife was able to visit him and take tried. He has been allowed no lawyer during food to the prison. Then he was moved to a his 10-month detention at Bangui Central prison in Purworedjo where he was held for Prison, alti. jugh a spokesman for Bokassa's several months; again his wife was allowed government had given an understanding to visit him. But there he was so badly that Sandos would receive a fair trial with beaten during interrogation that he could full legal rights. not get up for several days. Then he was sent back to Kutoardjo where he was al­ Amnesty adopted Sandos in August 1974, lowed out during the day, but was required after the Confederation Mondiale du Trav- to return to the prison at night to sleep; this zil (CMT) in Brussels provided information lasted for about one year. on the attempted suppression of the CAR trade union movement by the imprison­ In 1970, Subadi was sent to Nusakenban- ment of its leadership. CMT registered a LUfcytilNlfr- gan, a prison island off the south coast of strong protest against curtailment of trade central Java, where he is still held. He is union freedom in CAR. A meeting was then allowed to write one censored postcard each held at the invitation of General Bokassa month of twenty words; he unfailingly asks with a CAR government spokesman, who MARTIN SOSTRE was for clothes, sandals, food and medicine. told the Secretary General of CMT that Sandos and other arrested trade union selected as a representative prisoner from the United It is difficult to say what will happen to leaders were detained for political activities Subadi now that he has been in prison eight and embezzlement of funds, not for their States for Prisoner of Consci­ years. Four other people were known to trade union affiliations. ence Week. Details of the case have been arrested in his village at that are available through the Na­ time: one died in prison, and two have paid However, these arrests took place within tional or West Coast Regional heavy bribes to get out. It could be said that weeks of the "emergency legislation" which offices. Members are re­ the present military regime is keeping Sub­ reduced the Executive Committee of the minded that Amnesty adi in prison to justify their claim to politi­ UGTC from 19 to 9 members, first by its International's Statute cal legitimacy, on the grounds that they dissolution, then by replacement with a states, "Groups do not work saved the Republic from a communist con­ newly-structured executive headed by an for prisoners arrested by spiracy. overtly pro-government journalist. their (the groups') own gov­ ernments." The reason for this caveat becomes clear in considering AI members' situations in such countries as Brazil, the USSR, and the Union of South Africa.

lö Amnesty International, USA BISHOP CHI LAZARUS NKALA HAK-SUN (KOREA) (RHODESIA)

The South Korean Bishop of Wonju, the Lazarus Nkala was arrested with two Most Rev. Daniel Chi Hak-Sun, who is thousand others in 1964, detained for one Honorary President of Amnesty year, then was served with a five-year de­ International's South Korean Section, and tention order in 1965. He has never been who is the most outspoken Roman Catholic charged with any offense, brought to trial, prelate against the practices of President or convicted. On the expiration of the deten­ Park Chunghee, is now serving a 15 year tion order in April 1970, his family expected sentence for "providing money to dissident him home, only to learn that he had been students planning the violent overthrow of served with another five-year detention the government." He was charged under the order. He has written that the greatest 3 April Emergency Measures which provide hardship is not being with his children; the death penalty for anyone who "praise(s), there are four, and they have been without encourage(s), or sympathize(s)" with the ac­ their father most of their childhood. tivities of the National Democratic Youth and Student Federation, the organization Rhodesia is one of the very few countries alleged to be responsible for staging recent whose governments detain individuals for student demonstrations against President so long without trial. Nkala has been held Park. It is believed that only international over a decade. pressure against the detention of Bishop Chi prevented the death sentence. Until recently, Nkala was held at Gonakudzingwa Detention Camp, a desol­ The Bishop, a 53-year old native of North ate and dusty spot far from any main popu­ Korea, was first arrested in October 1972 lation center. Within the camp, Nkala and immediately following a statement in some others were further isolated in a sec­ which he called for the restoration of demo­ tion away from the main part of camp. cracy and fundamental human rights in Nkala wrote that priests did not visit this South Korea. For a few weeks he was put section at all. His wife was allowed to visit under house arrest. him, but this was not easy because of the expense of travel and long distances in­ In June, Bishop Chi made an extensive Detention is not volved, and permission to visit was only overseas tour. Immediately on his return on regarded as a given to his children still under 16. How­ 6 July, he was detained at Seoul's Kimpo ever, because of its proximity to the Airport. He was interrogated for a few days punishment for Mozambique border, Gonakudzingwa was and, according to reliable sources from what a detainee closed in June 1974 and Nkala was moved Seoul, was tortured. The Korean au­ has done in the to Buffalo Range, 40 miles north. thorities charged him with giving one mill­ ion won (about 1,200 pounds sterling) to the past, but as an In 1972 discussions were reopened between poet Kim Chi-ha "knowing" that Kim Chi- administrative the British and Rhodesian governments ha "was involved in anti-Park activities," expedient de­ which produced new proposals for a con­ thereby contravening the 3 April stitutional settlement. The Pearce Com­ Emergency Measures. Bishop Chi admitted signed to prevent mission was set up by the British Govern­ that he gave the money to Kim. Reportedly him from doing ment to investigate Rhodesian opinion to­ he said, "I gave him the money to help him anything in the ward these proposals. Among those inter­ as a human being," since Kim (who is now viewed were a group of long-term detainees, imprisoned for life) was denied all means to future which of whom Lazarus Nkala was one. After­ sustain a livelihood following the ban on all would imperil the wards he described the surprise expressed his works in South Korea. safety and order by the commission at the information given them by the detainees. The subsequent re­ Bishop Chi was put under house arrest and, of the state. — A port of the commission expressed almost on the morning of 23 July, received a sub­ Rhodesian judge total rejection of the proposals by the Afri­ poena to stand for trial before the can people. Emergency Court Martial as a criminal de­ fendant. He refused to accept the subpoena Nkala has seen many of the original pre- and instead issued a "Declaration of Con­ UDI detainees released and allowed to re­ science" in which he criticized the 1972 drimjCtwiCtoßMlfi. join their families during his detention Constitution of President Park as a "viola­ period - but all chances of his own release tion of the most basic and essential rights of have been firmly quashed. At each appear­ the people." Admitting that he had given ance before the Review Tribunal, a body set funds "in support of the oppressed up by the Rhodesian authorities to consider Christian-minded students," he damned detainee appeals, it is decided "he should the Emergency Measures as "a law in viola­ remain in detention." Since release by the tion of fundamental human dignity." Under Review Tribunal involves a total renuncia­ such a law, he said, "the sphere of human tion of political beliefs, many prisoners, who conscience in the affairs of state is elimi­ have already suffered many years' loss of nated." freedom for their beliefs, are under no illu­ sions about their chances of release. Bishop Chi has proved himself a staunch supporter of human rights and fundamen­ Lazarus Nkala was trained and worked as a tal freedom and is considered by the Roman builder. During his detention he has been Catholic community in South Korea one of studying for a Bachelor of Arts degree in the most able advocates of basic freedoms. politics and economics.

Matchbox Fall 1974 17 PAULO WRIGHT HUYNH TAN MAM (BRAZIL) (SOUTH VIETNAM)

Paulo Wright, 41, the son of an American Huynh Tan Mam, 29, is President of the Madame Ngo Ba Thanh has described the Presbyterian minister, was arrested in Sao General Association of Saigon Students, Third Force as a movement which "repres­ Paulo on 2 or 3 September 1973. He is mar­ and the best-known student spokesman in ents people and organizations of various ried with two children. Wright studied South Vietnam. He has persistently op­ politil and religious tendencies. . . .who did sociology in the United States but returned posed the policies of the Thieu regime and, not side with either party and who sup­ to Brazil in the late fifties where he lived in voiced his criticism of American presence in ported the Paris Peace Agreement." a Sao Paulo slum and attempted to organize Vietnam. As a result he has been constantly labor unions. in and out of jail during the past few years. At Loc Ninh, in the presence of the Interna­ tional Commission for Control and Supervi­ During this period, he also served in the He was first arrested in March 1970 for sion and the Bi-partite Military Commis­ Secretariat of the Sao Paulo Student Christ­ "being a member of a communist spy ring." sion (both bodies set up under the Paris ian Association, a protestant youth organi­ Because he opposed American policy in In­ Agreement), Mam was promised an uncon­ zation. His influence in changing the politi­ dochina, Mam was accused of treason ditional release in Saigon by the Saigon au­ cal perspectives of conservative Protestants against the Saigon authorities. Following thorities. However, on his return to Saigon, went far beyond Brazil, becoming a ferment widespread publicity in the foreign press he was sent to Chi Hoa prison, and the au­ in the entire body of the World Student and increasing student dissatisfaction at thorities now claim that he has "rallied" to Christian Federation. his arrest, Mam was released, only to be the government, and is at present attending rearrested a few months later after the as­ a course of "re-education." His present The Religious News Service, in reporting sassination of Le Khac Sinh Nhut, a 'mod­ whereabouts are unknown, and there are Paulo's arrest, quoted another Brazilian erate' student leader. Government-inspired fears for his life. His family has failed to Presbyterian pastor now in exile in the Un­ posters appeared in Saigon accusing Mam locate him, in spite of their persistent ef­ ited States, who said, "Paulo Wright is a of this murder on behalf of the Provisional forts, and are continuing to fight for his committed Christian. . . Throughout his life Revolutionary Government. However, release. he has been a kind of saint with a prophetic many independent observers believe the voice: a man willing to lose everything, in­ posters were part of a campaign to discredit cluding his life, for the sake of justice. And Mam, and to present him as an extremist. because his actions are invariably and abso­ Following world-wide protests at the flimsy lutely consistent with his preaching, he is a evidence against him, the Thieu regime living and continuous judgment on the op­ again released him. pression and repression in which the Brazilian dictatorship engages." In January 1972, Huynh Tan Mam was ar­ rested with 61 students, intellectuals and Following his activism in the Student civil rights leaders, such as lawyer Madam What can they do Christian Association in Sao Paulo, Wright Ngo Ba Thanh. He was taken to National moved back to his home state of Santa Police Headquarters in Saigon and appar­ but kill us, and even Catarina in South Brazil, to work initially ently subjected to a brutal series of inter­ that wouldn't be a teaching in programs intended to 'conscien- rogations. A student released from the Na­ tize' and organize workers. He then dedi­ tional Police Headquarters said he had seen good bargain — no­ cated himself to the creation of cooperatives Mam being tortured. He was described an thing they can do in the area, concentrating on organizing the having '"blood flowing from his eyes and poor. ears. Liquid had been injected into his but rent a room ac­ veins, and he had been conscious only in­ ross the street, and He founded a cooperative for small fisher­ termittently for seven days." tail us so they can men, and eventually was elected to serve as deputy from Santa Catarina. However, he It was further alleged that his eyes were learn to laugh and lost both his position and his political rights exposed for long periods to a powerful elec­ cry like us. — Pablo in 1964 when the present regime assumed tric lamp. His eyesight deteriorated, but in power by a military coup. Fearing still spite of his frail physique and the ill- Neruda further persecution by the junta, Wright treatment inflicted on him, Mam continued fled to Mexico, where he lived in exile until to write letters to friends, acquaintances returning clandestinely to Brazil, where he and organizations throughout the world, continued his efforts on behalf of Brazilian condemning the practices of the Thieu re­ workers. gime. In several letters to the International Commission for Control and Supervision, At the time of his arrest, he was using the Mam pointed out that a large number of name Pedro Joao Tinn, and although he was students were being held in detention seen in custody in Rio de Janiero where he either without trial or convicted of political was reportedly severely tortured, au­ offenses, and asked for their release under thorities have refused to acknowledge his the terms of the January 1973 Peace Ag­ arrest or reveal his whereabouts. Despite reement. international protest, an inquiry on his be­ half submitted by the leader of Brazil's In May 1973, Saigon announced that Mam nominal opposition party, and demands for was included on the list of prisoners to be writs of habeas corpus, there has been no exchanged with the PRG at Loc Ninh. Both further news of Wright, leading those con­ Mam and his family protested this, and he cerned to fear that he may have been elimi­ refused to be repatriated to the PRG, claim­ nated. ing that he belonged to the Third Force movement — a group of South Vietnamese who consider themselves to be "neutralists" in a "civil war" between the communists and the South Vietnamese authorities.

lö Amnesty International, USA Father Joe Stickney STUDYING THE HUMAN CONDITION Barbara French

Many peeple voice strong approval toward Reading material consisted of Though they only received one indirect re­ the implementation of new, socially relev­ Solzhenitsyn's ONE DAY IN THE LIFE OF sponse to their letters, the Amnesty student ant programs for high school students, but IVAN DENISOVICH and THE FIRST chapter's Peruvian prisoner, a teacher, was too few people put themselves in positions to CIRCLE; Thoreau's ON THE DUTY OF released in May, though it's not known how bring about such change. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; the Yale Univer­ large a part the student group's letter- sity (Dr. Stanley Milgram) experiment on writing efforts had in the prisoner's release. But the diligent efforts of a 26-year-old why people torture others (as published in Jesuit English instructor and the en­ HARPER'S); Frankl's MAN'S SEARCH Grades, a seemingly sensitive subject for a thusiasm of approximately 20 high school FOR MEANING; the United Nations Univ­ course where individual initiative is a key boys brought about just such a curriculum ersal Declaration of Human Rights and the to involvement, were determined on read­ change at Bellarmine College Preparatory United States Bill of Rights. ing interpretations and grammar and idea high school in San Jose. presentation in reflection essays. Joe said "An important aspect of teaching a The change, which evolved through in­ prison literature class is to make sure the For Joe, an alumnus of an all-male structor Joe "Josh" Stickney's interest and students see the rays of hope as well as the parochial school and a Bellarmine instruc­ involvement with Amnesty International, darkness of despair. tor for three years, the class provided "the took the form of a semester English elective fullest expression of what teaching means." for juniors and seniors entitled "Prison Lit­ "When considering depressing issues the erature." class can get depressing, too," he said, re­ "In writing letters to an imprisoned man flecting on his college days when students the students realized just how good they Study material for the course, first taught smoked cigars, discussing how messed up were, how valuable. For me to facilitate this spring, included a variety of books, es­ the world was and wound up depressed in­ that holy work is a grace," he said. says and documents blanketing topics of stead of activated themselves. "This class prison life, prisoner attitude and human was able to laugh," he added, with his own (Course outlines for interested teachers are rights. The course also included letter writ­ smile of recollection, "like FIRST CIRCLE available through MATCHBOX. Ed.) ing on behalf of AI prisoners, research and prisoners in their moments of enjoyment." presentation on the social and political his­ tory of selected countries, keeping ajournai, Another main part of the course was letter and submitting weekly personal reflection writing to prisoners and government offi­ essays. cials. Each student wrote two letters a week for a class total reaching the 200 mark. The course was an off-shoot of Joe's interest in Amnesty. From a personal standpoint he was ripe for Amnesty work, he said. After Father Joe Stickney with two Al members/students outside Bellarmine College Preparatory High School in spending a large part of summer 1973 on San Jose Photo: Barbara French United Farmworker picket lines, often watching other supporters being carted off to jail in lieu of slackening their convic­ tions, Joe stepped back for an eight-day re­ treat to contemplate if he, too, would go to jail for someone else in order for justice to prevail.

During the retreat he sensed how "our bodies are like prisons themselves and how often what we do confines us. In order to escape our prisons," he continued, "we must get out of ourselves."

And working on behalf of nonviolent pris­ oners of conscience provided such escape for Joe. As a teacher, he saw a way to share this discovery — by organizing student in­ volvement.

The prison literature course revolved around trying to understand the human condition, in particular why people incarc­ erate others, why people go to jail for their beliefs, and the ethics of torture.

Matchbox Fall 1974 19 GROUP •••••••••••••••••^•••••••••^ Photo: LA. Hyder BRICCA TOURS EUROPEAN AMNESTY

United States West Coast Amnesty Group Adviser Kit Bricca discovered a host of new ways to organize American Amnesty group action during his June visit to the three largest Amnesty national sections - West Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands.

During his two-week stay Kit learned about West Germany's coordination groups, some unique sources of European fund-raising, an evolving Amnesty national section, communication system, and varied specialization groups.

West Germany is the largest and the most Joan Baez and Mimi Farina sing at Victor Jara Memorial at First Congregational Church, San Francisco, organized national Amnesty section in the world. Included in Kit's seven-day stay in Mav 29. Germany were three days at the annual membership conference in Duisberg, in Fund-raising is especially important in In Europe part of individual group work is southwest West Germany. Kit, Secretary Germany, Kit explained, for each group is right of asylum: caring for refugees (such as General Martin Ennals, and others addres­ expected to send $300 a year to Hamburg — the many hundreds of Chileans now in sed the conference and exchanged ideas or be considered inoperative. Hamburg in Germany and Sweden), finding jobs for re­ with various coordination groups. turn supplements the $300 with $200 re­ fugees and former prisoners of conscience, ceived through contributions and regular learning from recently released Amnesty Kit said 600 participants from 290 German allotments from the German Government. adoptees about other prisoners still in need groups voted on a number of policy matters. (Likewise, Swedish Amnesty receives fi­ of attention, and learning about prison con­ Each group had one vote (no absentee vot­ nancial support from their government.) ditions. ing allowed) in electing a nine-member na­ tional policy-making board - a yearly proce­ In Germany one can designate payment for dure. a traffic ticket to Amnesty instead of to the municipality it was issued in. I could not help being struck Kit learned that the liaison between the with the foolishness of that in­ West German National office and indi­ From Germany, Kit flew to Stockholm and stitution which treated me as if I vidual German groups is handled through a spent three days meeting with the country's were mere flesh and blood and district speaker system (a system which has Amnesty staff. Amnesty action in Sweden, bones, to be locked up. I won­ recently spread to Sweden and Holland). a country the size of California, but with half the population, is centered in Stock­ dered that it should have con­ West Germany is divided into 45 districts, holm. cluded at length that this was the containing 5 to 12 Amnesty groups each. A best use it could put me to, and district speaker is elected annually from En route to Holland, Kit stopped at the In­ had never thought to avail itself each group and it is this person's job to keep ternational Secretariat in London. During of my services in some way. — the channels of communication open bet­ his three-day stay he addressed the 65 Henry David Thoreau « ween Hamburg and each district. One London-based staff and spent a good deal of month after the yearly national convention, time with Secretary General Martin En­ the district speakers gather to review the nals, Martin Enthoven, who assigns Am­ national board's work, using priorities nesty case sheets, and Maggie Byrne, who ••*•••••••••• voted at the convention as an outline. works closely with Amnesty national sec­ Volunteers are urgently needed to help tions. with all those fascinating projects that In addition to West Germany's 510 adoption make AI function — envelope stuffing and groups, 50 coordination groups have been Kit's two days in Amsterdam were concen­ sorting, typing, errand running, newspaper formed within the last three years. These trated on the country's system of Amnesty clipping, and lots of et cetera. Coffee and groups strive to unite representatives from action groups. In the Netherlands, action music provided to help alleviate the groups with prisoners in the same country, groups spend time organizing publicity, monotony. establish research groups for specific coun­ fund-raising events, speaking engage­ tries, discover prisoners eligible for Am­ ments, and emergency action projects. Be­ Also needed is office equipment such as ad­ nesty adoption, educate the public about cause these groups do not have adoption ding machines, desk chairs, and a vacuum. group prisoners and Amnesty work, and commitments, they are exceedingly flexible Donations warmly welcomed (and tax de­ raise money. in design and direction. ductible).

À\J Amnesty International, USA NEWS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-fr* SPLIEDT VISITS WRO AMNESTY

Silke Spliedt, AI district speaker from Hamburg, West Germany, and a member of German Amnesty since 1969, was "quite impressed with the activity and enthusiasm" of the West Coast groups she visited during her seven-day stay in July.

Silke, guest of WRO Group Organizer Kit Bricca, came to the United States to investigate ways of improving communications between Amnesty's various national organizations.

