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Manoscrittopellicciaokdi Rosa CRI 14-4-16 Def Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali Terra ancestrale La diaspora ellenica contemporanea in Italia tra prima e seconda generazione Andrea Pelliccia e Rigas Raftopoulos IRPPSMonografie IRPPS Monografie Terra ancestrale La diaspora ellenica contemporanea in Italia tra prima e seconda generazione Andrea Pelliccia e Rigas Raftopoulos CNR - Istituto di ricerche sulla popolazione e le politiche sociali 2016 Terra ancestrale. La diaspora ellenica contemporanea in Italia tra prima e seconda generazione. Andrea Pelliccia, Rigas Raftopoulos Roma: Istituto di ricerche sulla popolazione e le politiche sociali 2016, p. 269 (IRPPS Monografie) CNR-IRPPS e-Publishing: http://www.irpps.cnr.it/e-pub/ojs/ ISBN 9788898822096 (online) ISBN 9788898822058 (print) DOI 10.14600/978-88-98822-09-6 Editing e composizione: Laura Sperandio e Cristiana Crescimbene In copertina: ritratto della famiglia Pelliccia-Ganotaki (Lindos, Rodi, 1948) Col patrocinio morale dell’Ambasciata di Grecia a Roma e della Federazione delle Comunità e Confraternite Elleniche in Italia Citare come segue: Terra ancestrale. La diaspora ellenica contemporanea in Italia tra prima e seconda ge- nerazione/ Andrea Pelliccia, Rigas Raftopoulos (2016). Roma: CNR-IRPPS e-Publishing, DOI 10.14600/978-88-98822-09-6 Comitato editoriale CNR-IRPPS e-Publishing Marco Accorinti, Sveva Avveduto, Corrado Bonifazi, Rosa Di Cesare, Fabrizio Pecoraro, Tiziana Tesauro © 2016 CNR-IRPPS e-Publishing CNR, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione e le politiche sociali Roma, Via Palestro n. 32 http://www.irpps.cnr.it/e-pub/ojs/ Nasciamo, per così dire, provvisoriamente, da qualche parte, soltanto a poco a poco andiamo componendo in noi il luogo della nostra origine, per nascervi dopo, e ogni giorno più definitivamente (Rainer Maria Rilke) Indice Prefazione, p.9 Parte I. La storia della diaspora ellenica in Italia nel secondo Novecento Rigas Raftopoulos 1.1 Introduzione, p.11 1.2 La storiografia della diaspora ellenica. Sviluppi e tendenze recenti, p.13 1.3 Cenni storici sulla diaspora ellenica in Italia e nel mondo (XV-XX secolo), p.17 1.4 La diaspora ellenica nel mondo. Demografia e istituzioni nel XX secolo, p.45 1.5 Il primo flusso diasporico verso l’Italia. Seconda guerra mondiale e occupazione della Grecia, p.53 1.6 Il secondo flusso diasporico verso l’Italia. Studenti ed esuli politici durante la dittatura dei colonnelli, p.67 1.7 La diaspora ellenica alle soglie del Duemila, p.84 Parte II. Indagine qualitativa sulla seconda generazione ellenica Andrea Pelliccia 2.1 Diaspora e seconda generazione, p.93 2.2 Target, obiettivi e metodologia, p.101 2.3 Descrizione del campione: caratteristiche socio-demografiche, p.109 2.4 Prima generazione e storia familiare, p.115 2.5 Grecità e identità ibride, p.138 2.6 Tra le due sponde: attività e pratiche transnazionali, p.165 2.7 Viaggi in Grecia e roots tourism, p.184 2.8 Mito del ritorno e contro-diaspora, p.209 Riferimenti bibliografici, p.244 Prefazione 9 Prefazione Questo libro nasce dalla necessità di fornire un contributo agli studi sulla diaspora ellenica contemporanea in Italia, dal momento che tale tematica non è stata ancora adeguatamente trattata dalle discipline storiche e sociali. Tuttavia, il tentativo di colmare un vuoto lasciato dalla ancora scarsa e fram- mentata letteratura non rappresenta l’unico motivo. Il bisogno di dare delle rispo- ste a domande che ci siamo posti nel corso della nostra vita, e che continuiamo a porci, ci ha spinti a realizzare questa ricerca e questo libro. Domande che hanno a che fare con il processo di costruzione identitaria, con il senso di grecità, con la percezione culturale in termini ibridi. Scrivere questo libro ci ha dato l’opportunità di rinforzare il nostro legame con la Grecia e ha rappresentato per noi un modo di richiamare e riscoprire le nostre radici culturali. Il desiderio di confrontare le nostre biografie con quelle di altri membri di seconda generazione, incontrati nel corso di tutta la ricerca sul campo, ha svolto un ruolo chiave per l’acquisizione di una maggiore consapevolezza della nostra grecità e del nostro ibridismo culturale. E ci ha fatto capire che tale grecità va continuamente rico- struita, riprodotta e ribadita perché non è un elemento ontologicamente immutabi- le ma è il frutto di negoziazioni, interpretazioni simboliche e pratiche transnazio- nali. Le nostre origini greche e la nostra frequenza a partecipare ad eventi che ruota- no intorno alla realtà ellenica in Italia ci hanno offerto sicuramente il vantaggio di porci spesso in una posizione emica. Così come l’esperienza di socializzazione anticipatoria e di familiarizzazione, acquisita grazie ai racconti dei nostri genitori e familiari, nonché l’appartenenza a circuiti