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ISSN 2277-1425 e-ISSN 2277-1433 Contents 1. Pathomorphological changes in kidney of Tor putitora 3-13 after Dichlorvos treatment Sushma Sharma, Inder Singh Rana 2. Leaf characters in few species of Indian Rhododendron 14-25 Jyoti Gupta 3. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial potential of 26-36 mixed ligand oxidovanadium(IV) complexes containing quinoline-8-olato and hydroxamate ligands Jitender Thakur, Neeraj Sharma 4. Oxidovanadium (IV) complexes of 4-Aminobenzohydroxamic 37-49 acid: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity Jitender Thakur, Abhishek Kumar and Neeraj Sharma 5. Analysis of Indo-BIMSTEC Trade Relations: 50-69 Opportunities and Challenges Raj Kumar Singh, Ajay Kumar 6. Relationship Between Market Return and Scheme Return of 70-86 Select Equity Mutual Fund Schemes in India Puneet Bhushan, Yashwant Gupta 7. Study of Awareness and Preparedness of Disaster Management 87-94 among Tribal and Non -Tribal Students Surender Kumar Sharma 8. An Analysis of 'Tamil Nadu Factor' in Indo-Sri Lankan Relations 95-109 Joginder Singh Saklani, Rattan Lal 9. A Comparative Analysis of Haematological Profile of 110-116 Female Sprinters, Long Distance Runners and Throwers Sanjay Sharma 10. Naoroji's Quest for Self-Rule, 1896-1906 117-128 Abha Chauhan Khimta 11. Importance of Party System in Democracy 129-133 Vikas Singh 12. Non-Aligned Movement and the Environmental Issues 134-141 Yog Raj 13. Role of Queens in Protection of Natural Resources in 142-145 Western Himalayan Region Reeta Devi, Anjali Verma 14. Minority Rights in Europe in View of Hijab Controversy 146-152 Bhawna Sharma 15. Feminism in India : Evolution over Time 153-159 Snigdha Bhatt 16. Interjection of the Protection of Girl Child and Human Rights 160-170 Ruchi Sapahia 17. Similarities and Differences between Chetan Bhagat’s 171-175 Five Point Someone: What not to do at IIT! and Rajkumar Hirani’s 3 Idiots Vandana Thakur 18. Tagore's Ratan and the Third Force Perspective 176-182 Anshu Kaushal 19. ½Xosn esa of.kZr /kfeZd n'kZu] lekt ,oa laLÑfr 183-191 nhi yrk 20. fueZyk iqrqy dh dforkvksa esa ckt+kjokn 192-195 ujs'k dqekj 21. vCnqy fcfLeYykg ds lkfgR; esa O;Dr laosnuk 196-200 lquhrk nsoh Himachal Pradesh University Journal Vol.7 No.1 July, 2019 3 Pathomorphological changes in kidney of Tor putitora after Dichlorvos treatment - Sushma Sharma and Inder Singh Rana ABSTRACT Organophosphates are extensively used due to their less persistence and low biomagnifications. Dichlorvos one of them is used in crop fields to control ectoparasite infection in tropical aquaculture and to kill various mosquito larvae. Dichlorvos harm fish directly or indirectly. Direct effects include behavioural changes, enzymatic changes, anatomical changes, hematological changes, changes in antioxidant defense system and histological changes. Present study was aimed to detect biochemical and histomorphological changes induced by dichlorvos on kidney of Tor putitora. Fish was kept in fish farm at different concentrations of dichlorvos (1ppm, 1.4ppm, 1.7ppm and 2ppm). Major histopathological changes were reported in kidney of Tor putitora which include pathological changes in renal tubules, tubular necrosis, nephritis, hemorrhage in the Bowman's space due to glomerular damage and shrunken glomerulus. Keywords: Dichlorvos, Kidney, Histological effects, Biochemical changes. Introduction Nowadays pesticidal use has transformed into a necessarily evil in the developed and chiefly in the developing countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka etc. (Das, 2013). In the present era pesticides are consumed habitually in integrated farming practices to safeguard the crops, animals and other aquatic and land Sushma Sharma and Inder Singh Rana, Department of Biosciences, H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla-05, India Email id: [email protected] 4 Pathomorphological changes in kidney of Tor putitora after Dichlorovos treatment survivors from the harmful insect pests and weeds (Ayoola, 2011). Due to disastrous effects of pesticides, they cause changes in the water quality of aquatic systems which in turn causes physio-chemical alterations in the fish and other aquatic life (Olufayo, 2009). Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was firstly innovated in 1961 having molecular formula C4H7Cl2O4P and molecular weight 220.98 (Mennear,1998). Dichlorvos is unremarkably used in crop fields as an agricultural insecticide but is also used as anti-helminthic (worming agent) for dogs, swine, horses and also for fly larvae as a botacide (USEPA, 1994). Dichlorvos is used for food and non food crop pests because it acts as a contact and stomach poison but due to this property it adversely effects fish and other aquatic animals like zooplanktons (Toledo and Johnson, 1992). Dichlorvos in many fishes leads to various metabolic as well as histological disorders. It effects gastrointestinal tract, liver, excretory system, respiratory system, reproductive system, nervous system and developmental processes. Dichlorvos toxicity in reproductive system leads to testicular and ovarian damage (Dutta and Meijer, 2003). Dichlorvos toxicity is responsible for irregular feeding habits, metabolic processes disruption and slow movements due to stress caused by insecticides (Tripathi et al., 2003). Dichlorvos acts by inhibiting acetylcholinestrase enzyme (AChE) and butyrylcholinestrase enzyme (BChE) and neurotransmitter GABA receptors in nervous system. It interferes with ion channels by interrupting calcium ion concentration intracellularly and thus altering neuronal normal functioning (Banaee and Ahmadi, 2011). It leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage by interrupting or dysfunctioning antioxidant enzymes which serves as first line of cellular defense to reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) (Uneret et al., 2006). It causes behavioural changes in fishes and leads to aberrant and variable movements and disturbed swimming (Nagaraju et al., 2011). Dichlorvos leads to high pathogen and parasite susceptibleness such as fungal, bacterial and microorganism diseases due to stress induced by insecticide in fishes (Satyavardhan, 2013). Swimming behavior of fish also alters, loss of equilibrium and rapid movements due to hyper excitibility (Marigoudar et al., 2009). Dichlorovos toxicity leads to various anatomical, histological and enzymatic changes in kidneys. Materials and Methods The present study was carried on the kidney of Tor putitora (Himalayan Mahseer) brought from Seed and breeding fish farm Deoli, District Bilaspur, Himachal Himachal Pradesh University Journal Vol.7 No.1 July, 2019 5 Pradesh. All the fishes were kept in the water tank under the natural conditions. The experimental procedures were conducted after the approval of Fishries Department of Himachal Pradesh. Experimental Procedure Normal healthy fishes were divided into 5 groups . Fishes of first group served as control. Fishes of second group received dichorvos concentration of 1ppm. Fishes of group third administered dichlorvos concentration of 1.4ppm. Fishes of group fourth got dichlorvos concentration of 1.7ppm. Fishes of group fifth received dichlorvos concentration of 2ppm. Histological study Kidney of Tor putitora was excised immediately after sacrificing the fishes. Tissues were fixed in Bouin's fixative for 24 hours. After that tissues were washed in running tap water until the entire yellow colour disappeared. Tissues were dehydrated serially in different grades of alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 100%) and cleared in xylene. Tissues were then embedded in paraffin wax (58-60˚C). Sections of about 5-6µm thickness were cut on the rotary microtome and subjected to hematoxylin - eosin staining. Biochemical study Determination of antioxidant system Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined by the method of Mishra and Fridovich (1972). SOD activity was calculated in units/mg proteins/min. Catalase assay was done as per method of Aebi, (1984). Enzyme specific activity was finally measured and calculated in units/mg protein/min. Level of malondialdehyde index of lipid peroxidation was estimated according to the method of Dhindsa et al., (1981) using thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The MDA contents were calculated in µ moles/mg of fresh tissue weight. Protein estimation Protein content was estimated as per the method of Lowry et al., (1951) using Folin-ciocalteu's reagent and optical density was recorded. Statistical analysis Data was presented as statistical mean ± SEM. Comparison amongst group was performed using one way Anova test. Statistical significance was set at P**<0.01. 6 Pathomorphological changes in kidney of Tor putitora after Dichlorovos treatment Results Biochemical Studies Protein estimation The level of protein in normal kidney of Tor putitora was 94.22 ± 0.75mg/g of tissue. At 1ppm concentration of dichlorvos the protein content was 91.26 ± 0.68. Protein content in Tor putitora was 87.33±0.28mg/g of tissue after 1.4ppm of dichlorvos administration. Protein level was 84.20±0.56 and 80.16±0.76mg/g of tissue at concentration of 1.7ppm and 2ppm of dichlorvos. The protein level resulted in decrease of 3.14%, 7.31%, 10.63%, and 14.92% as compared to control with varying concentration of (1-2ppm) of dichlorovos (Table I). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in normal Tor putitora was 7.23±0.03 units/mg protein/min, 8.32±0.03units/mg protein/min at 1ppm concentration, 9.56±0.04 units/mg
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