"Groups that work just within their own country often have very little idea of what AI is doing internationally," she said. "Communication among Amnesty members is very important because we have so much to learn from each other."

AI-USA Group 26 (Los Gatos, The International Secretariat again California) is calling for de­ reminds that Groups and National Sections claration of October 18 as In­ should not write directly to the ternational Alexander Feld­ International Committee of the Red Cross man Day. Feldman, a 27 year who have indicated on many occasions that they can only deal with the International old stoker, was sentenced to Secretariat and not with individual 3-1/2 years in a strict regime correspondents. labor camp for a criminal charge of which the Interna­ This rule applies equally to the major tional Secretariat says, international organizations such as the "From the detailed informa­ International Confederation of Free Trade tion on this case, it is clear to Unions, etc. us that the criminal charge brought against Feldman is unfounded and that the real reason for his arrest and im­ prisonment was his overt de­ sire to emigrate from the Soviet Union to Israel." For further details, contact the Joan Jara, widow of Victor Jara, speaks at Al Memorial. Proceeds Western Regional Office. of the WRO fundraiser went to Al's Chilean Relief Fund. Photc : L.A. Hyder

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Martin Enthoven, Stephanie Grant, Ivan Morris, Amy Augustus, and Joel Carlson at the National Conference in Photo: Arne Lewis New York, June 1, 1974 Matchbox Fall 1974 21 ginetta sagan a personal matter

In December 1972 I received a call from raid to speak to friends. Longtime acquain­ Paris informing me that a Greek judge had tances shuddered when I asked them how been arrested on Christmas Eve and was many were really killed in November at the tortured. The judge was Christos Sart- There is no stationery Polytechnic School when students bar­ zetakis, a friend of Lady Amalia Fleming, ricaded themselves, and asked the Greek the widow of Alexander Fleming, the store on the Island of people to join them in overthrowing the British discoverer of penicillin, who had Yaros — I cannot even military dictatorship. been stripped of her citizenship for critizing write my thoughts. Only the military regime. Sartzetakis' crime? No one knew. No one would guess. People His unflagging devotion to the judicial sys­ the rocks, the bleakness had disappeared, they whispered. Some tem and its integrity, which he considered of the landscape exists. were in hiding because they were filmed at more important than his life. The most The only music we can the school. The police, thanks to their ex­ abominai pressure used against him could tensive files, were tracking them down. not bend him, and civilized society owes him hear are the shrill calls Some had vanished and their families dared a large debt. (Christos Sartzetakis' story is of the seagulls. — Pris­ not inquire of their whereabouts. Inquiries told in Costa Gavras' movie, "Z.") oner on Yaros, 1974 might prompt a police manhunt. During the junta's reign, the flow of case The media and newspapers reported only sheets from Greece to Amnesty's London what the military wanted them to, or were office never ceased. It became increasingly shut down. evident that torture was not so much means torture. The use of these torture methods is of obtaining information; but rather a tool so unrestrained that in Athens one lives in One newspaper, VLADINI, was suspended to silence the Greek people. continued fear that some of the tortured for daring to print some facts. A bevy of prisoners may have died." policemen stood outside the paper, a con­ "Reports of systematic torture are coming stant reminder that "freedom of expression" from many independent sources,'' reported I went to Greece at the beginning of June was under the barrel of a gun. During the the June 1974 AI newsletter. "The torture, and, as in previous visits, was helped by suspension, the publisher kept his people on including falanga, electric shock, beatings, friends who have devoted a great deal of the payroll at great personal cost. In June, enforced standing, and sexual abuse is time and effort at their own personal risk to during my visit, the junta extended the ban. known to have taken place in at least three help victims of the junta. different installations in Athens: the Boyati I spent my last evening in Athens visiting Military Prison, the ESA security police On my second day in Athens, I was shown poet John Coutsocheras and his wife Lena. headquarters, and the Mesogion Street the clothing of a young student which had Jean Coutsocheras has paid a high price for Police Station." been smuggled to his family. Underwear, a such courage. The beating he received by sweater, and a t-shirt were shredded and military police while helping the Athenian Of those Greek prisoners freed after torture, soaked with blood. A mute but eloquent students cost him the vision of one eye. And some remained silent, though their suffer­ plea for help. Lena was not spared; the scars from her ing was not forgotten. Others took upon beating are still visible. themselves the responsibility of revelation. The tales of torture increased as the days The military courts, a scourge to any soci­ passed. Friends told me of the technique of When I visited them we spoke, of course, of ety, were issuing sentences which mocked hooding torture victims to prevent identifi­ the prisoners. Jean opened the window. Il­ the most elementary judicial procedures. cation of examining doctors and torturers. luminated in the starry June night was the Military judges, fully aware that confes­ In the Athens Military hospital, physicians magnificent Acropolis. sions to political "crimes" had been ex­ wore masks when examining torture vic­ tracted under torture, still used them to tims to prevent future identification. "Ginetta," he said after a moment, "there confine dissenters to long prison terms. will be freedom one day in Greece. I don't Meanwhile, a personal friend of mine, also a know when, but there will be freedom Dr. Georgios Mangakis, Lady Fleming's physician, was treating the wounds of tor­ again, I am sure. And one day, you will join lawyer and himself a torture victim, sum­ ture victims who had been released. His u£ in celebrating that freedom," marized the situation in an April 1974 let­ patients remained in hiding because of ter to AFs Secretary General Martin En- military police threats that they would be nals: rearrested if they spoke of their previous "treatment." "The use of torture has now become more uncontrolled and technically more perfect When I mentioned the military police head­ than previously. According to statements quarters in via Boubolinas and the Boyati which have now been made public, and Military Prisons, my acquaintances would which refer to the application of torture shudder. "What is going on. What can we methods and to the extensive use of techni­ do," I asked. 'They are like the gestapo." cal means of torture, it is clear that the "There is nothing to be done," were the organized military and police torture units frightened answers. have been specially trained, are equipped with specialized instruments of torture, and An atmosphere of stark terror was permeat­ are under instruction from "technocrats" of ing Athens in June 1974. Friends were af­

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At this moment when again prisons and detention camps ^ùa,, t\ùtU, A- • are nearly empty (only 6 political prisoners are still to be released) our thoughts turn to you and the friends who stood by us in the moment of our distress. We still have a long road in front of us. We need your help. But now we send you a big thank you for giving us your friendship.

Love,

Virginia Tsouderous

Lady Fleming hugs Lawyer George Mangakis at Athens Airport Photo from APOYEVMATINI, Athens evening newspaper On July 25, under a broad political am­ nesty ordered by the civilian govern­ ment, 45 prisoners were released from the Aegean island prison, Yaros.

A government spokesman told the NEW YORK TIMES that the amnesty provi­ sion was a 'full and unreserved' pardon for any political crime; that it was un­ conditional and covered everyone.

In addition, citizenship was restored to 30 Greeks who were living abroad be­ cause of their opposition to the regime. They included Melina Mercouri, former cabinet minister Andreas Papandreau, Lady Amalia Fleming, newspaper pub­ lisher Helen Vlachos and George Plytas, former mayor of Athens.

The Constitution, the new government has said, will be reinstated and a re­ ferendum will be held to decide the country's form of government.

Matchbox Fall 1974 23 Andreas Papandreou, atop the shoulders of jubilant Greeks, acknowledges cheers after his arrival in Athens Photo: Wide World after a six-year self-imposed exile. CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT RETURNS TO GREECE Dennis Piper

On July 24, after seven years of debilitating was suffering economically and, while their feet. dictatorship, the first civilian Greek pre­ popular support for the junta was never mier since the 1967 coup was sworn into strong, the support that did exist waned Apparently a majority within the military office. And before the day was over, key even further after the bloody military as­ leadership itself, faced with the Cyprus cabinet officers were also named — they too sault on dissident students last fall brought crisis and the grim prospect ôf declaring were civilians. the realities of torture and tyranny home to war on Turkey, a NATO ally, were instru­ even military families whose sons and mental in the events that led to the ap­ But just what prompted the colonels to ask daughters had become targets of brutal rep­ pointment of a civilian government. former premier Constantine Caramanlis, ression. living in self-imposed exile in Paris, to come According to an account in THE CHRIST­ home and form a new government? Then, in order to strengthen their position IAN SCIENCE MONITOR, generals of the at home, the colonels were willing to make a Greek army stationed in the north were Why did the junta risk the fall of its frail desperate attempt to stir Greek furious with Brig. Gen. Dimitrios Ioan- defenses over the question of unity with nationalism by rekindling the centuries-old nides, considered the strong man of the Cyprus and permit such an ill-fated coup? vision — rooted firmly in folklore and na­ junta, and with the government for allow­ tional dreams — that the motherland be ing this attempt by Greek nationalists to According to newspaper accounts here and linked once again to the island of Cyprus. take place over Cyprus. abroad, the sequence of events leading to The colonels were summoning the beloved the collapse of the military junta is some­ ghost of Byzantium to help them out. It was also reported that generals blamed times conflicting and not entirely clear. But Ioannides for the insuing Turkish invasion. it is generally thought the colonels were in But when the coup backfired and the Turks Greece, in no position to prevent it, helped trouble before the coup that ousted Ar­ invaded Cyprus, the defeat turned to put the Turks in a commanding position on chbishop Makarios in Cyprus. The country humiliation and power began to crumble at the island.

Ä4 Amnesty International, USA Gen. Tvavos, commander of the 3rd Army Corps in Solinika, Gen. Gratsos, comman­ der of the armies of Attica and the islands, headquartered in Athens, with significant participation by Air Force Chief Gen. Papanikolaon were key figures in setting up the talks that led to Caramanalis' sum­ mons to come home.

Ioannides was not invited to attend the talks and was reported to be under house arrest until August 24, when he was dis­ missed.

The generals were said to be in doubt of the existing regime's ability to represent Greece effectively at peace talks in Geneva.

So on Tuesday, July 23, General Phaedon Gizikis, figure-head President of the milit­ ary government which seized power last November, summoned three former pre­ miers and other civilians who had once been Cabinet members to an emergency meeting with key military leaders.

This meeting marked the first time since Constantine Caramanlis sworn in as Prime Minister by Archbishop Seraphim. Photo: Wide World 1967 that political opponents of the junta had met with the military government. "The transitory stage between dictatorship The new civilian government, indeed, ap­ Gizikis, in a public statement after the ses­ and full restoration of democracy is always pears to be softening its differences with the sion, said, "In view of the extraordinary cir­ critical," Caramanlis said and asked military in order to avoid the sort of bitter cumstances" the government was being en­ Greeks to show "political maturity" after division that marked the nation before the trusted to civilians. the "painful trial of the last years." military seized power.

The chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air Force THE NEW YORK TIMES reported that "We've learned some lessons in the past joined Gizikis in promising that the gov­ reaction to the Premier's speech was mixed. seven years," one Minister said, according ernment would be left to civilian politicians Some Athenians agreed with its tone while to the TIMES. "We'll have our disagree­ who were urged to abandon their differ­ others expressed disappointment over the ments but we won't let them get too seri­ ences for the good of the country. vagueness and lack of mention of elections ous." or steps to be taken against junta leaders. The man thought most able to bring order to Even so, days after the new government the chaos was Caramanlis, who arrived in Caramanlis did not direct anger at the was formed, questions were being raised by Athens from Paris the following morning, military, but rather called on all Greeks to Greek leftists as to whether their voice too after more than a decade of self-imposed work for unity, including the armed forces, would be heard in this right-of-center gov­ exile. which he said "opened the road to normal- ernment. Would the left be excluded and the ity." Communist Party banned, as it had been, Slowly, political life began to be revived as throughout the military dictatorship? Caramanlis, who represents the National However, the TIMES quoted one diplomat Radical Union (a conservative party), took as saying, "If the coup had worked and To this question Caramanlis was vague, Ioannides and his supporters got away with the oath of office and announced his most stressing that he was forming a National it, without the invasion of the Turks, the important cabinet officers the same day. Cabinet rather than a political one, and military regime would have been much that the "framework" of democracy would stronger. But it was a failure and he (Ioan­ have room for "all Greeks." George Mavros was named Foreign Minis­ nides) had to go. His colleagues needed ter. He served in the cabinet of the late civilian talent to get them out of the mess." George Papandreau.

Evangelos Averoff-Tositsas, a former foreign minister, was appointed Defense Minister. Averoff-Tositsas was himself im­ prisoned for speaking against the military dictatorship.

Economist Ioannis Pesmazoglu, also jailed for criticizing the regime, was appointed Minister of Finance.

Then after two days in office, Caramanlis addressed the nation over television, saying that the crisis in Cyprus would have prior­ ity but that his government would be taking steps towards "a true and progressive democracy.

Matchbox Fall 1974 25 INDONESIA BACKGROUND David Hinkley Photos courtesy of Volunteers in Asia, Stanford University

Indonesia is the world's largest island jasila," the "Five Principles" of Indonesian chain, over 3,000 islands spanning 3,000 ideology. Legend has it that Sukarno miles. The archipelago's main island, Java, "communed with God" before enunciating is one of the most densely populated areas in the principles on June 1, 1945. They are: the world, with 1,500 people per square mile. Indonesia is a classic example of an belief in God underdeveloped nation coming of age through the familiar pattern of colonialism internationalism (by the Dutch among others), wartime oc­ cupation (Japanese), a struggle for inde­ nationalism pendence, and finally the emergence of a military regime gaining power in a contest sovereignty of the people of ideologies. social justice Indonesia has a history of invasion stretch­ ing back to the first centuries of the Christ­ ian era, when Hindu traders and priests These principles received widespread sup­ infiltrated the islands and dominated the port in Indonesia, particularly among non- indigenous population with their religion communist and religious factions. and culture. 13th century Moslem inva­ sions eradicated this Hindu influence, but Sukarno first sought a "non-aligned" status the Moslem religion, still dominant, retains which he and his first Prime Minister, Dr. a unique blend of Hindu and Moslem ele­ Hatta, saw as a guarantee of independence. ments, with ancient animistic beliefs and Between the turnover of sovereignty by the practices. Dutch to Indonesia on December 27, 1949 and the installment of "Guided Democracy" The first influx of European trade came by a progressively more authoritarian with the Portugese early in the 16th cen­ Sukarno in July, 1959, the growth in power tury. They were quickly thrown out by the of the PKI and estrangement of the Presi­ Dutch in the 1590's, who held possession of dent from elements within the early gov­ the archipelago for over two centuries. In ernment led to two important develop­ 1811, Indonesia was seized by the British, Bali woman breaking up rocks on road building ments. when Napoleon seized the Netherlands. project Photo: Brad Palmquest The first was the declaration of "Nasakom," Returned to the Dutch in 1816, the ar­ a policy of cooperation among the three do­ chipelago became part of the Dutch king­ minant elements in the society: nationalist, dom by declaration in 1922. As one of the tion, the Dutch freely exploited Indonesia's religious, and communist. This policy world's richest natural resource areas, In­ resources and people, whose large popula­ gained support especially from the PKI, donesia offered the Dutch huge quantities tion offered labor at virtually no cost. which had not been in perfect sympathy of rubber, tobacco, tin, coal, oil, and before with the "Pantjasila." The second develop­ World War II, almost a third of the world's Japan occupied Indonesia for a brief period ment was the movement toward alignment copra (the source of cocoanut oil). Through a during World War II. Indonesians, who had with the "new emerging forces," the under­ plantation system and later industrializa- experienced nominal self-government dur­ developed nations of Africa, Latin America, ing the Japanese occupation, never com­ pletely returned to Dutch hegemony.

On August 17,1945 (now commemorated as Indonesia's National Day), nationalist In­ 1 donesians, led by Achmed Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta, declared Indonesia a re­ public. Indonesia has a history For the next four years, 1945-1949, a strug­ of invasion stretching gle ensued between the Nationalists and Sukarno declared back to the first cen­ the Dutch. During this struggle, certain "Pantjasila," the "Five turies of the Christian figures emerged as heroes of the indepen­ dence movement. Besides Sukarno and Principles" of In- era, when Hindu trad­ Hatta, there was Sutan Sjahrir, who donesian ideology. ers and priests infil­ founded the moderate Indonesian Socialist Legend has it that he trated the islands and Party (PSI); Abdul Haris Nasution, who though dedicated to Nationalism consis­ "communed with God" dominated the indigen­ tently opposed the PKI (Indonesia's Com­ before enunciating ous population. munist Party); and far in the background, them. brigade commander Suharto.

Even before the independence proclamation of August 17th, Sukarno declared "Pant-

Ax} Amnesty International, USA Rice harvest, cut with little razor knives (Bali) Photo: Brad Palmquest

General Suharto, as acting Commander of the Army's Strategic Command (KOS- TRAD), defeated the coup attempt of 30th September, denying it was in any way pre­ ventive action or that there were ever plans What followed was one for a General's Council takeover. Recent accounting sets of the most savage and Sukarno, meanwhile, declared that he had Indonesia's outstand­ no involvement with the Gestapu, a state­ widespread purges in ment never completely accepted by many ing obligation at over 3 history. within his government, including General billion dollars. Suharto.

What followed was one of the most savage and widespread purges in history. Outrage at sensational reports of the murder of the generals touched off massive reprisals by anticommunist youth groups, the military, and Asia. The West began to see Sukarno's and others against hundreds of thousands of tergovernmental Group on Indonesia Indonesia as part of the spread of interna­ Indonesians suspected of procommunist (IGGI), which approved a $600 million re­ tional communism. sympathies or activities. quest for economic assistance in 1970. Re­ cent accounting sets Indonesia's outstand­ Animosity between the upper echelons of Though no precise statistics are available, ing obligation at over 3 billion dollars. the Indonesian military and the PKI reliable estimates set the number slaugh­ reached crisis during the unsuccessful cam­ tered at over 300,000. A quarter of a million Among the first steps taken by the "New paign to undermine the formation of the more were arrested and detained without Order" was a bilateral.agreement to cease new nation of Malaysia. Official member­ trials. Most were eventually released, but all hostilities with Malaysia on August 11, ship in the PKI and related left-wing political prisoners still range in the tens of 1966. On September 28 of the same year movements had grown into millions who thousands (see accompanying report). Indonesia resumed membership in the UN, were demanding greater representation from which it had withdrawn under and reform. For a time, Sukarno, whose health began to Sukarno. fail before the October 1st incident, re­ By 1965 Sukarno's ability to control rival tained nominal leadership. Gradually, forces took a fatal blow. On October 1st, a however, power was transferred to General group of middle-ranking military officers Suharto. By 1968 Suharto's authority was led an assault on seven generals, six of complete. whom were kidnapped and assassinated. Only General Nasution escaped. The Among Suharto's "New Order" government movement was called "Gestapu," an ac­ officials, the most visible and widely re­ ronym for words meaning "Movement of the spected were Adam Malik, Foreign Minis­ 30th of September." ter, and Finance Minister Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX of Jogjakarta. To­ Lieutenant Colonel Untung, a leader of gether with Suharto and the military they "Gestapu," claimed the assault was "pre­ embarked upon new economic and political ventive action against a plot by the programs designed to attract foreign in­ General's Council, a CIA-sponsored subver­ vestment, especially from western nations. sive movement...which planned to stage a Aid was obtained from various sources, coup on October 5." especially the consortium known as the In-

Matchbox Fall 1974 27 INDONESIA THE CURRENT SITUATION Barbara French

Many tapols are indefinitely detained at the mercy of a government who believes they played a role in the unsuccessful coup but, because of scarce evidence, has said it has no intention of trying them.

THE UNITED NATIONS CASE

Fortunately, that isn't the only intention focused upon these men and women.

In February 1975 the United Nations Commission on Human Rights is scheduled to review complaints against eight coun­ tries who have allegedly conducted a "con­ sistent pattern of gross and reliably at­ tested violations of human rights and fun­ damental freedoms."