amicali greci, ci hanno indubbiamente posto in una posizione privilegiata al fine di accedere più facilmente alle informa- zioni e ai temi trattati nell’indagine. Questo libro è, infatti, il prodotto di una ri- cerca realizzata grazie anche al contributo di alcune significative persone che han- no permesso sia una migliore comprensione del fenomeno della diaspora ellenica in Italia che la messa in contatto con i membri di seconda generazione. Un ringra- 10 Andrea Pelliccia e Rigas Raftopoulos ziamento speciale va all’Ambasciata di Grecia a Roma e alla Federazione delle Comunità e Confraternite Elleniche in Italia che hanno concesso il patrocinio mo- rale alla ricerca. In particolare, all’Ambasciatore Themistoklis Demiris, Giorgos Mamalos (Capo Ufficio Stampa-Ambasciata di Grecia fino al 2015) e Jannis Ko- rinthios (Presidente della Federazione delle Comunità e Confraternite Elleniche in Italia fino al 2015). Un ringraziamento particolare va a Nikos Tzoitis del Consola- to Greco di Roma e a tutte le Comunità Elleniche e associazioni/fondazioni italo- greche che hanno collaborato per una buona riuscita della ricerca. Ringraziamo le colleghe dell’Irpps-Cnr Rosa Di Cesare, Cristiana Crescimbene e Laura Sperandio per aver contributo all’editing e alla sistemazione redazionale del testo, in partico- lare Cristiana Crescimbene per il sostegno tecnico nella conduzione dell’indagine CAWI e nell’elaborazione dei dati della ricerca sul campo. La nostra gratitudine va a Nicolas Vogiatzakis, Stelios Bitzarakis e Nicola Pelliccia per il reperimento di alcune foto presenti all’interno del volume. Rivolgiamo anche un ringraziamen- to ai revisori scientifici esterni per aver fornito preziosi commenti e suggerimenti. Esprimiamo gratitudine al prof. Procopis Papastratis e sua moglie Aspasia per mille motivi che loro sanno, Sofia Zarambouka e Maria Dolcetti, Kiki Christodou- lou, Vivi Batsou e Dennis Christie, Christos Vassilakos, Christos Konstas. Un pensiero speciale è per Diana e Federica che ci hanno sempre sostenuto con tutta la pazienza possibile nelle nostre lunghe e ostinate ricerche. Infine, vogliamo ringraziare tutte le persone appartenenti alla seconda genera- zione ellenica che hanno preso parte all’indagine sul campo. Sono loro i veri pro- tagonisti di questo libro. Andrea Pelliccia Rigas Raftopoulos Parte I. La storia della diaspora ellenica in Italia nel secondo Novecento 11 Parte I La storia della diaspora ellenica in Italia nel secondo Novecento Rigas Raftopoulos 1.1 Introduzione Questa prima parte della ricerca si occupa di ricostruire le vicende legate alla dia- spora ellenica in Italia durante la seconda metà del secolo scorso attraverso le me- todologie tipiche della storia come disciplina accademica. In avvio presenteremo lo stato dell’arte della storiografia greca e internazionale sugli studi della diaspora ellenica ripercorrendone le sue evoluzioni negli ultimi decenni. Passeremo quindi a tracciare un quadro di sintesi delle vicende legate alla diaspora ellenica in Italia gettando anche uno sguardo sul Mediterraneo e sugli altri continenti. Il periodo di riferimento per questa ricostruzione parte dalla caduta di Costantinopoli e la fine dell’impero bizantino (1456) e si conclude circa cinque secoli più tardi con la fine della seconda guerra mondiale (1945). Lo scopo è quello di fornire un quadro ge- nerale riassuntivo della storia della diaspora ellenica in età moderna e parallela- mente di agevolare nella comprensione della sostanziale differenza che intercorre tra l’età moderna e la seconda metà del XX secolo. Si entra poi nel vivo del feno- meno della migrazione greca in Italia partendo dalla constatazione del fatto che gli sviluppi bellici, determinati dalle scelte dell’Italia fascista, contribuiscono a creare le premesse, le condizioni e il contesto per la riattivazione successiva dei flussi di greci verso l’Italia. I ventinove mesi di occupazione e amministrazione militare di ampie aree del territorio dello Stato ellenico, continentale e insulare, si vanno ad aggiungere al ben più lungo periodo del protettorato che l’Italia esercita sulle isole dell’arcipelago del Dodecaneso, esito delle guerre balcaniche e del disegno della politica estera italiana di egemonia sul Mediterraneo. Questo primo e più impor- tante flusso dalla Grecia si arresta sostanzialmente nella seconda metà degli anni Quaranta e bisogna attendere il 1950 con la fine della guerra civile in Grecia e 12 Rigas Raftopoulos l’avvio di una lenta e difficile fase di parlamentarismo democratico per osservare un nuovo flusso di greci verso l’Italia. Questa volta sono giovani studenti coloro che raggiungono le città universitarie italiane per compiere i loro studi. Un movi- mento migratorio che prosegue fino alla metà degli anni Settanta per poi segnare un lento ma costante
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