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Freedom of Assembly and Association
JANUARY 2012 COUNTRY SUMMARY Iran In 2011 Iranian authorities refused to allow government critics to engage in peaceful demonstrations. In February, March, April, and September security forces broke up large- scale protests in several major cities. In mid-April security forces reportedly shot and killed dozens of protesters in Iran’s Arab-majority Khuzestan province. There was a sharp increase in the use of the death penalty. The government continued targeting civil society activists, especially lawyers, rights activists, students, and journalists. In July 2011 the government announced it would not cooperate with, or allow access to, the United Nations special rapporteur on Iran, appointed in March 2011 in response to the worsening rights situation. Freedom of Assembly and Association In February and March thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Tehran, the capital, and several other major cities to support pro-democracy protests in neighboring Arab countries and protest the detention of Iranian opposition leaders. The authorities’ violent response led to at least three deaths and hundreds of arrests. In response to calls by former presidential candidates and opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi for mass protests in February, security forces arbitrarily arrested dozens of political opposition members in Tehran and several other cities beginning on February 8. Several days later they placed both Mousavi and Karroubi under house arrest, where they remained at this writing. In April Iran’s parliament passed several articles of a draft bill which severely limits the independence of civil society organizations, and creates a Supreme Committee Supervising NGO Activities chaired by ministry officials and members of the security forces. -
The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2017 The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995 Amanda C. Demmer University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Demmer, Amanda C., "The Last Chapter of the Vietnam War: Normalization, Nongovernmental Actors and the Politics of Human Rights, 1975-1995" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 153. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/153 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LAST CHAPTER OF THE VIETNAM WAR: NORMALIZATION, NONGOVERNMENTAL ACTORS AND THE POLITICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1975-1995 BY AMANDA C. DEMMER B.A., State University of New York at Fredonia, 2010 M.A., University of New Hampshire, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May, 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2017 Amanda C. Demmer ii This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, Kurkpatrick Dorsey, Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Lucy E. Salyer, Associate Professor of History Jessica M. Lepler, Associate Professor of History Lien-Hang T. -
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year. -
Iran 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
IRAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution defines the country as an Islamic republic and specifies Twelver Ja’afari Shia Islam as the official state religion. It states all laws and regulations must be based on “Islamic criteria” and an official interpretation of sharia. The constitution states citizens shall enjoy human, political, economic, and other rights, “in conformity with Islamic criteria.” The penal code specifies the death sentence for proselytizing and attempts by non-Muslims to convert Muslims, as well as for moharebeh (“enmity against God”) and sabb al-nabi (“insulting the Prophet”). According to the penal code, the application of the death penalty varies depending on the religion of both the perpetrator and the victim. The law prohibits Muslim citizens from changing or renouncing their religious beliefs. The constitution also stipulates five non-Ja’afari Islamic schools shall be “accorded full respect” and official status in matters of religious education and certain personal affairs. The constitution states Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians, excluding converts from Islam, are the only recognized religious minorities permitted to worship and form religious societies “within the limits of the law.” The government continued to execute individuals on charges of “enmity against God,” including two Sunni Ahwazi Arab minority prisoners at Fajr Prison on August 4. Human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continued to report the disproportionately large number of executions of Sunni prisoners, particularly Kurds, Baluchis, and Arabs. Human rights groups raised concerns regarding the use of torture, beatings in custody, forced confessions, poor prison conditions, and denials of access to legal counsel. -
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from the 33rd Annual Camden Conference The Media Revolution: Changing the World Nicco Mele , Nic Newman , Joshua Tucker , Jeff Jarvis , Courtney Radsch , Maria Ressa , Lydia Cacho Ribeiro , Jason Rezaian, Yeganeh Rezaian, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, David Brancaccio 2020 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Matthew Storin, President Karin Look, Vice President Don Abbott, Treasurer Wayne Hobson, Secretary John Doughty Peter Fitzgerald James Hengerer Peter Imber Elaine Keyes Eric Lebson Emily Lusher Merlin Miller Jane Nyce Sandra Ruch Charlotte Singleton Ward Wickwire About the Camden Conference ow in its 33rd year, this midwinter event in Midcoast Maine is routinely cited ADVISORY COUNCIL as an outstanding example of civic engagement, as it brings in experts from Richard Anderson Naround the world to discuss and debate issues of international import. This David Babski past February, speaker Kathleen Hall Jamieson of the University of Pennsylvania Ann Beaudry hailed the Camden Conference as “democratic engagement in action.” John Bird The three-day event plays out before a capacity audience in the beautiful Camden Bruce Cole Opera House and is live-streamed to locations in Portland, Belfast, and Rockland, as John Davidson well as Hanover, N.H. Each of the Maine locations includes a contingent of students Thomas M. Deford from high schools and colleges throughout the state, who study the topic as part of Leslie Fillnow their curriculum in the months prior. Additional social and substantive activities are Will Galloway planned for those students in the various locations over the course of the weekend. Charlie Graham The Camden Conference is primarily a volunteer organization with just two paid Kathleen Hirsch staff members. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