Indonesia, a UN member from 1950-1965 and from 1966 to the present, is one of these eight countries. The charges levied against Indonesia were filed by Amnesty Interna­ tional in February 1973, in accordance with the following relatively new UN policy to­ ward appraisal of human rights violation Typical Indonesian village bamboo houses Photo: Brad Palmquest charges.

"Directly or indirectly involved in a publication of the British Campaign for In 1970 the UN Economic and Social Coun­ the 30th September Movement." the Release of Indonesian Political Prison­ cil authorized the establishment of a five- ers. "Tapol," for tahanan politik, "political member working group, under the sub- That's the phrase which has claimed nine prisoner." commission on the prevention of Discrimi­ years of the lives of more than 50,000 In­ nation and the Protection of Minorities, donesian political prisoners. That's the This estimate does not include the 750 or who would meet annually to consider all phrase which still confines both young and more persons arrested in January during such communications received by the old without the basic rights outlined in the protests against the visit of Japan's Prime Secretary-General. The group's job includes Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Minister Kakuei Tanaka. the review of those communications, to- Detainees are held without formal charges (as suspected Communists), and without benefit of legal counsel. Transporting rice in Central Java Photo: Brad Palmquest

Following the coup attempt came the round-up of tens of thousands of political prisoners and a violent anticommunist reaction sparked by the disclosure that coup conspirators, including Communist front group members, had murdered six In­ donesian generals.

Though the Indonesian Communist Party, Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), claimed the coup was "an internal affair of the Army," government troops saw the attempt as a possible first step toward the estab­ lishment of a communist government.

The number killed in these purges has been estimated between 300,000 and 500,000, while reports of the arrested soared to a quarter of a million.

Today the Indonesian government, consis­ tent with its practices during the last nine years, gives conflicting reports on the number of political prisoners still detained for their alleged coup role, reports TAPOL,

ÄO Amnesty International, USA gether with replies of governments con­ 800 prisoners in Balikpapan, Kalimantan, cerned, which appear "to reveal a consistent 1 if 1 "'-*— and written in January 1972, stated: pattern of gross and reliably attested viola­ tions of human rights and fundamental "We all have suffered from extensive inter­ freedoms..." rogation and investigation far exceeding the bounds of humane treatment... We have This new procedure also stipulates that an been pushed into self-dug pits covered at the ad-hoc committee of the Commission on bottom with glass splinters. We have been Human Rights, the commission which over­ given electric shocks and cigarettes have sees the discrimination and minority sub- been used to burn us...There are some commission, shall "strive for friendly solu­ among us who have been shot through the tions," a reversal of a 1959 Economic and mouth." Social Council resolution stating that the 32-member Commission on Human Rights, Reports on prison conditions, like reports on a fundamental body of the Economic and prison population, are also confusing and Social Council, had "no power to take any H 'Sri iH mm contradicting. The "Area Handbook for In­ action in regard to any complaints concern­ donesia," compiled by Foreign Area Studies ing human rights." of American University (1970), states: "Lit­ tle is known of living conditions within According to UN regulations, the human prisons, except that they were fairly clean; rights charges and review procedings "shall W^^W'lk^Ê E^^L li the food was adequate and the buildings, remain confidential" until recommenda­ although old, were in adequate repair." tions for solution can be made to the **" Economic and Social Council. However, according to AI's INDONESIAN SPECIAL, prison "accommodation is "Confinement and too many years in lousy grossly over-crowded, unhygenic and for­ conditions" for tapols is the basis of the Am­ bidding." nesty communication, said Frank Newman, professor of international law at University A woman on her way to market in typical village The INDONESIAN SPECIAL further re­ of California at Berkeley and member of dress (Central Java) Photo: Brad Palmquest ports food is all but standard, "not only lack­ Amnesty's National Advisory Council. ing in quantity and quality but also vari­ ety." The standard diet, the magazine re­ The aspect of no charges and no lawyers for ported, for a political prisoner consists of tapols appears to be in direct contravention "We have been pushed two plates of rice a day - not consistent with of both the UN Universal Declaration of the Minimum Rules policy of ample food Human Rights and the UN Standard into self-dug pits co­ with nutritional value for all prisoners. Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Pris­ vered at the bottom oners, a compilation of standards generally with glass splinters. We The Indonesian government's argument accepted by UN member states as being seems to be that prisoners aren't the only "good principle and practice in the treat­ have been given electric Indonesians suffering from a lack of nutri­ ment of prisoners..." shocks and cigarettes tional and adequate food supply since a have been used to burn shortage of rice, the basic staple in the For example: primarily agricultural nation's diet, took us. . .there are some hold in the late 1960's. • ARTICLE 10 OF THE DECLARA­ who have been shot TION: Everyone is entitled in full through the mouth..." In sharp contradiction to these human equality to a fair and public hearing by rights violation charges is the government's an independent and impartial tribunal, pledge declaring as its top priority the im­ in the determination of his rights and provement of its people's living standards. obligations and of any criminal charge against him" of his defense, an untried prisoner shall Though the road to learning the truth about be allowed to apply for free legal aid Indonesia's human rights situation seems • SECTION 84 OF THE STANDARD where such aid is available, and to re­ rough and narrow, concern from within and MINIMUM RULES: "Unconvicted ceive visits from his legal adviser with a outside the country is growing. prisoners are presumed to be innocent view to his defense and to prepare and and shall be treated as such" hand to him confidential instructions"

• SECTION 93 OF THE STANDARD MINIMUM RULES: "For the purpose Another seemingly vulnerable Indonesian prison policy is the make-up of the tapol population. The Indonesian government has described its tapols as committed Marx­ ists and prominent members of the PKI. The "Indonesian Special," a publication of AI's Dutch section, and Amnesty case sheets, however, indicate that a number of prisoners were apparently arrested on the Only 300 of the esti­ basis of guilt by association with leftist In sharp contradiction mated 50,000 plus groups and group members. to these human rights Tapols were reportedly violations charges is the brought to trial.. .but If so, this too appears to set Indonesia in government's pledge "gross violation" of various Universal De­ because of scarce evi­ claration articles; especially Article 9 declaring the improve­ dence, the government which states, "No one shall be subjected to ment of its people's liv­ has said it has no inten­ arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile." ing standard as its top tion of trying them.... Tales of tortured tapols have also reached priority... . Amnesty. A letter reprinted in the Amnesty 1973 REPORT ON TORTURE, endorsed by

Matchbox Fall 1974 29 •IkiMAl- (MtkhrMr tyJlMA \ßpMJl PRAGUE SPRING CZECHOSLOVAKIA UNDER DUBCEK David Hinkley

Czechoslovakia, an old land of many crises "Prague Spring" had begun. In the months and sorrows, is nonetheless a relatively new between February and August 1968, Dub­ nation. Formed by agreement of the Allied cek and his fellow reformists set out to "give Powers in 1918 as part of the structuring of communism a human face,' by promoting a Eastern Europe after the fall of Austria- free exchange of ideas and a social, cultural Hungary, Czechoslovakia has seen two In the months between and commercial latitude unseen in Eastern great turning points since. The first was the February and August, Europe since Stalin's rise. Munich Pact, in which the Nazis were given 1968, Dubcek and his much of Czechoslovakia in return for "peace "Prague Spring" ended on August 21,1968, in our time." The second was "Prague fellow reformists set out when Soviet troops and tanks crossed the Spring" and its dramatic conclusion. to "give Communism a borders, marched through Bohemia, seized human face..." strategic points in Prague and Bratislava, A movement for democratization of took control of public thoroughfares, and Czechoslovakia, led by Alexander Dubcek effected one of the swiftest occupation cam­ and Ludvik Svoboda, began to gather a paigns in history. Both Czechs and Slovaks broad base of power in 1964. This move­ were shocked, terror-stricken, and ment, under which the nearly stoic heart of which enabled Dubcek to take power as humiliated. There was little overt resis­ the Czech and Slovakian people began to Communist party boss on January 5, 1968. tance, mainly of students, who managed to swell, culminated in "Prague Spring," when A few weeks later, Svoboda assumed the set fire to a few tanks, and to attract world Novotny made a series of policy blunders office of president. attention to the outrage of all the Czechos- oU Amnesty International, USA lovakian people. Artists, intellectuals, The Soviet Union, also signatory to the workers, professionals, and public figures 1973 Convention, joined Czechoslovakia joined in protest against the violation of and other nations in affirming the impor­ their homeland. A number of people were tance of, among other things, (Paragraph killed and many more were arrested. 19): "— sovereign equality, respect for the Moreover, there was the threat of greater rights inherent in sovereignty;" reprisals. "—refraining from the threat or use of force;" "—inviolability of frontiers;" and For the most part, reprisals of the "seeking "—non-intervention in internal affairs." out of enemies" sort have not materialized (DEPT. OF STATE BULLETIN, July 30, in the years since 1968. The policy of the 1973, p. 182.) Soviet Union toward Czechoslovakia was defined in the Moscow Agreement of Au­ Nonetheless there are still Soviet divisions gust, 1968. In it, the "Brezhnev Doctrine" "temporarily stationed" in Czechoslovakia was outlined, mandating authority to the with no deadline for withdrawal, and Kremlin to insure the solidarity of Soviet though such commercial luxuries as au­ Communism throughout Eastern Europe. You will think, perhaps tomobiles and 'dachas' (country homes) Primarily a defensive policy aimed at pre­ that the Czech people have become common properties in serving Soviet domination, its chief method have behaved like Czechoslovakia, human rights and funda­ of suppression was the use of economic and mental freedoms remain drastically re­ social sanctions underscored by police cowards. . .but you stricted (cf. Kenneth Ames, "Psychedelic harassment and an occasional political cannot stand up to Carrot," in NY TIMES MAGAZINE, Aug. trial. tanks with empty 19, 1973). Under the heading of "consolidating politi­ hands. cal conditions," the new Federal Govern­ In its 1971 report, AI noted that despite ments, in Prague and Bratislava have used calls from sections of government and occupational sanctions to suppress dissent, members of the state-supervised media for denying or terminating jobs (principally in tighter controls and greater severity to­ the mass media and the university teaching wards political offenders, mass persecution staff, especially in the social sciences, and is growing less severe than in previous cultural and political workers). A second years. And though Louis Aragon described wave of sanctions included transferring covering the period October 1968 to April the cultural and intellectual situation in numbers of employees in economic ad­ 1969 before the District Court of Hradec Czechoslovakia as "un Biafra de l'esprit," ministration and industrial firms to other Kralove, total sentence on both sets of the Czechoslovakian people have the mem jobs. Under Emergency Measure 99/1969, a charges 4 years and 2 months and forbidden ory of "Prague Spring," not simply as re­ classification was made for those "unemp­ employment in the media for 3 years." miniscence but as a reminder of the possi­ loyed for political reasons," and it became bility of progress in the face of overwhelm­ possible "to recall from his post or dismiss "— Bohumil Kuba, secondary school ing opposition. immediately anyone who by his activity teacher, condemned in Pstrava on 11 June disrupts the socialist order. . ." 1971 to 3 years for subverting the Repub­ In the words of an anonymous student lic." broadcast by underground radio from Though there are no official figures availa­ Prague during the first days of occupation: ble on political imprisonment in Czechos­ Another recurrent charge was "endanger­ lovakia, in 1971 Amnesty International ing state and professional secrets," for "You will think, perhaps, that the published a list of ten known political pris­ which the sentences ranged from 18 months Czech people have behaved like cow­ oners held. Though this list was by no to 12 years. ards because they did not fight. But you means definitive, it represented typical ex­ cannot stand up to tanks with empty amples of detainees on political charges. hands. I want to assure you that Czechs Among them: Though it is recognized that tensions have and Slovaks have acted as a politically decreased in recent months in line with 'de­ mature nation, which may be broken tente' diplomacy and broader economic "— Vladimir Skutina, formerly of physically but not morally. This is why I perspectives from Moscow, the illegality of Czechoslovakian Television, journalist, write. The only way you can help is: suppression and political imprisonment is charged with agitation, defaming the Re­ Don't forget Czechoslovakia. Please beyond doubt or argument. Both the UN public and its representatives and with pre­ help our passive resistance by increas­ Charter and the Universal Declaration of paring to commit the offense of defaming a ing the pressure of public opinion Human Rights provide for freedom of state of the world socialist system between around the world. Think of thought, opinion, and expression (Articles mid-1969 and 1970, sentenced on 18 Feb­ Czechslovakia even when this country 18 and 19); for the right to work, to freely ruary 1971 by the Bench of the District ceases to be sensational news." choose employment, and to some forms of Court in Prague 5 to a term of two years in social and economic security (Articles 22 prison; further convicted on similar charges and 23).

And, as recently as June 8, 1973, Foreign Affairs Minister Bohuslav Chnoupek com­ mitted Chechoslovakia to implementing the principles and purposes of the UN as a Convention on Eastern European Affairs. The principles to be affirmed and im­ plemented included, significantly: (Parag­ raph 19): "— respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the free­ dom of thought, conscience, religion, or be­ lief;" and, (Paragraph 47): "— The Committee/Subcommittee shall prepare proposals to facilitate the freer and wider dissemination of information of all kinds."

Matchbox Fall 1974 31 Breslau EAST Dresden CZECHOSLOVAK CZECH GERMANY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC PRISONS DETERIORATE

A protest against deteriorating prison conditions and an appeal for the release of five Czechoslovakian prisoners of conscience, all of whom remain isolated and in serious health, was expressed by Amnesty International in March.

Reviewing a May 1973 appeal, the International Secretariat called for the release of historian Dr. Milan Hubl and writer-political commentator Vladimir Skutina, on the basis that both were critically ill.

CZECH PLAYWRIGHT The Secretariat also pleaded for the release of former student leader Jiri Müller, SUMMONED political scientist Professor Jaroslav Sabata, and the former secretary of the Czechoslovakian Socialist Party, Dr. Milan Silan, all of whom are also seriously ill. Refused an exit visa by the authorities, his Kohout, who is perhaps the most important telephone line cut without reason and being contemporary Czech playwright, concerns The five men were tried between July 1971 summoned for police questioning all himself with the subject matter of the and August 1972 and charged with prevented Czech dramatist Pavel Kohout individual versus anonymous and anti-state activities, subversion and from attending the recent premiere of his institutionalized power. The playwright agitation. Their sentences range from over two one-act plays at the Ingolstadt Theater said he would answer the summons only four to six and one-half years. in Germany. under duress.

Jan Palach — student of Prague — CASE SHEET set himself on fire.

Spontaneous Name: Jaroslav Sabata full of dreams handsome Country: Czechoslovakia he loved men believed in man. Status: Adoption, by USA Group 6 (Chicago) Now his death mask searching Age: About 45 sorrowful Profession: Head of Political Sci­ questioning ence and Philosophy Department at scans the four corners of the horizon the University of Brno; later an iron of our masked country. worker

Masks always and everywhere. Arrested: November 27, 1971, in Gas masks Brno masks of hypocrisy carnival masks. Trial: August 8, 1972

And the winds that blow — Sentence: 6-1/2 years imprison­ from that mask set in Wenceslas Square ment become cries that shout: Charge: "Subversion," related to — Take off men's masks! distribution of leaflets in protest of Unmask them! November elections

Place of Detention: Formerly Bory; (This is an exerpt from MEN, FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN RISE, A Poetic recently transferred to Litomerice Manifesto by LP. Coutsocheras as translated by Antigone Kefala and published Prison by Alpha Books, 104 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Australia. This poem was awarded a gold medal by the International Association for Poetry. Since Coutsocheras couldn't leave Greece, Rene Cassin, UDHR author, accepted it.) t>2 Amnesty International, USA TAPOLS MOVED TO LABOR CAMPS

Thousands of political prisoners, some de­ from prisons in Jakarta and other parts of prisoners was "inadequate for subsistance tained for as long as eight years without Java to labor camps where they will work as living." charge or trial, are being secretly transfer­ laborers on construction and agricultural red to permanent labor camps throughout projects. Prisoners who were being detained near Indonesia, including the island prison of their families will no longer be able to rely Nusakambangan. However, many of the prisoners are old and on their families to bring them additional ailing, Mr. Ennals said, and are not fit for rations. This latest move represents a change in the such arduous physical labor. In addition, regime's policies toward political prisoners, the transfers themselves, he said, "involved It was reported earlier this year that pris­ rendering even more permanent their de­ placing prisoners in crowded trucks where oners had, in fact, starved to death and that tention. they are compelled to squat with their severe malnutrition was widespread among hands over their heads during the length of the political prisoner population. Amnesty Secretary Martin Ennals, in a let­ the journey." ter to President Suharto, expressed deep Mr. Ennals urged President Suharto to stop concern over the transfers which took place Mr. Ennals said that the treatment of the the transfers and to release immediately all without the families of the prisoners being prisoners fundamentally contravened the prisoners who were not going to be brought told either beforehand or afterwards. United Nations' Standard Minimum Rules to trial. for the Treatment of Prisoners and charged Most of the prisoners were being moved that the small cash allocation for feeding

Matchbox Fall 1974 33 TORTURE BRAZILIAN FLOGGING CLASSES DISSENT IN NAMIBIA REPORTED REPRESSED IMPORTED

Military officer trainees at the School of Arrests, disappearances, and torture still The Campaign for the Abolition of Torture Military Intelligence at Woodside, near plague Brazilians despite innuendos of a challenged the South African Adelaid, in South Australia, are instructed new government liberalization policy made Government's statement that floggings in to apply methods of interrogation including by President Ernesto Geisel during his Namibia are "tribal law and custom." The beatings, electric shock, mental torture, election campaign. challenge accompanied publication of the and sexual humiliation, according to a June AI report, "Flogging in Namibia." report in the Australian press. President Geisel had hinted during the campaign that Brazil would see a Amnesty said South Africa's excuse for not Particularly disturbing are reports that In­ liberalization of the repressive conditions intervening to stop the floggings "is not donesian Army officers are instructed in gripping the South American country since only hypocritical but also false." The South such courses at the School. the military seized power ten years ago. African Government in fact controls, di­ rectly or indirectly, all important matters of A 'prison camp' has been built to 'simulate Such hopes of reform, however, have been political and economic life in Namibia prison conditions in an Asian Communist dampened by a new wave of repression (South West Africa) and that it could stop country' next to the School. These include which first struck the country in April the flogging if it wished. underground cells, filthy open toilets, and a (following Geisel's March inauguration), AI 'people's court,' though the most frighten­ Secretary General Martin Ennals said in The 12-page report records testimonies of ing feature of the camp is a large concrete June. Namibian churchmen and of a white legal well in which the prisoner is locked. Then anthropologist, who say that flogging is not interrogators pour water into the well and Among reports received by Amnesty from tribal in origin. According to each, flogging pound on the top with sticks. Brazil during the spring of this year, were: was the innovation of a white commissioner named Hahn, who was known locally as Australian Defense Minister Barnard de­ • The finding of six bodies, reportedly "Sjambok" (the whip). nied that officers attended Woodside speci­ bearing signs of torture fically for courses in interrogation. He said that 50 Indonesian officers had received • A request by lawyers in Rio de Janiero other forms of intelligence training, nearly to the Brazilian government asking all through 'Intelligence Officers' Course them to produce at least five persons MOROZ HELD for Foreign Officers.' However, he did admit who have been recently arrested and that six percent of this course's overall time are now listed as "disappeared" IN UKRAINE dealt with aspects of interrogation in the intelligence setting. • A request by the Brazilian Order of Lawyers to the Brazilian government seeking an investigation into the Valentin Moroz, a Ukrainian prisoner held detention and torture of their at Vladimir Prison, began a hunger strike colleague, Wellington Rocha Cantal on July 1 declaring he would refuse all food ACTORS until he is transferred to a labor camp, re­ • The arrest of 53-year-old Maria de ported the Committee for the Defense of Conceicao Saramento Coelho de Paz, a Soviet Political Prisoners. ARRESTED mother of four, previously detained by police seeking one of her sons, who is His strike would continue, Moroz added, wanted by security forces. even if his actions brought his death. The conflict between the Brazilian govern­ "If anything, conditions in Brazil are worse Moroz, 38, announced his intentions in ment and some of the nation's theatre than ever for its citizens," Secretary April after suffering a KGB-inspired beat­ groups intensified recently when actors General Ennals said in reference to a major ing by his cellmates, the Committee said. from two separate companies were arrested report, ALLEGATIONS OF TORTURE IN and detained by police. BRAZIL (1972). "Political prisoner Valentyn Moroz, who four years ago was arrested for the second The First American Congress of Theatre Ennals also urged President Geisel to mark time, is demanding after spending two (FACT) reports that members of O Teatro his term by immediately restoring to all years in solitary confinement in Vladimir Oficina, which has had problems with the Brazilian citizens "the rights protected for Prison, to be transferred to a prison camp police before, and Grup Pao e Circo were them not only in the various international and has proclaimed a hunger strike," wrote arrested in late June. Neither the reasons agreements . . . but in the Brazilian Soviet nuclear physicist Dr. Andrei for the arrests nor the whereabouts of the constitution itself." Sakharov in an open letter to Leonid actors is presently known. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Com­ munist Party of the Soviet Union.

For more details and information, write di­ 'The only violation of the regulations with rectly to General Ernesto Geisel, Présidente which he (Moroz) has been charged is that de Republica, Brasilia (DF) Brazil or Exmo. he conversed in Ukrainian with his wife Sr. Falcao, Ministerio de Justica, Espl. dos during a visit," Dr. Sakharov wrote. Ministerios, bl. 10, Brasilia (DF). (Moroz is adopted by AI-USA Group #3, New York City. REPORT FROM THE BERIA RESERVE, the protest writings of Valentin Moroz, has recently been pub­ lished by Cataract Press, P.O. Box 4875, Chicago, IL 60680.) o4 Amnesty International, USA URUGUAY LIST OF RHODESIAN TORTURE POC WRITERS POCs TRANS DEPLORED RELEASED FERRED

Confessions of political suspects in A list of 175 writers and journalists, impris­ Gonakudzingwa detention camp, located in Uruguay are extracted through the use of oned in 31 countries throughout the world, the extreme south-east corner of Rhodesia, torture and are accepted as a basis for con­ was released by Amnesty International in was ordered closed recently by the govern­ viction by unqualified military judges, May. ment. The transferral of prisoners to other claimed a recent ten-page report compiled camps was, presumably, a precautionary by Amnesty International and the Interna­ The list, by no means complete, illustrates measure prompted by government fears tional Commission of Jurists (ICJ). the plight of writers and journalists in that liberation groups, operating from in­ communist, capitalist, and third-world The June report, which also claims there is countries who are detained in violation of side neighboring Mozambique would strike no legal protection for Uruguayan de­ Article 19 of the United Nations Universal the camp in a bid to release the detainees. tainees, is based on a May mission to Declaration of Human Rights, which as­ Uruguay by ICJ Secretary General Niall serts the right of everyone to "receive and Most of the Gonakudzingwa prisoners have MacDermot and the head of AI's Latin impart information through any media" as been transferred to Salisbury prison, al­ American research department, Inger an integral part of the right of freedom of though several persons have been sent to Fahlander. expression. prisons at Gwelc, Beit Bridge and perhaps other centers. Persons arrested by the Uruguayan armed A partial list included: forces are taken to the arresting unit's Three detainees whose whereabouts are military barracks where a "juez • Twenty-six writers detained by the sumariante" (summarizing judge) is ap­ military government of Chile, includ­ known are Joshua Nkomo, Lazarus Nkala pointed to investigate the case, the report ing Carlos Jorquera, press secretary and Joseph Msika. They have been trans­ says. to President Salvador Allende ferred to Buffalo Range, near Chiredzi, some 30 miles north of Gonakudzingwa. "The first session of ill-treatment usually • Eighteen poets, critics, journalists takes place before the first interrogation by and others held in Soviet prisons, The Salisbury prison was cleared in order to the juez sumariante and continues until the labor camps and psychiatric hospitals make room for the majority of the Gonakud­ detainee indicates that he is prepared to zingwa transfers. Ndabaningi Sithole and make a confession," the report states. "If he • Thirty-seven journalists held in In­ other members of ZANU were therefore donesia for "real or alleged support" then fails to do so before the juez switched from the Salisbury camp to Gwelo sumariante, another session of ill- for the outlawed Communist Party prison. Rhodesian government policy has treatment occurs before he is reinterro- gated and so on, until he confesses." • Five Uruguayans, one "possibly for always been, in fact, to keep members of the trade union activities" two nationalist movements, ZANU and During this period of interrogation, the re­ ZAPU, in different prisons. port continues, relatives and lawyers usu­ • Five writers in South Korea charged ally do not know who arrested the political with spying for North Korea AI is currently attempting to find out where suspect or where the suspect is detained, individual detainees are now being held but nor are they able to communicate with sus­ • Eight persons in Taiwan charged with meanwhile, groups are urged to write pris­ pects. anti-government propaganda, sub­ oners in the usual fashion (or to prisoners' versive activities or spying families if contact is established), directing Eventually detainees are brought before letters to Salisbury prison, Box 8035, one of the country's six military "judges of • Four Cubans charged with activities Causeway, Salisbury, Rhodesia, if the pris­ instruction," only one of whom is a qualified against the revolution, the nation or oner was detained at Gonakudzingwa. lawyer, though all are presently or formerly the government military officers. Write Gwelo Prison, Box 1, Gwelo, • Twenty authors or journalists in Rhodesia, if the prisoner was previously de­ The report adds that detainees usually con­ prison or awaiting sentencing in Tur­ tained at Salisbury. firm their confessions to the judge because key, some charged with Communist they fear further military interrogation. propaganda, others who wrote about the Kurdish minority, and some The report, sent to the Uruguayan govern­ charged with other alleged "prime of­ ment, estimates that between 3500 and fenses" 4000 persons have been subjected to these military judicial procedures since July • Ali Legeda, Venezuelan poet and 1972, not including those arrested and re­ translator of North Korean Premier The Human Rights Commission of leased without judicial process. Kim II Sung's memoirs, held in North the Organization of American Korea, "possibly on an espionage States and the World Council of The report concludes with eight recommen­ charge" Churches separately urged the rul­ dations, including: ing Chilean military junta to stop Amnesty has sent the list to the Interna­ physical and psychological tor­ • Establishment of a central bureau of tional Press Institute and International tures, punishments without trial, information regarding prisoners for P.E.N., and calls on all free writers and and detentions lasting as long as relatives and defense lawyers journalists to work for the release of these prison terms. less fortunate colleagues. • Strict application of provisions of the military penal code concerning ad- missability of confessions

• Immediate freedom for all those whose release has been ordered by a judge

Matchbox Fall 1974 35 CALIFORNIA Phil Gagnon Véronique Geeroms James Welford Arthur Michaelson Palo Alto Whitehorn Weston New York City

Linda Arellanes Kirk McMutttft Dr. Emily Moore Anaheim Palo Alto New York City

Sharon Huggins Gordon Murray COLORADO NEBRASKA Prof. James Seymour Anaheim Palo Alto New York City

Kirk McMullin Lauralee Wells Robert J. Williams John Mark (Rainer Fried) Yadja Zeltman Areata Palo Alto Boulder Omaha New York City

Betty Esthersohn Daniel Finlay Atherton AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Trumansburg Mary Valenzuela OHIO Baldwin Park GROUP LEADERS Nancy Bower Martha Nace Berkeley Oberlin

Beverly Snyder Sandy Sands CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY RHODE ISLAND Berkeley Redwood City

Alyosha Zim Wes Winter David T. Scott Jeanette Zehnder Emily Honig Berkeley Sacramento New Haven Princeton Providence

Karen Meyer David Burnight Gertrude Rosenblum TEXAS Carmel San Diego Stamford

Christine O'Neill Rob McClurg DOFC NEW HAMPSHIRE George Celestin Carmel San Diego Austin

Maxine Norris Minus Sa was David Weissbrodt Kate Torres Ivria Sackton Coalinga San Diego Washington, D.C. Bennington Austin

Becky Tapia Rick Buell John Spence ". . .Only one organization Downey San Francisco Austin functions in order to defend prisoners of conscience: Jolene Whitcock Kitty Holden Dr. Seltzer Amnesty International ... It Downey San Francisco Dallas maintains solidarity with the voluntary sections of the silent Mary Lou Garman Victor Honig Martha Chambers masses who feel represented by Fresno San Francisco Tort Worth those who have voiced their opinions and been imprisoned Janet Bunje Sally Lilienthal Don Dowdey for doing so. Goleta San Francisco Fort Worth "To donate one's time or money to Amnesty International does Jan ice Davis Margaret McLens Roy A. Horan Laguna Beach San Francisco not necessarily mean that one Fort Worth agrees with what such and such Susan Battilana Larry Wiseman a prisoner of conscience may Pete Larson Lodi San Jose have expressed, but that one Fort Worth upholds his right to expression Laurel Turner Ginny Griffith ... To persecute someone for David Scott Los Alamitos San Pedro voicing his opinions is an Fort Worth injustice. It is, possibly, the great injustice of our age, and the need James G. Butler Mark Anderson George and Patty Stone to speak out is probably the Los Angeles San Rafael Fort Worth greatest necessity of our times... " Cliff Frank Ted Schoenman WASHINGTON Los Angeles Santa Barbara Victor Alba, SIEMPRE Maria Manetta Alice Cox May 23, 1973 Peggie Peda Los Angeles Santa Clara Auburn

David Hinkley Davia Nelson ILLINOIS NEW YORK Ted Smith Los Gatos Santa Cruz Bellingham

Marjorie Segal Karen Schmidt Ruth Thornquist Anne Chalk Millbrae Santa Cruz Chicago Kirkland Donald McCall Kathy Boli-Bennet Janet Braslin INDIANA Endwell Dan Casey Mountain View Santa Monica Seattle ' Prof. Don Pardew Lyn Alcantara Colleen Creeden John A. Scott Flushing Stephen R. Garratt Napa Santa Monica Ft. Wayne Seattle Kathy Kurs Sharon Huggins Ann Stewart MARYLAND Forest Hills Annette Gaul Orange Sausalito Seattle Kathleen Blumenthal Jose Moral Roxanne Barker Daniel O'Connor Mt. Kisco Dan Metcalf Orange South Pasadena Rockville Seattle Prof. Arthur Danto John Braun Sidney Bloch MASSACHUSETTS Ivan Morris Bill Parfitt Palo Alto Stanford New York City Seattle

Diane Brest Tami Buscho Ted Nace Dr. Isabella Gordon Cathy Spalding Palo Alto Van Nuys Andover New York City Seattle

Nancy Carleton Mildred Harris Ilona Kinzer Dr. Hanna Grunwald Jerry Walton Palo Alto Venice Brookline New York City Seattle

OÖ Amnesty International, USA Joseph Scrofani; courtesy, Saturday Review World YOU ARE THE KEY

D I wish to become involved with • I wish to become a member of Amnesty International USA committees organized along pro­ Amnesty International; en­ National Office fessional lines to assist my col­ closed is $15 individual, family 200 W. 72nd Street leagues who have been impris­ dues (includes subscription to New York, NY 10023 oned or persecuted. My occupa­ MATCHBOX). tion is (212) 724-9907 • I wish to form an Amnesty group D I would like. .copies ($.50 of three to twenty members. Amnesty International each, $.25 to groups) of the cur­ Please contact me to help me get Western Regional Office rent MATCHBOX to distribute. started. 36IS Sacramento Street San Francisco, CA 94118 D I would like to become a Sustain­ D I wish to join an Amnesty group. ing Subscriber to MATCHBOX Please send me the address of (415) 563-3733 and enclose $ for that the nearest available group. purpose. D I can send. .telegrams D I enclosed $„ .as a dona­ per year ($4 per night telegram) tion to further the work of Am­ to assist prisoners in extreme nesty International. danger.

Join Amnesty International (All contributions are tax deductible)

Matchbox Fall 1974 37 Pass MATCHBOX on to a friend!

Amnesty International BULK RATE Western Regional Office US Postage 3618 Sacramento Street PAID San Francisco, CA 94118 OC>QC« Permit #10855 30«S30O San Francisco, CA

>~i*z- X V)~D-i cr—com-ri O mx> H" wnc t/l —to 2TC > 1\r- ~ja '73 m

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a /? VOL. 1, NO. 3 MATGHBÖ WINTER 1975 ^? An International Journal on Human Rights 4 3*F Published by Amnesty International of the USA

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\ft/ÏLL SQUTHyVFRICAfrjXPLODE?

by George M. Fredrickson

No Neutral Ground on outings and vacations, and has something phone booths. Many "amenities" are not even by Joel Carlson. that Americans of comparable income and duplicated; the plush cinemas, theaters, and Crowell, 372 pp., $8.95 status can rarely afford—one or more full-time concert halls — prime sources of entertainment servants. in this land without television — generally Justice in South Africa provide no separate sections or even perfor­ by Albie Sachs. Affluence, or at least its display, is so inti­ mances for blacks. Virtually all the restaur­ University of California, 288 pp., mately associated with whiteness that it has ants and cafes seat whites only. The more ac­ $9.00; $3.25 (paper) come to be regarded as a racial prerogative. cessible beaches in Cape Town and Durban are Until recently, a small number of relatively also for whites only; "non-Europeans" may not well-off Coloureds lived in small enclaves in even set foot on the sand. If they want to bathe o visit South Africa in 1974 is a little like some of the white middle-class neighborhoods in the ocean, they have to take long hot rides on Trevisiting the American South before the of Cape Town. Under "Group Areas" legislation segregated buses to remote stretches of coast civil rights movement. An early morning ritual passed by the Nationalist government, they where there are no whites to be offended by the captures some of the flavor of race relations: a have been forced to move into the new Coloured sight of dark-skinned people enjoying them­ black servant sweeps into your hotel room at "townships" out on the dusty and barren flats to selves. 6:30 or 7:00, says "good morning, baas" with an the west of the city, where it is difficult to main­ exaggerated cheerfulness that seems subtly tain a middle-class existence because of high Besides being socially privileged, white South aggressive, and deposits a tray of coffee and a crime rates and a lack of public services and Africans are also well off, even by American morning paper beside your bed. facilities. The result of much of this legislation middle-class standards. A typical white has a is to ensure that most whites will never en­ spacious and modern house or apartment, a Everywhere you go signs in both English and counter a "non-European" who is not poor and well-tended yard or garden, and a late-model Afrikaans direct you to separate rest rooms, performing menial tasks. This situation serves car. He probably works less hard than his waiting rooms, entrances, counters, and even to reinforce the traditional white belief that American counterpart, goes more frequently Continued on page 4 Amnesty international, USA

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL is a NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL NATIONAL BOARD OF worldwide human rights movement which DIRECTORS is independent of any government, politi­ Sen. James Abourezk cal faction or religious creed. Al works, Philip Amram Prof. Ivan Morris, Chairman irrespective of political considerations, for Joan Baez Arthur Michaelson, Vice-Chairman Daniel Bell the release of men and women who are in Prof. Arthur Danto, Secretary Nelson Bengston prison for their beliefs, color, ethnic origin Arnold Price, Treasurer Leonard Bernstein Mark Benenson or religion, provided they have never used Zbigniew Brzezinski Theodore Bikel nor advocated violence. Founded in William F. Buckley, Jr. Howard Blue 1961, Amnesty International has consul­ Joseph Buttinger Joel Carlson tative status with the United Nations, the David Carliner Ramsey Clark Council of Europe, the Organization of Rep. Don Edwards A. Whitney Ellsworth African Unity and the Organization of Richard Falk Stephen Fenichell American States. Jules Feiffer Maurice Goldbloom Rep. Don Fraser Frank Greer Richard Gardner Hanna Grunwald Stephen Goldman Thomas Jones INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATES Sanford Gottlieb William Korey Frances Grant Arne Lewis Danilo Dolci Rep. Michael Harrington Sally Hellyer Lilienthal Prof. Eric Fromm Rita Häuser Ginetta Sagan Sir Brian Horrocks Nat Hentoff Norman Schorr Jean-Flavien Lalive Victor Honig Prof. Barbara Sproul ' Salvador de Madariaga George Houser Rose Styron Yehudi Menuhin Sen. Jacob Javits Gunnar Myrdal Dr. Albert Jonsen Dr. Martin Niemoller Frank Mankiewicz Alan Paton John R. May WEST COAST ADVISORY BOARD Sean MacBride Mary Messner Giorgio La Pira Rev. Paul Moore, Jr. Joan Baez Archbishop Arthur Ramsey Edward Mosk Frank Greer Prof. Julius Stone Stewart Mott Victor Honig Michael McCone Dr. Albert Jonsen Prof. Frank Newman Sally Hellyer Lilienthal Jan Papanek John R. May Stanley Plastrik Michael McCone Millard Pryor Ginetta Sagan, Chairperson Rex Stout Thomas Silk Telford Taylor Marietta Tree George Wald June A. Willenz

Leipzig, June 18, 1974

Dear Friend:

We were very happy to receive your kind letter and thank you very much for it. In our sorrow, it is ' a comfort to know that there are people so far away who care for the fate of our son. We are sure that you know the reason for the imprisonment of our son, and know too that according to the opinions of other countries, he is absolutely innocent. We as parents as well as our son are despairing about this situation.

On June 15, after three months I again had a visitor's permission. I was deeply shocked over his physical condition and cried so much that I could hardly speak. My son let me understand that the food is very bad and there is little of it. Even as parents we are not able to help him. During the ten months of his imprisonment, we were allowed to send him a parcel once. It was delivered to him after three weeks and everything was spoiled. As a political prisoner, the conditions are extremely hard.

As Stefan's mother I have been suffering of a heart disease for many years, and Stefan's misfor­ tune has made it even worse. The divided Germany is for us the biggest evil because this state is founded on laws that are limiting the freedom of the people.

Dear friend, you were so good to offer your help. We, therefore, would like to ask you if there is a possibility to make contact with the organization for political prisoners to achieve a quick release of our son Stefan.

We would very much like to hear from you soon again.

With many dear greetings from my husband and myself,

Name Withheld Mother of a Prisoner of Conscience in the GDR. VOL. 1. NO. 3JMATCHBO XWINTE R 1975 JU An International Journal on Human Rights JU 3*r* Published by Amnesty International of the USA £|*K

THIS ISSUE PAGE

Will South Africa Explode? 1 Winnie Mandela Rearrested 6 Walking the Tightrope 7 A Torturer Back in Business? 10 MacBride Peace Prize 10 An Urgent Appeal for Freedom in the Philippines 11 Around the World: People You Can Help 12 Group 44 Works for South Korea 19 Freedom Books Mailed to Russian 21 Russian POC Says Pressure Helped 21 'Foot Vote' Undermines the Wall 22 East German POC's Freed 25 Bukovsky Day 26 North Korea Frees Poet 26 Coronation to Restore Democratic Norms? Nepalis Wonder 27 AI Observer at Yugoslav Trail 27 Dirk Borner to Head AI 28 Amnesty International Statute 30

During the final days of World War II, a captured resistance member AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL sat alone in a black prison cell, tired, hungry, tortured and con­ MATCHBOX STAFF: OFFICE STAFF: vinced of approaching death. After weeks of torture and torment, the prisoner was convinced that there was no hope, that no one knew or Editor: National Office cared. But in the middle of the night the door of the cell opened, and Grace Harwood David Hawk, Executive Director the jailer, shouting abuse into the darkness, threw a loaf of bread Pamela Bond onto the dirt floor. The prisoner, by this time ravenous, tore open the Layout/Design Editor: David Fenichell loaf. Joan K. O'Donnell Sarah Foote Inside, there was a matchbox. Inside this matchbox, there were Contributing Editors: Western Region matches and a scrap of paper. The prisoner lit a match. On the paper Barbara French Theo Brown there was a single word: Coraggio! Corragio. Take courage. Don't David Hinkley Janet Johnstone give up, don't give in. We are trying to help you. Corragio! Dennis Piper Aaron Reaven Mark Rohloff Resistance people disguised as SS doctors later freed this prisoner, Staff: Pat Stone who has spent many subsequent years helping others who sit in Ruby Apsler Becky Tapia prisons without hope, alone. Nancy Bower LA. Hyder To the people of Amnesty's US Section, this matchbox has become Jean Robb a symbol and a mandate for continuing and expanding the work of Amnesty International. To those still in prison throughout the world, With special thanks to and to all those concerned about human rights, we offer MATCH­ Eye of the Hurricane, BOX. Warren's Waller Press, and Resource One, San Francisco

MATCHBOX is published quarterly by Amnesty International of the USA, 3618 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94118. ©1975 by Amnesty International of the USA. All rights reserved. Write for reprint permission. Sent to all Amnesty International members, contributors and concerned individuals, and distributed by Amnesty International groups. Newsstand price, $0.50. Sent free to prisoners on request. We welcome submissions of photographs and graphic art on international events and human rights themes. Please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope; MATCHBOX assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material.