European Parliament 2019-2024 Plenary sitting B9-0439/2020 15.12.2020 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION with request for inclusion in the agenda for a debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law pursuant to Rule 144 of the Rules of Procedure on Iran, in particular the case of 2012 Sakharov Prize laureate Nasrin Sotoudeh (2020/2914(RSP)) Cornelia Ernst, Malin Björk, Nikolaj Villumsen on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group RE\P9_B(2020)0439_EN.docx PE661.573v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B9-0439/2020 European Parliament resolution on Iran, in particular the case of 2012 Sakharov Prize laureate Nasrin Sotoudeh (2020/2914(RSP)) The European Parliament, - having regard to its previous resolutions on Iran, in particular European Parliament resolution of 25 October 2016 on the EU strategy towards Iran after the nuclear agreement (2015/2274(INI)); – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, - having regard to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), to which Iran is a party, - having regard to the UN’s Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment of 1988, - having regard to the UN’s Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the ‘Nelson Mandela Rules’) of 2015, - having regard to the Iranian President’s Charter on Citizens’ Rights - having regard UN Security Council Resolution 2231 - having regard to Rule 135 of its Rules of Procedure, -
Administration of Barack Obama, 2011 Nominations Submitted to The
Administration of Barack Obama, 2011 Nominations Submitted to the Senate December 16, 2011 The following list does not include promotions of members of the Uniformed Services, nominations to the Service Academies, or nominations of Foreign Service Officers. Submitted January 5 Arenda L. Wright Allen, of Virginia, to be U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, vice Jerome B. Friedman, retired. Anthony J. Battaglia, of California, to be U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of California, vice M. James Lorenz, retired. Cathy Bissoon, of Pennsylvania, to be U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Pennsylvania, vice Thomas M. Hardiman, elevated. James Emanuel Boasberg, of the District of Columbia, to be U.S. District Judge for the District of Columbia, vice Thomas F. Hogan, retired. Vincent L. Briccetti, of New York, to be U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York, vice Kimba M. Wood, retired. Louis B. Butler, Jr., of Wisconsin, to be U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Wisconsin, vice John C. Shabaz, retired. Susan L. Carney, of Connecticut, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, vice Barrington D. Parker, retired. Claire C. Cecchi, of New Jersey, to be U.S. District Judge for the District of New Jersey, vice Joseph A. Greenaway, elevated. Edward Milton Chen, of California, to be U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of California, vice Martin J. Jenkins, resigned. Max Oliver Cogburn, Jr., of North Carolina, to be U.S. District Judge for the Western District of North Carolina, vice Lacy H. -
Council Decision (Cfsp) 2015
8.4.2015 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 92/91 DECISIONS COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2015/555 of 7 April 2015 amending Decision 2011/235/CFSP concerning restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities in view of the situation in Iran THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 29 thereof, Whereas: (1) On 12 April 2011, the Council adopted Decision 2011/235/CFSP (1). (2) On the basis of a review of Decision 2011/235/CFSP, the restrictive measures therein should be renewed until 13 April 2016. (3) The Council has also concluded that the entries concerning certain persons and one entity included in the Annex to Decision 2011/235/CFSP should be updated. (4) Furthermore, there are no longer grounds for keeping two persons on the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in the Annex to Decision 2011/235/CFSP. (5) In addition, one entry concerning a person already included in the Annex to Decision 2011/235/CFSP should be deleted. (6) Decision 2011/235/CFSP should be amended accordingly, HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: Article 1 Article 6(2) of Decision 2011/235/CFSP is replaced by the following: ‘2. This Decision shall apply until 13 April 2016. It shall be kept under constant review. It shall be renewed, or amended as appropriate, if the Council deems that its objectives have not been met.’. Article 2 The Annex to Decision 2011/235/CFSP is amended as set out in the Annex to this Decision. -
Committee on Foreign Affairs
1 Union Calendar No. 559 113TH CONGRESS " ! REPORT 2nd Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 113–728 LEGISLATIVE REVIEW AND OVERSIGHT ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS A REPORT FILED PURSUANT TO RULE XI OF THE RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SECTION 136 OF THE LEGISLATIVE REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1946 (2 U.S.C. 190d), AS AMENDED BY SECTION 118 OF THE LEGISLATIVE REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1970 (PUBLIC LAW 91–510), AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW 92–136 JANUARY 2, 2015.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 49–006 WASHINGTON : 2015 VerDate Sep 11 2014 17:06 Jan 08, 2015 Jkt 049006 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HR728.XXX HR728 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with HEARINGS E:\Seals\Congress.#13 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP 113TH CONGRESS EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, Chairman (25–21) CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American DANA ROHRABACHER, California Samoa STEVE CHABOT, Ohio BRAD SHERMAN, California JOE WILSON, South Carolina GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey TED POE, Texas GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia MATT SALMON, Arizona THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania BRIAN HIGGINS, New York JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina KAREN BASS, California ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts MO BROOKS, Alabama DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island TOM COTTON, Arkansas ALAN GRAYSON, Florida PAUL COOK, California JUAN VARGAS, California GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina BRADLEY S. -