Amnesty International Amnesty International Amnesty International USA National Office International Secretariat West Coast Regional Office 200 West 72nd Street 53 Theobald's Road 3618 Sacramento Street New York, NY 10023 London WCIX 8SP, England San Francisco, CA 94118 Phone: 01-242 1871 SOUTH AFRICAContinue d from page 1

repudiated. The atmosphere of these meetings was tense because of the obvious presence of agents of the Bureau of State Security and the efforts of pro-apartheid hooligans to disrupt the proceedings with stink bombs, firecrackers, and shouts of "Communism." The toleration of these tiny radical parties, even for the brief span of the election campaign, suggests the government feels it has little to fear from youthful white dissenters.

More of a real force is the established liberal opposition, the Progressive party (or "Progs"), represented in Parliament for many years by Helen Suzman. The "Progs," who favor a color-blind qualified franchise which would allow some educated and property-owning blacks to vote, did surprisingly well, increasing their parliamentary representation from one to six. But they did not win their seats directly from the Nationalists but rather cut into the opposition from within the dominant white ranks of the regular opposition, the United caste. If one could forget that five-sixths of the Party (UP). The Nationalists actually in­ The pro-apartheid population were excluded from voting, one creased their overwhelming advantage over elements seem supremely could suppose that a free election was going on the combined opposition and now have 123 out and that the outcome might make some differ­ of a total of 171 seats in the House of Assembly. confident of their ability ence. In university constituencies in both to maintain control Johannesburg and Cape Town, splinter parties In no danger of losing their huge majority and indefinitely. ran openly on the platform of universal suf­ with the opposition parties spending most of frage and majority rule. The Cape Town group their time attacking each other, the actually blanketed the city with posters calling Nationalists were able to run a more relaxed for "black majority rule now." campaign than usual. They offered no new ex­ blacks exist only to serve them and that pov­ tensions or applications of apartheid to the erty is an innate characteristic of "inferior" "The Alliance for Radical Change," as the electorate, nor did they harp on the "black races. white Cape Town group was called, held some danger" within South Africa as they have done public meetings during which the whole struc­ in the past. Their sole issue was "national sec­ It is often supposed outside South Africa that ture of white supremacy was denounced and urity," especially against guerrillas on the bor- the whites live in constant fear that a black Ernest Cole revolution will strip them of their privileges. My own conversations with whites did not bear this out. Perhaps in the early and mid 1960s, in the wake of international revulsion to the mas­ sacre of black protesters at Sharpeville and during the sabotage campaign launched by Af­ rican nationalists who had been forced under­ ground, something approaching panic swept ^ETNIEBUNKËS through the white population. But the ruling oligarchy rode out the storm of protest, saw foreign investment climb to new heights after a temporary falling-off, and ruthlessly and effec­ tively suppressed the resistance movement. ROPEkHSONLV

Today there is anxiety, mainly about develop­ ments in Rhodesia and the Portuguese col­ onies, but no panic. Indeed the pro-apartheid elements seem supremely confident of their ability to maintain control indefinitely. And the small minority of whites who are genuinely opposed to racism concede that there is no im­ mediate threat to minority rule and put their hopes in the long run. Almost no one, in other words, shares the view common in the outside world that South Africa is a time bomb set to explode any day. Instead of a sense of crisis, there is a pervasive atmosphere of normalcy, disturbing to the moral sensibilities of a few, but obviously gratifying to the overwhelming majority of white South Africans.

The self-confidence and apparent strength of the Nationalist government were clearly de­ monstrated during the campaign for last April's elections. Although most of the black population is in effect under totalitarian rule, the regime still tolerates a spectrum of political Amnesty Intern atinnal. USA Svenska Dagbladet

ders, and they asked the voters in effect to give For obvious reasons, this point of view cannot them a blank check to do whatever necessary to What makes the system be openly stated within South Africa itself. To combat this "external threat." Hence nothing unjust and dictatorial is be heard at all, critics of government policy has really changed. As before, the Nationalist must explicitly repudiate "terrorism" or vio­ majority will give automatic assent to what­ the racist nature of the lence in any form. The most that can be done is ever legislation the government demands in laws themselves. to argue that the government must make con­ the name of white security. cessions to blacks to ensure their loyalty against the "external threat" of guerrilla infilt­ The new Progressive members will back up ration from the north. It is also understandable Helen Suzman in her criticisms of some aspects develop in which the price of trying to maintain that opponents of racism and apartheid who of Nationalist policy, particularly on civil liber­ oligarchic rule is greater than the sacrifice in­ have to live in South Africa — and this would ties, but they will have no real power to affect volved in giving it up. Either possibility would include many blacks as well as whites — are the decisions of the ruling oligarchy. In fact, require that blacks establish some kind of reluctant to see a bloodbath on their own soil so their attacks may actually serve the regime by power base that will enable them to take the long as there is any conceivable alternative. helping it to maintain its facade of democratic initiative away from the government. Many Some are also convinced that the revolutionary legitimacy. courageous and uncompromising South Afri­ prognosis is unrealistic given the government's can opponents of apartheid, especially those vast military and economic resources. Conse­ Perhaps the soundest judgments on the mean­ whose activities have sent them to prison or quently, the domestic anti-apartheid move­ ing of the election were made by the radicals, into exile, have given up any notion that a real ment, at least the one that appears on the sur­ who made it clear, despite their participation, transfer of power can occur in nonviolent and face, is now devoted primarily to identifying that they see no possibility of significant evolutionary ways. To them the regime seems the internal forces that might be used by blacks change through a system of electoral politics too oppressive and inflexible to yield to any­ to gain leverage within the existing system.2 that can do no more than express the will of the thing except guns in the hands of the Africans. white minority. So long as all whites are The books under review are helpful in weigh­ shielded from poverty, hard physical work, and This is the current view of the African National ing the respective merits of these strategies. No low status by an elaborate system of legalized Congress (ANC), an organization that led the Neutral Ground and Justice in South Africa economic and social discrimination, and so long nonviolent struggle against apartheid in the are both by former South African lawyers who as artificially low black wages are used to sub­ early years of Nationalist rule and only turned were harassed, persecuted, and eventually dri­ sidize artificially high white wages and profits to sabotage and guerrilla warfare when official ven into exile because of their work on behalf of (leading to a per capita income differential of suppression left it no alternative. 1 Operating individuals and organizations considered sub­ approximately ten to one between "Europeans" from exile, the ANC sees the South African versive by the government. Neither gives us and Africans), there will be little impulse for struggle as closely tied in with guerrilla activ­ much reason to expect gradual reform. Joel change from within the white community. ity in Rhodesia and the independence move­ Carlson tells how he tried, as a white civil ment in the Portuguese colonies, and foresees rights lawyer, to win justice for Africans vic­ If the whites have too much to lose to surrender the gradual spread of open conflict southward timized by apartheid and the draconian sec­ power and privilege simply because the system until South Africa itself is engulfed. For them, urity legislation passed in the 1960s. Sachs' is patently unjust and undemocratic, it would power in South Africa will change hands only book is a scholarly account of the development seem to follow that power must either be taken after a successful liberation struggle following and character of legalized racism, paying spe­ from them by force or that a situation must the Algerian pattern. cial attention to the courts.

Matrnhox Winter 1975 5 What emerges from both accounts is that the the white population, the largest and best- unconditional boycott by foreign investers; South African government, unlike some other equipped army in Africa, a brutally efficient (as they welcome the active collaboration of newly authoritarian regimes, carefully conceals its well as efficiently brutal) secret police, and independent African governments in their oppressiveness within the forms of legality. numerous devices to control, fragment, and freedom struggle. Some of the reformers favor a Carlson usually won his cases when he had an demoralize the black population there seems conditional and limited boycott—one careful ly unassailable legal point, which bears out little chance for sudden and radical change designed to wring specific concessions from the Sachs' observation that the judiciary has gen­ from within. Outside intervention is of course regime. Others prefer to see foreign corpora­ erally been faithful to its narrow professional possible, but even that seems unlikely at the tions remain but on the condition that they duty of upholding the law. What makes the moment despite the recent developments in the recognize the bargaining rights of African system unjust and dictatorial is the racist na­ Portuguese colonies that are bound in the long trade unions (which they can in fact legally do ture of the laws themselves, and the fact that a run to alter the power situation in Southern as a matter of company policy despite the usual government that can push any legislation it Africa. protestations to the contrary). wants through a docile white parliament has no need to rule by decree. Carlson records more lFor a concise statement of the position of the George M. Fredricksön is Professor of H is tory at than one instance where he won an acquittal ANC, see Oliver R. Tambo, "Call to Revolu­ Northwestern University. He is the author of because of a loophole in the law only to see that tion" in Alex La Guma, ed., Apartheid: A Col­ The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate loophole quickly closed by special legislation. lection of Writings on South African Racism by on Afro-American Character and Density, South Africans (International Publishers, 1817-1914 and The Inner Civil War: Northern Because all the voters, lawmakers, judges, and 1971), pp. 17-22. Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union. juries have come from the white minority, it has been possible to observe many of the out­ 2The difference between the two positions is Reprinted by kind permission of THE NEW ward forms of Western democracy and legality revealed in their divergent attitudes toward YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS, October 31,1974. while in fact justice is denied to the African international economic sanctions and other ex­ Copyright 1974 ly NYREV, Inc. population. Sachs records how Nelson Man­ ternal pressures. The revolutionaries favor an dela, the imprisoned leader of the African Na­ tional Congress, defended himself in one of his trials by boldly denying the jurisdiction of the court. Africans, Mandela argued, were not leg­ ally bound to obey laws passed by a parliament which did not represent them and they could not be guaranteed a fair trial in courts where all the judges and juries were white.

Recently, however, as both writers show in de­ tail, the government has relied on the principle of parliamentary supremacy over the legal sys­ tem to remove even the most rudimentary pro­ cedural rights of those suspected of political offenses. Sachs sums up the current situation:

"Persons held under security laws . + .. + .. may be detained not merely on the grounds that they have committed an offense, but on the grounds that they have information about the commission by others of an offense. Suspects or potential informants may then be held indefi­ nitely in solitary confinement without access to counsel or the courts, and may be detained in­ communicado until they have answered all questions to the satisfaction of the Commis­ sioner of Police. No court of law may pronounce on the validity of such detention or order the release of such detainee." WlrJWIÊ MAMpetA AMP O06U GAÄLiOrJ, S6fT. |«T0. He goes on to point out that the government also possesses the power to keep any informa­ tion it considers prejudicial to public security from the attention of the courts: "Thus an ex- winnie mandela rearrested detainee could be prevented from giving evi­ dence of alleged tortures or other ir­ AI Secretary General Martin Ennals cabled regularities." Carlson provides some concrete South African Prime Minister John Vorster In December, the UN and convincing illustrations of the use and and Justice Minister James Kruger on October abuse of such powers. He describes, for exam­ 11 urging them to exercise clemency in the case General Assembly voted ple, his long and ultimately successful struggle of AI adoptee Winnie Mandela. overwhelmingly to con­ to expose publicly the torture and even murder of detainees by the security police. Mrs. Mandela has been in jail six months for demn South Africa, its ra­ contravening the terms of the banning order cial policies and its links Carlson and Sachs may convince us that the that placed her under house arrest. Early in regime deserves to be overthrown, but they also October her appeal against the penalty was with Western countries. show quite clearly that the government will act rejected, although her sentence was reduced Only the United States with awesome power and ruthless determina­ from its original 12 months. AI's cable was sent tion to crush any individual or movement that in response to a plea for help from Mrs. voted against the resolu­ tries in any practical way to initiate serious Mandela's two teenage daughters. tion, which was adopted change. Certainly the ruling group has been 109 to 1 with 9 absten­ notably successful up to now in stamping out Mrs. Mandela is the wife of African nationalist any attempts to carry on revolutionary activity leader Nelson Mandela who is serving a life tions. . from within South Africa. So long as the gov­ sentence on Robben Island for his political ac­ ernment possesses the solid support of most of tivities. nAmnpstv International. USA WALKING THE TIGHTROPE

sfSltiMi by Joel Carlson

Solomon Dlamini held me in the intensity of his settle him and his family in his homeland and stare. His pointed black beard highlighted his The government will act applied for a house there? Solomon might then sunken cheeks. The hopelessness of his family's with awesome power to obtain "temporary permission" to remain position was beginning to be understood by where he was and the family remain together. him; the chances of their living together looked crush anyone trying in more and more remote. He refused to accept any practical way to On Saturday I explained my "solution" to the this. His wife, tall and lean, busied herself with initiate serious change. Dlamini family. In his desperate position, Sol­ quieting her baby daughter and their three- omon agreed to try this ridiculous idea. He duly year-old son. The family had turned to me for applied to the authorities, who applauded his help, but I had failed to help them attain the good sense, and granted him "temporary per­ one simple thing they wanted — the right to I went from government bureau official to mission" for his family to remain with him. remain living together in Solomon's home. municipal official, pleading with them to exer­ cise their discretion in favor of allowing the Every year around Christmas, Solomon would The documents I asked for had been produced: family to stay together. My pleas failed to per­ come see me. His family grew, as did his con­ the marriage certificate showed Solomon and suade them; their decision was final. Elizabeth tempt for the law. He was fortunate, however, Elizabeth were married by Christian rites must go, the children could either go or stay; for every year hundreds of thousands of other nearly four years prior. There was proof of their this did not concern them. She was convicted families are broken up. They, too, have con­ children's birth in Johannesburg. The house again but the court agreed to postpone sentence tempt for the law but are forced to accept it. permit allowed Solomon to reside in his house, for two weeks. Our position seemed hopeless. Their bitterness and their hatred grows. One a house that had been allocated to him eleven day, when the opportunity occurs, they will years earlier. Solomon's passbook showed he When my clients came to me I told them of the reverse the violence of laws which tear families had worked for one employer without interrup­ law, but they implored me to do whatever I apart and treat dependents as "nonproductive tion for seventeen years, and he was entitled to could in their behalf. I could not bring myself to units." be, remain, work, and reside in Johannesburg. tell them outright they must break up. For a His pass also showed his tax payments were moment I considered advising Solomon to go to It was such a desire to destroy the hold of white up-to-date and that all his papers were in order. Elizabeth's hometown instead but, of course, he supremacists' rule over his land that led It was Elizabeth's pass that failed to show she did not qualify to remain or work there. I Jeremiah to join SWAPO (the South West Afri­ had permission to be or remain in Johannes­ played for time to think of some other way out. I can People Organization). For many years he burg. The couple had broken the law when, asked my clients to see me on Saturday but told had listened to its leaders, some of them priests, after their marriage in Elizabeth's hometown Solomon to return to work in the meantime. some teachers, and others, laborers like him­ some four hundred miles away, Solomon had His employers had already warned me Solomon self, who persisted in their request for the U- brought his wife to his home in Johannesburg, was spending too much time in court and might nited Nations to take over the territory of unaware that he required permission to do so. lose his job. Namibia. Only when this happened would all The children could probably remain with the the people gain their independence and rule father, but the mother must leave; so said the That night the evening paper reported another themselves. Toward this end, Jeremiah joined law. That was why Elizabeth was arrested and mass removal of Africans from a place where SWAPO. And, because he could write, he was spent a weekend in jail with her baby girl. they had lived for over a hundred years. The placed on a committee to route letters and keep However, the judge was lenient; he suspended a evictees were then transported to their new records. After five years, his age caught up with three-month sentence provided she leave "homeland." Pictures showed some tents al­ him, and he was made a vice-chairman. He within seventy-two hours. ready erected and others being erected in the continued to attend meetings and voted many desolate, faraway location. The new homeland times to call for United Nations intervention. Solomon took Elizabeth to her father's home was far from of work for these people, and re­ Young men in the organization became impa­ where she stayed for three months. It was too porters told of the lack of water and sanitary tient and Jeremiah heard that some left the far to visit, and Solomon wanted his wife back. facilities. How long would it be before we read country. It was said they were going to train as Elizabeth, too, wanted her husband, so they of these people dying of disease and starvation? fighters and one day would return. Jeremiah came together again. For seventy-two hours it did not agree with them, but in any case he was legal, but after two weeks his wife was But an idea dawned on me. There was no ac­ knew he was too old to fight. again arrested. Bail was over one hundred dol­ commodation at all in Solomon Dlamini's lars and Solomon found it difficult to find so homeland; it was already overcrowded. During the following years, secret police came much money, but finally managed to bail his Nevertheless, the government policy was to re­ from Pretoria, and many arrests were carried wife and baby out of jail. The couple then con­ settle Africans in their homeland. What would out all over Namibia. Those who were arrested sulted me. happen if Solomon asked the authorities to re­ disappeared and were not heard of for a long

Matehhox Winter 1975 time. Some, it was said, were flown to South Africa; others were kept in local jails. The peo­ ple heard that those arrested were beaten and tortured. Two died and others were in hospitals as a result of mistreatment. SWAPO held fewer meetings but tried to find out what happened to the imprisoned.

Late one night Jeremiah was arrested. His wife and children saw the secret police from Pre­ toria manhandling him, ransacking his house and taking some papers with them when they took Jeremiah away that night. For nine months the family neither saw nor heard from him. People said he was among those flown to Pretoria. His family thought they would never see him again. He was seventy years old and would not live, they thought, but they waited and hoped for some news.

The Terrorism Act (Number 83 of 1967), allows the security police to hold anyone indefinitely without charge. It permits police to interrogate these "detainees" endlessly. Detainees may be held in solitary confinement, given whatever food is considered "desirable;" or kept incom­ municado. The security police have the power to decide what to do with those whom they hold in custody. The law does not permit any priest or wife or other relative to obtain information about the detainee. Even the courts and lawyers cannot interfere with such detention. I received information that electric shock was being used on Jeremiah, that he was suspended by his wrists so his feet could not touch the ground, and that he was beaten. He was blind­ ALAN COKR./lM$ folded. He was asked many questions but, in truth, he had little information to give and what he did reveal was not accepted by his Jeremiah told me nothing interrogators. worse could happen to him— But the law does not expressly permit torture. So, upon receiving information of Jeremiah's torture, I decided to ask a court to stop it and to he had already experienced hell K. Ihamaki

I Amnesty International. USA bring Jeremiah to court in order to determine the truth. (Later I was barred from prisons for eighteen months and prevented from seeing my clients there — a punishment for my having brought such information before the court.) The court would not countenance torture, and the security police denied that there was any torture. Jeremiah was not produced for the court proceedings, which were delayed. Two months later, just before the court was to hear the matter again, Jeremiah—"that dangerous terrorist" — was suddenly found some 2,000 miles away. I flew out to see him.

I asked him whether he would give me an af­ fidavit. He was with his wife and family, and his wife quickly told me she opposed my being there. She told me her husband had been through enough. He was home now, free to re­ turn to work and, she added, I should leave him alone. I stood up to leave, but Jeremiah motioned me to sit down. Then he talked to his wife, and asked if I would see him later. I agreed.

When we all met again, he told me he reasoned that nothing worse could happen to him since he had already been through hell; he was old, had eleven children, and was ready to die, but before this happened he wanted to tell what he and his people were suffering. Whatever hap­ pened, he wanted to give me an affidavit. He then confirmed that he had indeed been tor­ tured as we claimed in court. However, he told me, after we originally approached the court the security police had promised him freedom if he denied the assault, and threatened him with indefinite detention if he failed to do so. Since he was not free to make a choice, he agreed to deny the truth and thus had earned his present freedom. Yet the messages he had sent out tell­ ing of his being tortured were true, and he would tell this to the judge. Doctors confirmed Jeremiah's injuries and we prepared for a court STATUE OF PAUL KRUGER,-FIRST PRESIDENTOF TRANSVAAL AFRIKANDER hearing. REPUBLIC IN CHURCH SQUARE, CENTER OF PRETORIA. DIE RAADSAAL (LEGISLATURE) IN BACKGROUND. The government did not want a hearing. It of­ SEATS FOR WHITES ONLY—BLACKS SQUAT ON GROUND fered to withdraw all proceedings against JOEL CARLSON Jeremiah and would allow him to remain at his home and his work. They also paid the costs of the court proceedings. In this way, the tortur­ ers were saved from open exposure in court. For Jeremiah, this was an end to his suffering. Hé received some compensation and thereafter had no more and no less freedom from police harassment than before. Of great significance is the fact that Jeremiah's spirit was not broken by incarceration and torture. He had shown courage and perseverance, and his example was set for others to follow.

Mr. Carlson, formerly an attorney in the Union of South Africa, is the author of No Neutral Ground.

MataliW Winter 1fl7S 9 a torturer macbride back in business? peace prize by Martin Hall

With the dissolution of all political parties, the (Martin Hall, a native of Germany who was Sean MacBride, who retired in September as disbanding of trade unions, the book burnings, active in the anti-Nazi underground, now Chairman of AI's International Executive and the imposition of ironclad censorship, the works as a free lance writer in Los Angeles. Committee, was awarded the Nobel Peace methods of General Augusto Pinochet, leader This article originally appeared in the October Prize in October in recognition of his lifelong of the Chilean military junta, evoke the mem­ 1974 PROGRESSD7E, and was subsequently work for human rights. ory of Hilter's methods. Indeed, they seem a reprinted in the ST. LOUIS POST DISPATCH. replica — and not by coincidence: Pinochet be­ It is reprinted here by kind permission of the MacBride, a former Foreign Minister of Ireland longed to a secret Nazi organization within the author. A similar article was printed in COR- who is now the United Nations Commissioner armed forces of Chile long before he overthrew RIEIERE DELLA SERA, Milan, Sept. 21, for Namibia, shared the prize with former the democratically elected Allende govern­ 1974.) Japanese Prime Minister Eisako Sato. ment. And he is now aided by at least one of Hilter's concentration camp administrators. Ed. Note: In a January 1975 letter to Ginetta "On behalf of all the national sections, groups, Sagan, Martin Hall reported that Rep. Robert members and staff of Amnesty International The newly appointed "Government Adviser on L. Leggett, Vallejo, California, sent the above everywhere, I would like to express my delight Prison Administration" in Chile is Walter article to the Ambassador from Chile to the at the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Sean Julius Rauff, a former colonel in the infamous United States, Walter Heitman. Heitman pro­ MacBride. Never has the prize been more mer­ Nazi SS and section chief of the National Sec­ tested the "false accusations," though he did ited, for no one has ever done more for peace urity Office in Berlin, which dealt with the say Rauff had been included in the list of war and human rights in the world," said Martin mass extermination of the Jews. Rauff was a criminals whose extradition West Germany Ennals, AI Secretary General. close collaborator with Adolf Eichmann, who had demanded. Heitman also claimed, Hall was tried in Israel and eventually executed for said, that Rauff "at present" was employed by a The Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parli­ his crimes against humanity. private canning firm in Chile and was not con­ ament, in its announcement of the award, said nected with the Chilean government. MacBride had been chosen because of his Rauff, whose name is often cited in the records "many years of efforts to build up and protect of the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, is cre­ A spokesman from Rep. Leggett's Washington, human rights all over the world." MacBride's dited with the invention of "mobile gas tanks" D.C., office suggested if persons wanted an in­ role in shaping Ireland's UN peace-keeping op­ — hermetically sealed trucks into which up to vestigation conducted into Rauff s activities erations from 1948-51 was also cited. 50 prisoners could be herded at a time. The they should write Rep. Don Fraser, 1111 Long- doors were then sealed and exhaust fumes from worth House Office Building, Washington, Though MacBride, aged 70, retired as chair­ the motors were diverted into the trucks to kill D.C., 20515, or Rep. Michael Harrington, 405 man of IEC — a post he held since the IEC was the prisoners. The first such vehicle was used in Cannon House Office Building, Washington, founded in 1963—he remains chairman of AI's the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen dur­ D.C., 20515 (both members of AI's national ad­ Irish Section. ing the winter of 1941-42. After a "satisfactory" visory council and the House Foreign Affairs tryout, the gas trucks were used in Minsk, Council). To maintain AI's tax exempt status Baranovice, and Stalino in the Soviet Union, it's important for members not to lobby (ask for and again in the camp at Semlin, near Bel­ a change in legislation) when writing to con­ grade. According to testimony by a former chief gressmen. of the Security Police for Serbia, 5,700 Jews — all women and children — were put to death in April, May and June 1942 in these mobile gas trucks.

In 1949, Rauff escaped from a prison camp and, like many other former Nazi officials, made his way to Latin America. In 1962, when it became known that he was living in Santiago (Chile), the West German government demanded his extradition as a war criminal. The request was refused on grounds that Chile had no law con­ cerning genocide and the statute of limitations for "ordinary murder" had run out after 15 years.

Rauff now works everyday in the headquarters of DINA (Direcion de Intelligencia Nacional), the Chilean political police. Checking the list of those arrested the day before, he selects those whose interrogation and accompanying tor­ tures he personally wants to attend. These facts were reported in the West German FRANK­ FURTER RUNDSCHAU on June 29 (1974) under the headline, OLD NAZI AS TORTURE EXPERT.

At the age of 68, Walter Julius Hermann Rauff is once again doing the kind of work he knows best.

0 Amnesty International. USA —AN URGENT APPE Ab for freedom in the

In September 1972, Ferdinand Marcos, Presi­ Only one thing can win freedom for these pris­ dent of the Republic of the Philippines, de­ oners and a full restoration of basic human clared martial law to preserve his regime in rights—the continuing pressure of world-wide power. He brought the news media under strict opinion. If you would like to help, please write censorship, put the police and court system — today — to President Ferdinand Marcos, under his direct personal control, and sus­ Malacanang Palace, Republic of the Philip­ pended most civil liberties. pines, urging the immediate release of Messrs. Lopez and Osmena and all Prisoners of Consci­ In November 1972, Eugenio Lopez, Jr., former ence in the Philippines. publisher of the Manila Chronicle, and Sergio Osmena III, grandson of the country's former president and son of Marcos' unsuccessful op­ ponent in the 1969 election, were arrested. Held Amnesty International is a worldwide for two years without trial, they went on a human rights movement which is independent hunger strike to protest the abuse of human of any government, political faction or religious rights in Filipino prisons. creed. AI works, irrespective of political con­ siderations, for the release of men and women To counter the international outcry produced who are in prison for their beliefs, color, ethnic by this hunger strike, Marcos agreed to consider origin or religion, provided they have not used Lopez and Osmena's demands. The two ended or advocated violence. their fast. Marcos then proceeded to levy crimi­ nal charges against them, accusing them of AIUSA, 200 W 72nd, New York NY 10023 conspiring to assassinate him. or AIUSA, 3618 Sacramento, San Francisco CA Since then, three Roman Catholic priests, along 94118 with at least 28 others, have been arrested for alledged communist activity. Shortly after the arrests, two priests, the Rev. Educio de la Torre I have written President Marcos urging and the Rev. Manuel Lahoz. went on a hunger D the release of Prisoners of Conscience in strike to protest reported torture of martial law the Philippines. detainees. Please send me more information about In December, Marcos announced the release of D Amnesty International. over 600 martial law prisoners. In further reac­ tion to world opinion, he subsequently an­ Enclosed is my tax-deductible contribu­ nounced a national referendum of issues ru­ D tion to further Amnesty International's mored to include lifting martial law, since work. postponed. His Defense Secretary promised an "impartial investigation" into charges of tor­ ture and abuse of political detainees. Name Thousands of prisoners, however, remain in jail. Profession. Indefinite and prolonged detention without charges violates the Universal Declaration of Address Human Rights, which is binding on all mem­ bers of the United Nations, including the Re­ City .State. .Zip. public of the Philippines.

The above is a camera-ready advertisement Often sympathetic publications will reprint Matchbox their names and addresses and we'll which can be reproduced in nearly every pub­ such ads without charge. Don't be afraid to ask help you work with them. lication as it stands. We ask you to clip out this twice. People's lives are at stake. And Public ad and take it to your local newspaper, church Service Announcement time is available to you If local publications won't donate space, check bulletin, or trade publication, asking them to on local TV and radio stations. Call and ask for their advertising rates and think about raising donate space for it, stressing that Lopez is a PSA time to read the ad on behalf of Amnesty these funds in your community. Probably the newspaper man himself, and that two of his International. ad would cost less than you imagine, and often fellow hunger strikers are priests. A parallel people are more willing to donate to the cause for Osmena in the United States would be If the local media doesn't already know about of human rights than you might believe. If you David Eisenhower. Or mail it to publications Amnesty, show them Matchbox or the general really feel ambitious, we'll supply you with ad­ you subscribe to, asking them to reprint it. brochure. If they ask for more information, ditional copies. And if the ad is reprinted, we'd either on the Filipino situation, or on Al^end appreciate a copy, send care of the Western Regional Office.

MatehhoY Winter 1Q7K 1 chile

n Santiago, the tortured body of a I28-year-old Chilean revolutionary was found on the grounds of the Italian em­ bassy, dumped there, it appears, by junta sym­ pathizers wanting to embarrass Italy for its refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the milit­ ary regime.

Of concern is the welfare of the dead woman's 4-year-old son, reportedly tortured along with her husband, Sergio Alfredo Perez Molina, a left wing revolutionary leader of MIR.

The boy was allegedly tortured in the presence of his parents and now both have disappeared. Urgent intervention on behalf of Molina, if he is still alive, and his son are needed.

Letters of inquiry, not mentioning AI affilia­ tion, should be mailed to:

Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte Jefe Supremo del Estado Edificio Diego Portales Santiago, Chile

Gen. Sergio Arellano Stark Jeff de la Zona en Estado de Sitio Ministerio de Defensa Plaza Bulnes Santiago, Chile

A former Chilean senator, his wife and two daughters, arrested in July, have been sub­ jected to severe torture while being held at the Air Force Academy of War, a well known inter­ rogation center. They are presumably still being held there.

Jorge Montes, formerly a member of the Senate Defence Commission and a member of the Cen­ tral Committee of the Communist Party of Chile, reportedly had his teeth removed, his eardrums ruptured, one leg paralyzed and suf­ fered internal bleeding. He is said to be in criti­ cal condition.

His wife, Josefina and daughters Diana 24, CHILEAN BLACK BERETS TRAINED IN PANAMA Ted Polumbaum/LNS and Rosa Maria 23, were also brutally tor­ tured and raped. Letters of inquiry, not mentioning AI affilia­ AROUND THE WORLD tion, should be sent to: Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte >• piI e you can help (see above address)

Recently arrested were four prominent Chilean union leaders, who it is feared, may be sub­ jected to torture while being detained. There HE CASES LISTED HERE INVOLVE THE TORTURED AS WELL AS are no further details available. TPRISONERS WHO HAVE BEEN DETAINED FOR LONG PERIODS AND REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ACTION. THESE ARE TYPICAL OF THOSE RE­ Claudio Alemany, leader of the Teachers Union of Chile and member of the political CENTLY ACTED UPON BY AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. URGENT TELE­ commission of the Communist Party; GRAMS, LETTERS FROM PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES, ORGANIZA­ TIONS OR INDIVIDUALS, PRESS RELEASES, URGENT APPEALS TO HEADS Mario Navarro, member of the National Council of the CUT (Central Workers Union) OF STATE, AND IN SOME CASES TELEPHONE CAMPAIGNS HAVE BEEN and former vice-president of the Federacion IMPLEMENTED TO URGE THAT THESE PEOPLE'S HUMAN RIGHTS BE Sindical Mundial (World Trade Unions Feder­ REINSTATED. ation);

Juvenal V aides, leader of the organization of small businessmen and member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party; dennis piper £Amnest y International. USA equador

In Equador, six political prisoners, whose con­ fessions are believed to have been extracted under torture, are on an "indefinite" hunger strike in Garcia Moreno Prison in Quito.

The six include Jaime Galarza, one of the country's best known writers, author of EL FESTIN DE PETROLEO ("The Petroleum Feast", which bitterly criticized the oil policies of several Equadorian governments), Fernano Maldonado, a leader of the Equadorian Socialist Party, Santiago Bourne, Silva Mila, Ivan Mosquera and German Carol.

All were sentenced to prison by a special milit­ ary tribunal in May 1973, for terms ranging from three to 16 years. They were charged with violent crimes including assaults on banks and commercial institutions.

A Columbian attorney on behalf of AI and the International Commission of Jurists investi­ gated the case and concluded however, that the men had been tortured into confession.

The lawyer reported the tribunal had used "in­ sulting language" against the prisoners, indi­ cating implicit bias and that two of the three judges were officers in active military service.

AI Secretary General Martin Ennals has ap­ pealed for their immediate release, noting that at the trial of the hunger strikers "the prosecu­ tion case was based directly on interrogations carried out by the security services of the Ministry of Defense in which torture appears to have been widely used."

Letters of appeal, without mention of AI, should be sent to:

President Rodriguez Lara Quito, Equador Uruguay CHILEAN CHILDREN Alejandro Stuart

Gustavo Avila Arancibia, trade union leader. university, member of Catholic Action groups, Trade unionist Alcides Lanza is reported in place of detention unknown. critical condition in the stadium prison of Send letters on behalf of each of the four prison­ Cilindro Municipal where he was transferred ers expressing polite concern about the men Raul Prieto, 28, former leader of Catholic Ac­ after being tortured in a military barracks. and inquiring as to their present status. tion at university, believed to have been se­ Amnesty's name should not be connected to verely tortured. ' Letters from concerned individuals, trade un­ this action. ionists and attorneys are urged and should in­ Urgent letters, preferably by university facul­ quire about Lanza's health. They should be ties who can make inquiries on behalf of sent to: Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte academic colleagues, pleading for immediate (see above address) release should be sent to: Juan Maria Bordaberry, President Montevideo, Uruguay Gen. Sergio Arellano Stark General de Division Cesar Benavides, (see above address) Ministro del Interior Ministerio del Interior, Edificio Diego Portal Santiago de Chile \ spam In the town of Concepcion, on Nov. 10, the fol­ Jeje de la Zona en Estado de Sitio lowing were arrested: Conception, Chile Nine political opponents of the Franco regime MiguelPacheco, sociologist, 28, former director — some prominent intellectuals — were ar­ of Catholic Action at the University of Concep­ rested as a result of an explosion that killed a cion, reportedly tortured, his whereabouts are dozen people in a Madrid cafe. Spanish au­ currently unknown. thorities, however, have produced no convinc- l ing evidence that any of the nine were involved Jorge Jimenez, economist, teacher at the \ in the bombing incident.

Matehhov Winter 1A7S 1 ft Two of the three have been charged with mar­ Al Excelentismo, Senor Ministro de Justicia ginal involvement in the December 1973 assas­ Don Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo y Banquero ussr sination of former Spanish Prime Minister Luis Ministerio de Justicia, Madrid Carrero Blanco. The only indication of further Dissident Baptist pastor Georgii Petrovich Vuestra Excelencia charges came from a news conference held by Teniente General Don Francisco Coloma Vins, who has been held in prison in Kiev on Security Police Chief Jose Sainz, who claimed Gallegos remand for more than six months, is reported to the nine were members of the Communist Ministerio del Ejercito be in very poor health. Party (outlawed in Spain), collaborated with Calle de Prim 4 Madrid the militant Basque Liberation Movement, Vins has suffered before in labour camps and ETA V, and harbored the as yet unap­ the effect of a new term of imprisonment could prehended bombers, who police claim to be be serious. members of ETA V. taiwai Public appeals on Vins behalf have recently This alleged cooperation between the Com­ Two Taiwan political prisoners, arrested in come from Andrei Sakharov as well as recently munist Party and the ETA V is unlikely, be­ 1971 and sentenced to terms of 15 and 10 years emigrated Anatoly Levitian Krasnov, a former cause the Spanish CP has maintained a policy respectively on different charges connected priest and a well-known writer who on the BBC of nonviolence since 1948. Also, the ETA V with the Taiwanese independence movement, called for help for Vins. claims credit whenever it performs a successful are seriously ill. act of violence (as with Blanco's assassination) and it has not claimed credit for that bombing. Hsieh Ts'ung Min and Lee Ao are being held in damp, poorly ventilated 6' x 6' cells, with The only hard evidence against the nine ap­ only dim light from an opening near the ceiling. pears to be a confession reportedly made by one of them (which leads many observers in Spain and abroad to believe that some, perhaps all of Lee Ao is suffering from tuberculosis and Hsieh the nine were subjected to torture. Ts'ung Min,who has been tortured, has been suffering from stomach hemorraging since the Genoveva Forest, one of the prisoners, said in a end of October. letter that she was beaten and threatened dur­ ing her 17 sessions of interrogation. This Letters, not mentioning AI affiliation, on be­ treatment was so severe that Forest, a half of the prisoners should be sent to: psychotherapist, experienced what she diag­ nosed as severe depression, and felt suicidal. Mr. Chaing Ching-kuo Several of the other prisoners are being held Prime Minister of the Republic of China incommunicado, unable to contact either rela­ The Prime Minister's Office tives or lawyers. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

Circumstances surrounding the bombing are far from clear. What is certain, is that there is strong reason to believe that some, perhaps all the people were tortured.

The nine arrested persons are:

Genoveva Forest Tarrat psychotherapist, married to playwright Alfonso Sastre.

Antonio Duran Velasco, worker.

Eliseo Antonio Bayo Poblador, writer.

Lidya Falcon O'Neill, lawyer, wife of Eliseo Bayo.

Vicente Sains de la Pena , theater director.

Maria Paz Ballesteros Gilabert, actress, wife of Vicents s. de la Pena.

Bernardo Vadell Carreras , airline pilot. (Iberia Airlines).

Maria del Carmen Nadal Bestard , former teacher of religious courses, wife of Bernardo Vadell Carreras.

Alfonso Sastre, playwright.

Professional groups are-urged to send letters on behalf of their colleagues (without mentioning AI affiliation) to the Spanish authorities, ask­ ing that full legal protection be given to the rights of the accused; that they have full access to their lawyers; Eïïat they be charged and promptly brought to trial or else released: that "If you start granting amnesty to -people for following their con­ they be given humane treatment. science, pretty soon everyone will be following his conscience."