At God's Table
At God’s Table Food Justice for a Healthy World April 5-8, 2013 Welcome to EAD 2013! — the 11th annual national gathering of men and women of faith who want to be a force for change for the betterment of all. This high impact weekend, sponsored by the ecumenical Christian community, is grounded in biblical witness and shared traditions of justice, peace and integrity of creation. Our goal is to strengthen the Christian voice and mobilize for advocacy on specific U.S. domestic and international policy issues. This weekend, we will explore At God’s Table: Food Justice for a Healthy World. You will join nearly a thousand Christians advocating for a world in which every person, in present and future generations, has a place “At God’s Table.” EAD 2013 follows in the wake of national elections, a new Congress, a lingering Farm Bill debate, and devastating droughts and floods, all with lasting consequences for our society and world. Monday’s Lobby Day will be a critical time to raise our faith voices in support of ending hunger, improving nutrition, creating more just and sustainable food systems and protecting God’s creation – while advocating for a “Faithful Federal Budget.” In a world that produces enough food for everyone, EAD 2013 will explore the injustices in global food systems that leave one billion people hungry, create food price shocks that destabilize communities everywhere, and undermine God’s creation. At God’s Table, all are invited and fed, and the poorest in our midst are given a special place. Together we will seek the abundance and equality that we find reflected in the biblical image of God’s great banquet table (Exodus 16:16-18 & Luke 14:12-24). -
Seizures of Western Diplomatic Facilities Historical Timelines, 1979–2019
Research Report C O R P O R A T I O N JACQUELINE GARDNER BURNS, CHRISTOPHER A. MOUTON, ADAM R. GRISSOM, JOHN P. GODGES Seizures of Western Diplomatic Facilities Historical Timelines, 1979–2019 hen local or international crises occur around the world, American and allied dip- lomatic facilities are frequent targets of contention and violence. As the most visible Wsymbols of Western governments and their policies, such diplomatic facilities are also common targets of international terrorist organizations. To develop effective response capabilities, it is necessary to know the timelines under which response forces will need to operate. Specifically, a response will be effective only if it occurs before the attack culminates. We conducted a review of attacks on Western diplomatic facilities as part of a larger project that analyzed possible responses to attacks on U.S. diplomatic facilities. To assess the parameters of an effective response, we reviewed all historical attacks on Western diplomatic facil- ities over the past four decades and identified any relevant trends in the timelines of those attacks. We found that the trends confirm the need for a three-tiered planning approach consisting of Early Security Augmentation, Anticipatory Security Augmentation, and In KEY FINDINGS Extremis Response. Q There have been 33 successful seizures of Western diplomatic facilities since 1979, outside of areas of active armed conflict involving U.S. or allied contingency forces. Methodology Q The majority of attacks culminated in two hours or less, and over We compiled data on all embassy 90 percent culminated in six hours or less. seizures that were either fully or par- Q In the past decade, however, the median attack duration was four tially successful from 1979 to 2019. -
PHS News August 2015
PHS News August 2015 University of Saint Joseph, Connecticut. PHS News Perhaps surprisingly given the prominence August 2015 of religion and faith to inspire peacemakers, this is the first PHS conference with its main theme on the nexus of religion and peace. The conference theme has generated a lot of interest from historians and scholars in other disciplines, including political science and religious studies. We are expecting scholars and peacemakers from around the globe in attendance: from Australia, Russia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Germany and Costa Rica. Panel topics include the American Catholic peace movement with commentary by Jon Cornell, religion and the struggle against Boko Newsletter of the Haram, and religion and the pursuit of peace Peace History Society in global contexts and many others. www.peacehistorysociety.org Our keynote speaker, Dr. Leilah Danielson, President’s Letter Associate Professor of History at Northern Arizona University, will speak directly to the larger conference themes and will reflect By Kevin J. Callahan PHS’s interdisciplinary approach. Dr. Danielson’s book, American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the 20th Century (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), examines the evolving political and religious thought of A.J. Muste, a leader of the U.S. left. For the full conference program, see pages 9-14! Make plans now to attend the conference in Connecticut in October! Greetings Peace History Society Members! We will continue our tradition of announcing the winners of the Scott Bills On behalf of the entire PHS board and Memorial Prize (for a recent book on peace executive officers, it is our honor to serve history), the Charles DeBenedetti Prize (for PHS in 2015 and 2016.