Courtesy, The New Yorker

.4 Amnesty International. USA "To donate one's time or money to Amnesty Interna­ tional does not necessarily mean that one agrees with what such and such a pris­ oner of conscience may have expressed, but that one upholds his right to expression... To persecute someone for voicing his opinions is an injustice. It is, possibly, the great injustice of our age, and the need to speak out is probably the greatest necessity of our times... "

Victor Alba, SIEMPRE May 23, 1973

Matenhnv Winter 1fl7S 15 I I f > And death shall have no dominion. Dead men naked they shall be one With the man in the wind and the west moon; When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone, They shall have stars at elbow and foot; I Though they go mad they shall be sane, ï.'/, Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again; Though lovers be lost love shall not; And death shall have no dominion. \

And death shall have no dominion. Under the windings of the sea They lying long shall not die windily; Twisting on racks when sinews give way, • Strapped to a wheel, yet they shall not break; Faith in their hands shall snap in two, And the unicorn evils run them through; Split all ends up they shan't crack; And death shall have no dominion.

And death shall have no dominion. No more may gulls cry at their ears Or waves break loud on the seashores; Where blew a flower may a flower no more Lift its head to the blows of the rain; Though they be mad and dead as nails, Heads of the characters hammer through daisies; Break in the sun till the sun breaks down, And death shall have no dominion.

Dylan Thomas

•••^.^j^Hggg^y^ Amnesty International, USA Matchbox Winter 1975 MATCHBOX was recently black­ listed for 'slandering' the Chilean Junta. The newspaper .EZ Mercurio listed us among "molesting or­ ganizations" for reporting human rights violations during and after the September 1973 coup over­ throwing the Allende govern­ ment.

MATCHBOX is a key element in AIUSA's work bringing carefully evaluated facts about torture and abridgement of human rights to the attention of one of the most powerful influences for change in the world's history — an informed American public.

MATCHBOX is brought to you largely through donated labor, materials and effort. The MATCHBOX staff doesn'twant to spend dollars on newsprint which could go to prisoner relief. How­ ever, people who think money doesn't grow on trees should own a paper mill. We realize you aren't oJrfT» rich, either. But a dollar or two, mailed to MATCHBOX, 3618 Sac­ ramento St., San Francisco, CA 94118, will help keep us publish­ ing.

8 Amnesty International. TTSA «ROUP 44 works for south korean by ruby apsler

Daniel Chi Hak-soun, Bishop of Wonju, South Korea, currently serving 15 years at hard labor for lending money to a dissident poet, was re­ cently the focus of a campaign organized by AI Group 44 »of San Francisco, chaired by Sally Hellyer Lilienthal. The group designed a post­ card campaign to take advantage of special cir­ cumstances surrounding his case to press for the release of all South Korean prisoners of conscience.

Because of Chi's eminence as a religious leader, Group 44 decided to work through churches. This was seen both as an effective means of reaching large numbers of people with details of the case and with with information about Amnesty International, and of special impact on President Park Chung-hee, who has shown sensitivity to such criticism.

The campaign was planned to have greatest impact just prior to President Ford's state visit to South Korea in November. Not only, the group thought, would thousands of postcards reach President Park, but perhaps President Ford, Dr. Kissinger, and congressional leaders would add their voices to ask for the enforce­ ment of human rights in the upcoming talks.

Some aspects of the Bishop Chi campaign serve as a model for other group projects which could be carried out in any community, though de­ tails would need to be tailored to the individual situation of each prisoner.

The first step was to compile a list of church leaders most likely to be sympathetic to this case or to human rights issues. After consider­ ing the amount of paper work involved, the group decided to work from a selected list rather than trying to contact all congregations in the Bay Area.

Compiling such lists is not difficult and proves invaluable for many other AI concerns. Watch­ ing local newspapers for church news provides clues to congregations likely to become in­ volved in such projects. Amnesty's WRO and National offices can provide such information or avenues to pursue in finding helpful organi­ zations. And clerics can often suggest col­ leagues who would be interested in cooperating with such projects.

In Bishop Chi's case, Sue Jacobs, who directed the project, compiled this list which ultimately consisted of 150 congregations. Operations were then limited to San Francisco, although a few churches outside the city known to be espe­ cially interested in human rights were also in­ cluded, A similar but smaller effort was launched in Los Angeles.

Jacobs found 15 volunteers both from the ranks of Group 44 and from the Bay Area AI member- CHANG CHUN HA Norman Thorpe Matohhox Winter 1Q7slQ ship at large. Each person covered 10 churches. Each minister received a packet including an endorsement of AI and of the campaign by prominent Bay Area religious leaders; a letter from WRO Board Chairperson Ginetta Sagan; and a postcard containing a brief description of the case and a photo of the Bishop. Also in­ cluded were two alternate statements concern­ ing AI and Bishop Chi and other prisoners in South Korea, suitable to read from the pulpit. Volunteers then contacted those interested and provided them with a supply of postcards for their congregations to send to President Park. After the campaign, the volunteers followed up by thanking clerics for their help and assessing response to the project.

One of the problems Group 44 encountered was that volunteers didn't fully understand the scope of the work involved. The project floun­ dered a bit when volunteers encountered the difficulty in tracking down busy people. Those who assumed that ten phone calls and ten fol- lowups would be sufficient, often found them­ selves discouraged when a number of calls failed to reach an elusive prelate. Influential people rarely sit around offices waiting for Amnesty to telephone. However, these are the very people whose cooperation often makes a campaign effective. If volunteers understand such problems from the beginning, discour­ agement won't set in. (Often personal visits in such cases are more effective than phone calls in establishing a working relationship in simi­ lar projects.)

Though the project soon became a newsworthy item with over a hundred San Francisco churches and thousands of congregants in­ volved, the extent of the project's news value was not realized until it was far too late to organize an effective press conference or to KIM CHI HA, 1972, AT MESAN SANITARIUM Norman Thorpe meet deadlines for religious columns of local papers by the weekend of the campaign. When seeking publicity, planners should check with local papers to find out deadlines. It is good no return planning to give the media as much advance notice as possible.

I shall not return having once stepped into this place After the weekend campaign, a report was If I sleep, it is the sleep which cuts deeply into the flesh- compiled of what had actually happened. These That sleep, that white room, that bottomless vertigo. results were telegramed to President Ford and Dr. Kissinger prior to their journey to the Far East. The sound of high leather boots in the night, The place where they come and go on the ceiling, Group 44 then contacted other important seg­ Invisible faces, hands, gestures, ments of public opinion in the attempt to influ­ That room where voices and laughter arise— ence President Park. Several California con­ That white room, that bottomless vertigo. gressmen sent their own letters requesting the Opening my eyes release of South Korean prisoners of consci­ With the pain of a fingernail being pulled out, ence. A press release was then circulated to Crying, my body being torn apart, both local media and national religious publi­ My wizened soul alone remaining. cations. (Lists of such magazines and media can Can I not depart? be compiled both from local phone books and through resource materials available through In vain, any public library.) And, as news of Bishop Comrades who died in vain, Chi's predicament spread, ministers outside Fallen into humiliating sleep, the Bay Area began to join the campaign. Fallen into sleep in vain. In the past Sometimes faintly smiling, sometimes crying out— Those wonderful friends. Due to international pressure to observe Ah, I shall not return, not return. human rights in South Korea and his successful referendum, President Park announced that 203 prisoners would be released immediately. All political prisoners, with the exception of kim chi ha "communists", began to leave the CRY OF THE PEOPLE AND OTHER POEMS is available prisons on February 14. Among the through Book People, 2940 Seventh St., Berkeley, CA 94710. first freed were Bishop Daniel Chi and poet Kim Chi Ha. 20Amnesty International. USA FREEDOM BOOKS _mailed to russia On October 18, Group 26 of Los Gatos, Califor­ Since Feldman is a Jew, Group 26 sought and continuing concern for his plight. Contribu­ nia, led a demonstration at the Soviet Consu­ received the support of several Bay Area tions to the "Freedom Books" campaign are late in San Francisco to protest the continued Jewish organizations who publicized the cam­ more than welcome, as mailing each volume detention of Aleksandr Feldman, one of the paign through their own publications. In addi­ costs about one dollar. Group 26 plans to con­ group's three adopted prisoners. tion, the group mailed an appeal to join in the tinue this campaign until Feldman is released. demonstration and campaign for Feldman's At present, the group is lining up additional Feldman, a young Ukrainian stoker, was ar­ freedom to all of the Feldmans listed in Bay public service announcements in the Bay Area rested on trumped-up charges of "malicious Area phone directories. to arouse support for the book campaign. hooliganism" and convicted on the contradic­ tory testimony of KGB functionaries. His real The demonstration itself consisted of a daylong (Group 26 can be contacted through the WRO. crime was his application for emigration to Is­ vigil in front of the consulate, terminating in All contributions to "Freedom Books" are tax- rael in early 1972. talks by Bay Area human rights leaders and a deductible.) picture-taking session of the Family Feldman. Group 26 prepared for the demonstration and The photograph is to be made into a postcard for the ensuing campaign on Feldman's behalf by use through the campaign. first contacting six Bay Area radio stations to arrange for public service announcements to be Afterward, David Hinkley of Group 26 an­ aired during the week prior to the demonstra­ nounced the beginning of a book drive on tion. Also group members gave out leaflets at Feldman's behalf. Group 26 began actively the Baez concert at Frost Ampitheatre, Stan­ seeking donations of books to be sent to Feld­ ford, California on October 13. man in prison on a daily basis, to demonstrate

RUSSIAN ROC. JSAYS PRESSURE HELPEH

Victor Fainberg, a former AI adoptee in the Czechoslovakia, was detained in Leningrad letter-writing and telephoning central au­ Soviet Union who was on the Prisoners of the and Moscow psychiatric hospitals for five thorities and hospital officials, that led to Month Campaign in September 1972, said in a years. He was freed in December 1974 and al­ Fainberg's 1972 transfer a dreaded "special visit to the International Secretariat last Oc­ lowed to emigrate last summer. psychiatric hospital" to an ordinary psychiatric tober, that AI's efforts and other expressions of hospital. world concern have had a positive effect on the Fainberg said AI's efforts to publicize the situa­ fate of prisoners in the USSR. tion of individual prisoners and to inform the Fainberg said such pressure had also affected Soviet authorities of its concern, often leads to the release of another AI adoptee who was Fainberg,after taking part in a 1968 demonst­ an immediate improvement in prisoner condi­ jointly on the Postcard Campaign with Fain­ ration against the Soviet military occupation of tions. It was such publicity, combined with berg.

Matchhnv Winter 1Q7K 21 'foot vote' undermines THE WALL by barbara f rench

nor advocated violence. Amnesty also considers the Soviet Union produced a constitution of its persons imprisoned for helping GDR citizens own declaring the formation of the GDR, de­ excape Prisoners of Conscience, provided such spite earher postwar agreements aimed at assistance was not given for financial gain. avoiding such a split.

hen East Germany was applying for Amnesty International has adopted GDR pris­ Emigration problems soon followed. As the Wmembership in the United Nations, it oners of conscience since 1968. The majority of GDR's economy sank under the weight of repa­ pledged its support of the principles of the UN Amnesty prisoners have been charged with try­ ration payments and lack of raw materials, Charter and its "constructive contributions" to ing to illegally leave the country, or helping West Germany's economy climbed. In retalia­ the UN. In September 1973, the German others do the same. tion against a sagging economy and a govern­ Democratic Republic was admitted to the UN. ment they had no vote in, East Germans began Today it continues to deny its citizens one of the Since the GDR's inception in 1949, emigration to protest Communism, airing their discontent basic human rights recognized and provided for has been a prime irritation for the eastern through a "vote of their feet," defection. in at least two UN documents: the right to European government. And though the prob­ movement. lem was nearly controlled following completion Until 1952 many East Germans could escape to of the Berlin Wall in 1961, it flared up again in the west simply by crossing the demarcation According to Article 13 of the Universal Decla­ the early '70s following the Grundvertrag line. Under the 1949 Constitution every citizen ration of Human Rights, which is supposed to (basic treaty on relations between the two had the right to emigrate. By mid-1952 more be "disseminated, displayed, read and ex­ German states) and the GDR's admittance to than 800,000 citizens had fled the GDR. pounded" by all member-states; "Everyone has the UN. the right to leave any country, including his The constitution also stipulated that laws could own, and to return to his country." Following defeat of Hitler's Germany in 1945, be made to limit emigration. By May 1952, the allied powers (Soviet Union, United States GDR officials had flexed these muscles, estab­ And according to Article 12 of the UN Cov­ and Great Britain) agreed to establish four lishing a three-mile restricted area along the enant on Civil and Political Rights, signed and zones of occupation, including a French zone, two German borders. ratified by the GDR shortly after its entry into out of what once was Germany. The eastern the UN, every individual is entitled to freedom portion was occupied by the Soviets, the west­ The labor drain soon approached disastrous of movement. ern by the Western Allies. proportions. By 1961, approximately 3.6 mill­ ion, one-fifth of the GDR's population, had fled. But emigrationwas outlawed under the GDR's Cooperation between the Allied Powers over The refugees were the top of the GDR's labor 1968 Constitution and citizens who leave with­ the administration of Germany soon broke reserve and cost the country an estimated $7 to out government approval risk imprisonment of down, and the Soviets withdrew from the Allied $9 million in manpower, skills and education. up to five years. Control Commission. As Western and Eastern policies and priorities became more diverse, the The refugees left for assorted reasons, prima­ In light of the UN's position on "right to move­ split between the east and west zones of occupa­ rily opposition to Communism, doubts about ment," and the GDR's violation of this right, tion became more unavoidable. In 1949, just the future of the GDR, and more doubts about Amnesty International considers people im­ one month after the Western Powers permitted the country's faltering economy, which would prisoned for attempting to leave Prisoners of establishment of the Federal Republic of Ger­ falter even further under the strain of mass Conscience, provided they have neither used many (West Germany) in their areas of control, emigration.

22Amnesty International. USA By mid-1952 more than 800,000 citizens had fled the GDR.

ast Germany responded to defection with E:| block s of concrete, twisted barbed wire and magnified armed patrol units. The final 25 mile stretch of the 102-mile Berlin Wall was finished in 1961, totally divorcing West Berlin from surrounding East Germany. Many analysts believe the Wall saved the GDR from economic destruction and eventual disintegra­ tion.

Just prior to the Wall's completion approxi­ mately 2;000 East German's fled the GDR every day. After construction, defection was reduced to a trickle. Within the ten year period following construction, only 5,000 persons es­ caped; 2,800 were captured and 68 killed in escape attempts.

The Wall succeeded in turning the attention of the East German people inward to the existing political and economical situation. With atten­ tion focused at home, the GDR's industrial pro­ duction increased during the 1960s and '70s to1 a rank second only to Russia among COM­ ECON nations and tenth among the industrial nations of the world.

Many analysts believe the Wall saved the GDR from economic destruction and eventual disintegration.

After two decades as the "Soviet occupied zone" or "Middle Germany," the GDR began to gain international recognition and acceptance.

And, after the Wall's completion, minimal at­ tention was paid to the recurring emigration problem. In 1972, an estimated 1,245 East Germans fled the GDR, the highest number of escapees in six years according to The New York Times, According to AI reports, 6,500 East Germans fled to the West in 1973 and 1,600 escaped during the first half of 1974. The German Red Cross figures estimate that 21,000 emigrants fled the GDR last year.

Some observers attribute the rising defection rate to the GDR's new respectable role in inter­ national politics, put into motion by the "good neighbor" treaty negotiations, a 17-month pro­ cess aimed toward improving relations be­ tween East and West Germany through coop­ eration in the fields of economy, science and technology, legal relations, culture, sports, and the recognition of the GDR as a sovereign Ger­ man state. The treaty, signed in June 1973, also allowed West Germans 30-day visiting privileges in the GDR and allowed GDR citi­ zens to visit West Germany for urgent family affairs.

Some of Amnesty's GDR adoptees were ar­ rested at this time. As one adoptee's mother wrote to a United States Amnesty adoption group; German Information Centre Mfltrhhmr Winter T975 2.S German Information Centre

Unlike the majority of countries which have POCs, the GDR has granted amnesties releasing thousands of prisoners ...

"He (her son) took me back in his car from the BRD to Leipzig (in the GDR), not suspecting anything, and was arrested in a particularly sneaky manner on September 1. Within four weeks he was convicted behind closed doors and without benefit of a defense counsel as an ac­ cessory to escape and was sentenced to two years and three months of prison.

"His only guilt was that he knew of the escape of a couple in Leipzig and that he met this couple with his friend in West Berlin, happy about their escape."

In addition to emigration, AI also works on behalf of prisoners charged with espionage when no evidence exists to prove such charges. GDR citizens who leave the GDR but return because of personal reasons are often arrested and charged with espionage based on their con­ tact with foreigners or "enemies of the state" when they were outside the GDR. Likewise, persons are charged and prosecuted with "col­ lecting of information" for simply writing to foreign broadcast stations and sending abroad general information on GDR life.

Furthermore, prison conditions and judicial procedures in the GDR have attracted Amnesty's attention. AI has received a number of reports from ex-prisoners concerning East German pre-trial conditions which violate the UN Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners.

Unlike the majority of countries which have MOTHER (East Zone) GREETING DAUGHTER (West). ONLY WOMEN OVER 60 AND MEN OVER 65 MAY prisoners of conscience, the GDR has granted LEAVE THE "WORKER'S PARADISE," ONCE A YEAR FOR FOUR WEEKS amnesties releasing thousands of prisoners, German Information Centre both criminal and civil. In a 1964 amnesty «*Mfe some 10,000 were freed. In a second major am­ t nesty, from November 1972 to January 1973 m «*> (in observance of the GDR's 23rd anniversary) M an estimated 31,000 prisoners were released. Following the GDR's acceptance into the UN, the country held an amnesty for its conscienti­ ous objectors. However, there was no amnesty on the country's 25th anniversary in October 1974 despite European rumors to the contrary.

While there is little hope that adoption groups will receive responses from GDR officials, in­ ternational pressure has proven to be an effec­ tive force in the GDR.

The address of the German Democratic Repub­ lic, newly formed, in the United States is: Am­ bassador Rolf Siebar, German Democratic Re­ public Embassy, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington DC 20036. The phone number is: (202) 232-3134.

TRAINED DOGS USED BY SOVIET ZONE BORDER POLICE AT THE BERLIN WALL

24 Amnesty International. USA German Information Centre German POC's Freed

The following were all sentenced in connection with attempts to escape from the GDR or help­ ing others to escape. Their sentences ranged from one year two months to five years, and all were released in 1974, most before their sen­ tences expired.

Susan Ballantine Ingrid Decker Hans Gabriel HUMANITY IN INSTALLMENTS—SECOND VISITING PERIOD, DEC. 19 to JAN. 3, 1964-5 Hannelore Guthnow Dieter Guthnow A SOVIET ZONE BORDER POLICEMAN ON THE WALL. BRANDENBURG GATE IN BACKGROUND Brigitte Herrmann Hiltraud Holbe Klaus Holbe Claus Kriebitzsch Peter Limberg Peter Platte Gottfried Richter Guenter Stifter Heike Werner Juergen Werner Peter Uta Edmund Woitelle

Ruediger Krutzki was sentenced to nine years for attempting to escape from the republic, in­ citement, treason and espionage. He was re­ leased before his sentence expired.

Manfred Bullok was sentenced to five years for not accepting employment and also alleged criticism of GDR politics. He was released on October 9, 1974, before his sentence expired.

Dieter Klatt was sentenced to two years educa­ tional labor for refusing to accept employment, and was released on June 17, 1974 before his sentence expired.

Hans-Joerg Lotz was sentenced to two years for receiving books from West Germany and cor­ responding with a Western publisher. He was charged with incitement, and released on Au­ gust 7, 1974 before his sentence expired.

All the above except Hans-Joerg Lotz, an inves­ tigation case, were adopted by Amnesty Inter­ national.

German Information Centre

Matrnhmr Winter 1975 À Amnesty International has proclaimed March north koreans 29 as BUKOVSKY DAY to work for Vladimir Bukovsky, an AI adoptee in the USSR. And what law of heaven have I freepoet_^_ transgressed? Why, hapless one, AI members are urged to sign and circulate the should I look to the gods any more following petition, asking the Soviet govern­ The Venezuelan poet, Ali Lameda, was re­ — what ally should I invoke — ment to grant Bukovsky the basic rights of leased from prison in North Korea, according to when by piety I have earned the freedom of expression, just legal process and reports reaching AI's International Secretariat name of impious? Nay, then, if these things are pleasing to the humane treatment, and mail it to AI's Interna­ in November 1974. gods, when I have suffered my tional Secretariat by March 29, when the peti­ doom, I shall come to know my sin; tions will be presented to the Soviet Embassy in Senor Lameda, an AI investigation case, went but if the sin is with my judges, I London. to North Korea in 1962 to translate the official could wish them no fuller measure biography of the country's leader Kim II Sung. of evil than they, on their part, Bukovsky has spent many of his 32 years in He was imprisoned without trial five years mete wrongfully to me. prisons and mental hospitals for participation later. in publishing non-official journals (samizdat) and protesting USSR human right violations. Nothing has been heard of him until now, de­ -Antigone As a result of "treatment" in prison hospitals, spite numerous inquiries by friends, relatives Bukovsky has heart trouble and chronic and international organizations. rheumatism.

After his release from Bor penal labor camp in The following telex was recently received by AIUSA: January 1970, Bukovsky compiled a dossier on the abuse of psychiatry against dissidents for AMNESTY LONDON political purposes. The report, released to the Western press, has been instrumental in draw­ ing attention of Western psychiatrists to the ON 9 DECEMBER 1974 A 56 YEAR OLD JEWISH SHOP MANAGER, MIKHAIL LEVIEV problems of detention of political prisoners in Soviet mental institutions. WAS SENTENCED TO DEATH BY MOSCOW CITY COURT. HE WAS CHARGED WITH ECONOMIC MALPRACTICE, APPROPRIATION OF GOVERNMENT PROPERTY, Bukovsky was rearrested in 1971, charged with COMMITTED WHILE HE MANAGED "TADZHIK" SHOP IN GORKY STREET, MOS­ anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda for the COW. release of the report, and sentenced to two years in prison, five years in a labor camp, and LEVIEV APPLIED TO EMIGRATE TO ISRAEL IN 1971. RECEIVED PERMISSION TO five years in exile. EMIGRATE, AND HANDED OVER MANAGEMENT OF SHOP, APPARENTLY IN 1972. HE WAS ARRESTED ON "EVE OF HIS DEPARTURE." WE HAVE CONTRADICTORY Amnesty's attempt to send an observer to his INFORMATION ON DATE OF ARREST - IT WAS EITHER EARLY 19?2 OR SOMETIME trial failed, but in the official report of the one- IN 1973. WIDELY REPORTED THAT AT TIME HE HANDED OVER MANAGEMENT OF day proceedings, no evidence supports the SHOP, NO IRREGULARITIES IN HIS RECORD WERE REPORTED. charge that Bukovsky's activities were anti- Soviet. IN HIS COURT TRIAL LEVIEV ADMMITTED CURRENCY SPECULATION BUT DE­ NIED BRIBE TAKING. TODAY REPORTED THAT RSFSR (REPUBLICAN) SUPREME His mother says he is deprived of his mail and COURT HAS CONFIRMED HIS DEATH SENTENCE. ONLY HOPE FOR LEVIEV IS maintained on a starvation diet. Since his re­ THAT N V PODGORNY (SUPREME SOVIET) WILL COMMUTE DEATH SENTENCE. cent imprisonment, Bukovsky has been the ob­ PLEASE ARRANGE FOR EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF TELEGRAMS TO GO TO POD­ ject of strenuous appeals from distinguished Soviet citizens such as Andrei Sakharov. GORNY REQUESTING COMMUTATION.

Please do what you can to publicize the plight of Podgorny's address: Mr. N V Podgorny, Chairman; Presidium of USSR Supreme Soviet, Vladimir Bukovsky. Inform local newspapers Kremlin, Moscow, USSR. and television stations of the worldwide appeal underway by all AI national sections and circu­ late this petition among your acquaintances.

We, the undersigned, call upon your government to grant Vladimir Bukovsky the basic rights of freedom of expression, just legal process and humane treat­ spetter thanks ment, as outlined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. amnesty

NAME ADDRESS OCCUPATION Dr. Heinrich Spetter, a Bulgarian economist who was allowed to leave the country in August after being under sentence of death for alleged 1.. espionage, recently wrote to the International Secretariat "to express my heartfelt thanks for 2.. your active participation in the worldwide campaign for my release, thus enabling me to 3.. start a new life" (in Israel).

Dr. Spetter, 53, said it was "thanks to the untir­ ing efforts of Amnesty International and many other public institutions and friends that voices of protest against my terrible plight were raised all over the world." Mail to: Amnesty International International Secretariat AI sent an observer to Dr. Spetter's appeal hearing and twice sent appeals to the Bul­ 53 Theobald's Road garian government for commutation of the London, WC1X, England death sentence.

26Amnesty International. USA CORONATION TO RESTORE DEMOCRATIC NORMS? NEB\LIS WONDER

On February 27, Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Amnesty International views the coronation as As the coronation draws near, AI appeals for a Deva, 29, who ascended to Nepal's throne in a major event in Nepal and as a good opportun­ general amnesty of prisoners of conscience and 1972, will be formally crowned. ity to appeal for a general amnnesty of all pris­ an end to the government's silence toward its oners of conscience within this country. responsibilities to human rights. As preparations for the gala event proceed, so does unrest within this tiny Asian country. For Even the most moderate of democrats in Nepal We encourage you to join in this effort by send­ behind the fresh paint in the temples runs a believe a government precoronation liberaliza­ ing a postcard or letter to His Majesty, King dark current of political murder, imprison­ tion policy must include the release of its 200 Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva, The King of ment, and torture. political prisoners, abrogation of laws such as Nepal, The Royal Palace, Kathmandu, Nepal. the Security and Sedition Act, permission for A suggested message would be your own ver­ At first, news of the coronation brought op­ exiles to return to their homeland, an end to sion of: timism to the kingdom's intellectual circles, censorship, and resumption of open public who thought the event would restore the political debate. AI's campaign began in Your Royal Highness, country's democratic norms, revive its civil November 1974 with a letter from the Interna­ liberties, and bring an end to arbitrary deten­ tional Secretariat to King Birendra asking him tion without trial. to consider a general amnesty in observance of Please accept ray congratulations on your his coronation. Action from AI adoption groups coronation. However, while I honor your Instead the event, which has been almost three followed, with further letters to the King, Nep­ coronation, I must express my deep con­ years in the planning, has sparked public out­ ali Cabinet ministers and Nepali newspapers, cern about the political prisoners in your cry demanding greater access to higher educa­ further pleading for such an amnesty. country. I believe the detention of these tion, protests against political imprisonment, people contravenes the Universal Declara­ hunger strikes to demand improved prison Nepal's 200 political prisoners are a small but tion of Human Rights of the United Na­ conditions, media criticism of skyrocketing significant group, including student leaders, tions, and as well disagrees-with the policy prices and sporadic but sensational terrorist Nepali Congress party workers, and such dis­ your government has stated regarding attacks which have placed pressure on the tinguished men as Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, human rights. I therefore appeal to Your palace security network. former speaker of the 1959 parliament and Royal Highness to celebrate your corona­ Ram Ruja Prasad Singh, the democratic tion by granting a general amnesty to all In the face of this pressure, the royal camp is figurehead who attempted to work for change political prisoners. Such an action will said to have divided on how best to guarantee a through the partyless Panchayat system and bring praise to Nepal and to your new re­ peaceful coronation. One palace faction argues was arrested after his election in 1971. gime from all over the world. that the King should declare a state of emergency and crack down on dissent. The The rising tide of political imprisonment took a Sincerely, other insists that certain token gestures to­ sinister turn with reports of as many as 18 ward liberalization be taken to appease opposi­ incidents of prisoners killed while in police cus­ 7W' i t0*^~" tion. The latter faction propose opening meet­ tody. AI reports all efforts to investigate cases ings of the Rastriya Panchayat to the press and of political imprisonment in Nepal have been the public. (It is presently the only known Na­ frustrated by government silence. tional Assembly in the world which meets in camera.) AI observer at yugoslav trial

Dr. Djuro Djurovic, 74, an AI adoptee who is Stojanovic already spent time in prison after been in contact with exiled former members of seriously ill, was sentenced to five years im­ 1945 for their wartime activities. Fears have the anti-communist Cetniks, World War II re­ prisonment, after an October trial in Belgrade. been expressed about the effects of another sistance movement, which rivalled Tito's parti­ His co-defendant Mrs. Zagorka Kojic- term of imprisonment on Dr. Djurovic because sans. Stojanovic, 50, also being adopted by AI, was of his health and age. sentenced to three years. The well-known Yugoslavian dissident writer Professor Fritz Ruter, a Dutch specialist in Mihajlo Mihajlov, a former AI adoptee, was They were charged with establishing contact criminal law, attended the trial on behalf of AI. arrested on October 7 at his home in Novi Sad. with a Paris emigre organization between He has been tried twice in the past, spending 3 1964-69. Dr. Djurovic and Mrs. Kojic- Both defendants denied charges that they had 1/2 years in jail. He was released in 1970.

Matchhox Winter 197*27 dirk borner calendars^ to head AI_ sweatshirts.

Amnesty International's International Execu­ ALFRED HEIDJER, Netherlands: general re­ 1975 Amnesty International calendars are a- tive Committee named Dirk Borner, former search, information retrieval. vailable through Group 32, Palo Alto, CA. The chairman of the German section, as its chair­ attractively designed calendars contain dates man to succeed retiring Sean MacBride. MARffi-JOSE PROT AIS, France: publications important in the history of the international Thomas Hammarberg, former chairman of the and publicity, external affairs (Paris office). human rights movement, and photography and Swedish Section, was elected vice-chairman to quotations on the prisoner of conscience theme. replace Eric Baker. The IEC met in London, MUMTAZ SOYSAL, Turkey: development. The calendars can be ordered either through the Nov. 8-10. National or Western Region offices for $2 ($1.50 KEVIN WHITE, Ireland: treasurer, finance, each for ten or more) + 20 cents for postage and Borner, 41, a Hamburg businessman, joined borderline committee. handling. Checks should be made payable to the IEC in 1972. Hammarberg, 32, foreign Anne Branch. editor of the leading Swedish daily newspaper Members were also assigned secondary respon­ Expressen, has been a member since 1971. sibilities in specific research areas.

Other major assignments, in alphabetical The IEC discussed and approved a large Amnesty International shirts are available order, are: number of AI missions, which rely on funding through the National office in small, medium, outside the approved budget, and future plans or large sizes for $4.50 each. Checks should be ERIC BAKER, Britain: Campaign for the Abol­ and financing for the Campaign for the Aboli­ made payable to AI Shirts, c/o AIUSA, 200 W ition of Torture, conscientious objection. tion of Torture. 72nd St., NYC 10021. MAGGffi BEIRNE, staff representative: tech­ In the field of AI development, the IEC heard a niques, relief. report from Richard Reoch, field secretary in Asia, and discussed plans for an Asian regional ANDREW BLANE, United States: administ­ conference to be held in New Delhi, India, in ration, external affairs (United Nations). March 1975, and for a pan-Pacific conference to be organized jointly with the Japanese Section DIRK BORNER, Germany: chairman, ad­ later in 1975. ministration, relations within the organiza­ tion. A further decision was taken to send a field secretary — Eduardo Marino, a native of Col­ THOMAS HAMMARBERG, Sweden: vice- umbia — to Latin America in December. chairman, external affairs, capital punish­ ment.

"H'MMi..Triors -z, toiOfL uAyour 15 Qy\rB pyuAMiC." 2oAmnesty International, USA Jntyrirvf U>W(>(M^-/LWS

Letter From Folsom Michael Poulin Box Ü-33422 Represa, Calif. 95671 îcJ^ Mil

Dear Ginetta,

Got your appeal the otner day. Broke my heart, but then I'm an old pushover anyway. After checking the people you list on your various boards and councils, I gave cause to have a :j25 check sent to your organization. Please look for it over the next two weeks and inform me of its arrival or non-arrival as the case inay be.

There was a time not too long ago when I would have offered criticism of your individualistic undertakings or "modus operandi." I would liave criticised you for "wasting your time" with individual cases when ob­ viously social change needs be widespread, broad and profound to eliminate even the possibility of trie occurance of "individual cases" such as you handle. I see now that there is no such thin« as "wasted effort" and no reason why we cannot work for the inass as well as the j ~,» i... v,i.... ^ „•; ,...i «•„.. .,1 y j think the point was brought forceful ly^^^ and painfully home to me when I saw a "movement" attorney's confi­ dential response to a prisoner friend's plea for assistance. My friend was arrested about 1959 for armed robbery, sentenced to prison from where he was paroled after about three years, and then went to Wiscon­ sin to serve his parole time. My friend is something of a nut, and the day after President Kennedy's assasination in 1903 he was on the capitol building in Madison, Wisconsin passing-out Nazi literature. For this and only this he was arrested, charges were dropped, and he has sincevto see the outside of prison walls because of his parole violation for "not conducting himself as a good citizen." Weil, I have no sympathy with my friend's political inclination, but when I saw that attorney's recent respond to a third friend's plea on my friend's behalf, the mendacity of the "wasted effort" criticism struck home; for in addition to the vacuous political objection, it was precisely the reason given by the "movement" attorney in reject­ ing my friend's case. So my friend and I walk the yard together while the movement attorney works on "big deals" towards social progress.

Ginetta, I can't say enough in appreciation for your efforts; as well as bringing them to my attention. That tear-jerker of a letter of yours is already in the mail to a friend whom I've had difficulty convincing such inhumanity exists. I must thank you too for awaken­ ing another realization in me: as much brutality as I have seen and experienced in here - by both guards and convicts - I am not yet im­ mune to,it. The letter moved ine deeply, and for that I am grateful. "My God," I thought, "the depths to which we have sunk!"

So please don't hesitate to let ine know how I may help.

For the holidays and always, my best wishes, peace, and

Love,

Mat^hnv Winter 1Q7S 20 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL is an independent organization which is not associated with any government, political party or religi­ ous creed. It works for the release of persons imprisoned, restricted or structure detained because of their political, religious or other conscientiously- held beliefs, or by reason of their ethnic origin, color or language, provided they have neither used nor advocated violence. These persons Amnesty-International grew out of an appeal published in London are called Prisoners of Conscience. on 28 May 1961 calling attention to the plight of Prisoners of Consci­ Amnesty International opposes the death penalty and the torture or ence throughout the world. There are now over 1,480 Amnesty Groups otherwise cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of all prisoners. linked in NATIONAL SECTIONS. Sections exist, or are in the process of Amnesty International seeks to secure throughout the world the being formed, in Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, observance of the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Denmark, Faroe Islands, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, Fr­ Rights and the United Nations' Standard Minimum Rules for the ance, Gambia, Bhana, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Leba­ Treatment of Prisoners. non, Luxembourg, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Amnesty International maintains an overall working balance in Norway, Peru, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, the Union of Soviet relation to countries of different world political ideologies and group­ Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States. ings. There are individual members in a further 30 countries. The National Sections, with an upper limit of five votes each, have proportional representation at the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL which meets annually to make policy decisions for the movement as a whole. The International Council elects an INTERNATIONAL EXECU­ TIVE COMMITTEE consisting of six members and the Treasurer who meet at least twice a year to supervise the conduct of the organization. • II The INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT as a whole carries out research on prisoners, arranges missions, provides information for groups and the news media, publishes reports and documents under the imprint of Amnesty International endeavors to aid and secure the release of AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS, organizes publicity, Prisoners of Conscience through investigation, adoption, financial and co-ordinates relief activities, and performs the day-to-day administra­ legal assistance to them and their families, working to improve their tion of Amnesty's work. The main organs of the Secretariat are the condition while imprisoned or detained, and publicizing their plight RESEARCH DEPARTMENT and the INFORMA HON UFF1CK. wherever desirable. ' An EXECUTIVE SECRETARY is responsible for liaison between Where appropriate, Amnesty International sends representatives the International Secretariat and National Sections and Groups. to investigate allegations that the rights of Prisoners of Conscience have been violated. Amnesty International is unique among human rights organiza­ Amnesty International publishes carefully researched reports on tions because its global impartiality is translated into a rigorously countries whose treatment of prisoners has become a matter of grave balanced system of casework. This balance is reflected in Amnesty's concern. annual reports and publications which demonstrate neither favor for Amnesty International makes representations to governments and nor prejudice against any single country, system, religion or geog­ international organizations about Prisoners of Conscience and encour­ raphical region. Three unwavering rules safeguard Amnesty's nonpar- ages general amnesties to include such prisoners. At the same time it tisanship: promotes the adoption of constitutions, conventions, treaties and other measures which guarantee the provisions of the Universal Declaration O Groups and individual members work simultaneously for three of Human Rights to all prisoners. prisoners from contrasting ideological backgrounds or holding different political or religious beliefs. Thus, one may be from a Amnesty International has consultative status with the United Communist country, another from a Western industrialized soci­ Nations, UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Organization of Ameri­ ety and the third from a non-aligned Third World nation. can States, the Interamerican Commission on Human Rights, and, in O A group does not work for prisoners arrested in its own country. regard to refugees, the Organization of African Unity. This status gives No one is adopted who is proved to have advocated or used Amnesty International the right of petition, the right to have its obser­ violence or engaged in espionage. This enforces the distinction vers attend debates, and a direct channel for making its views known to between Prisoners of Conscience and other prisoners and ensures these organizations. that Amnesty International cannot justifiably be accused of sup­ porting violent subversion or terrorism. O Furthermore, no prisoner is adopted if this would in any way jeopardize his position.

The adoption of prisoners by Amnesty groups fosters special rela­ III tionships between groups and prisoners. Each Amnesty member soon sy 1 feels a sense of personal engagement and responsibility. Adoption aims to bring moral and, at times, material support to the prisoner and his or her family through continuing contact, providing relief where needed The universal recognized symbol of Amnesty International is and persistent pressure for justice, better treatment, or healthier condi­ candle surrounded by barbed wire. tions.

30 Amnesty International. USA 1

join amnesty international

r i • I wish to become involved with com- D I wish to become a member of Am­ PL£A5£ FRINJT' mittees organized along professional nesty International; enclosed is $15 fs/AM&: lines to assist my colleagues who individual, $20 family dues (includes have been imprisoned or persecuted. subscription to MATCHBOX and My occupation is AMNESTY ACTION). 5TK£efT • I would like copies ($.50 each, D I wish to form an Amnesty group of $.25 to groups) of the current three to twenty members. Please MATCHBOX to distribute. contact me to help me get started. £fTY: • I would like to become a Sustaining I wish to join an Amnesty group. Subscriber to MATCHBOX and en­ Please send me the address of the STT\T&-- close $ for that purpose. nearest available group. • I enclosed $ as a donation to • I can send telegrams per year ($4 further the work of Amnesty Inter­ per night telegram) to assist prison­ pftooe national. ers in extreme danger. L CU? fitJp 6&ÜP TO -, Amnesty International USA Oft. Amnesty International (All contributions are tax deductible) National Office Western Regional Office 200 W. 72nd Street 3618 Sacramento Street New York, NY 10023 San Francisco, CA 94118 (212) 724-9907 (415) 563-3733 I Matenhnv Winter HWfifll A nvuiCHBDxn

There are moments when things go well and one feels encouraged. There are difficult moments and one feels overwhelmed. But it's senseless to speak of optimism or pessimism. The only important thing is to know that if one works well in a potato field, the potatoes will grow. If one works well among men, they will grow, that's reality. The rest is smoke. It's important to know that words don't move mountains. Work, exacting work, moves mountains.

-Danilo Dolci, International Associate

•

An International Journal on Human Rights

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