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Mutaxassislikka Kir1sh

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Mutaxassislikka Kir1sh T.U. USMONOV, B.C. MIRZAYEV, I.S. HASANOV MUTAXASSISLIKKA KIR1SH . t >v* - - . • v* \\ • ' > л : • sv»v S»v '• c- •• 1 \ . ■ ■. 4 4 ■ • . v ■ • ■ . \ Ч - ь ^ ■ TOSHKENT — 2013 O'ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O'RTA MAXSUS TA'HM VAZIRLIGI USMONOV Т., MIRZAYEV B. S., HASANOV I. S. MUTAXASSISLIKKA KIRISH O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va о rta maxsus talim vazirligi tomonidan 5650300-«Suv xo'jaligi va melioratsiya ishlarini mexanizatsiyalash» bakalavr ta’lim yo‘nalishi talabalari uchim o'quv qo'llanma sifatida tavsiya etilgan TOSHKENT «VORIS-NASHRIYOT» 2013 UO‘K 631.6 (075.8) КВК 40.723 U 73 Taqrizchilar: A.Do'stqulov — Toshkent Davlat agrar universiteti «Qishloq xo’jaligi mashinalari, foydalanish va ta’mirlash» kafedrasi dotsenti, texnika fanlari nomzodi A.Muxameclov - Toshkent irrigatsiya va melioratsiya instituti, «QXGM» kafedrasi dotsenti, texnika fanlari nomzodi O'qav qoilanma «Mutaxassislikka kirish» feni bo‘yicha tasdiqlangan dastur asosida tayyorlandi. Usmonov Т., Mirzayev B. S., Hasanov I. S, Mutaxassislikka kirish. (0‘quv qo‘llanma). 5650300-«Suv xo‘ja- ligi va melioratsiya ishlarini mexanizatsiyalash» bakalavr ta'lim yo‘na!ishi talabalari uchun moijallangan O'quv qo'llanmada «Mutaxassislikka kirish» fanining maqsadi, vazifasi. uning kelajakdagi o'rni, gidromelioratsiya va uning mexanizatsiyasida qo'llanilayotgan melioratsiya va qurilish mashinalarining qisqacha tarixi, oliy o'quv yurtming tarixi (TIMI raisolida), alohida bo'limlarda davlatimizda oliy ta'liff tizimi. undagi o'qitish tizimilari, kutubxona ishlari haqida ma’lumorlar. melioratsiya tarixi va boshqa ma'lu- motlar keltirilgan. UO‘K 631.6 (075.8) KBK 40.723 -ISBN 978^943-4212-6-4 © «Voris-nashriyot», 2013-y. KIRISH Mamlakatimiz Prezidentining «Jahon moliyaviy - iqtisodiy inqirozi, 0 ‘zbekiston sharoitida uni bartaraf etishning yo'llari va choralari» kitobida belgilangan mamlakatimizda jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining salbiy oqibatlarini bartaraf etish bo‘yicha 2009- 2012-yillarga mo'ljallab qabul qilingan inqirozga qarshi choralar dasturida ustuvor vazifalardan biri etib, 2008-2012-yillarda sug‘oriladigan yerlarning meliorativ holatini yaxshilash davlat dasturida ko‘zda tutilgan chora-tadbirlar tizimining izchil amalga oshirilishiga ya’ni, ekin maydonlarining meliorativ ahvolini yaxshilashda faoliyat ko‘rsatayotgan irrigatsiya-melioratsiya obyektlarining tegishli texnik xolatini ta’minlash, ixtisoslashgan suv xo‘jaligi, qurilish va ekspluatatsiya tashkilotlarining moddiy- texnik bazasini mustahkamlash, ularni zamonaviy texnika bilan jihozlash masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratish lozimligi ko‘rsatib o4ilgan. Prezidentimizning O'zbekistonni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish- ning eng muhim ustuvor yo’nalishlariga bag‘ishlangan bir qator ma’ruzalarida ta’kidlangan ustuvor yo‘nalish - yerlarning meliorativ holatini yaxshilash dasturini amalga oshirish doirasida yerlarning meliorativ holatini yaxshilashga 130 milliard so‘mdan ko‘proq mablag‘lar yo‘naltirildi. Natijada 240 ming gektardan ortiq sug‘oriladigan yerlarning meliorativ holati yaxshilandi bu esa, qishloq xo‘jalik ekinlari hosildorligini, fermer xo‘jaliklarining daromadini oshirish imkonini beradi. 0 ‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining mamlakatni ijtimoiy iqtisodiy rivojlantirish hamda iqtisodiyotni erkinlashtirish va islohotlarni chuqurlashtirishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlariga 3 bag‘ishlangan majlislarida qishloq va suv xo'jaligi vazirligi. xo‘ja- liklar sohaga yetarli e'tibor bermayotganliklarini ta’kidlanib, hozirgi paytda mamlakatimizda 50 foizga yaqin sug‘oriladigan yerlarning meliorativ holati yaxshilanishga muhtojligini, bunga e'tibor qaratil- masa, kelajakda bu yerlarning unumdorligi keskin pasayishini ko‘r- satib o‘tilgandir. Ushbu masalaga javoban, O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining «Qishloq xo‘jaligida islohotlarni chuqurlashtirishning eng muhirn yo'nalishlari to‘g‘risida»gi Farmoniga asoslanib zamo- naviy agrotexnologivalarni takomillashtirish va ularni qishloq xo‘jaligiga joriy etish va yer unumdorligini oshirish kabi kont- septsiyalar ishlab chiqilmoqda. So‘nggi ma’lumotlarga e’tibor berilsa sug‘oriladigan yerlarning 62,7% dan ortig‘i sho'rlanganligini kuzatiladi. Demak yuqoridagilardan ko‘rinib turibdiki, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarishni yanada rivojlantirishni yerlarning meliorativ holatini yaxshilamasdan amalga oshirish mumkin emas. Bunday ishlarni amalga oshirish melioratsiya va qurilishida qoMlanilayotgan mashina va mexanizmlar tizimini boshqarishni avtomatlashtirish. ularga texnik xizmat ko‘rsatish, hamda ishlatish oliy toifali yetuk mutaxassis kadrlarni talab etadi. Bunga' esa melioratsiya tizimida va qurilishda qo‘llanilayotgan mashina va mexanizmlarni puxta bilish, ulardan maqsadli va samarali foydalanish, kadrlar malakasini oshirish, mashina texnik darajasini yaxshilash orqali erishish mumkin. Hozirda va kelgusida oliy o‘quv yurtlarining roli ortmoqda va ortib boradi. Chunki ular xalq xo‘jaligining barcha tarmoqlari uchun malakali mutaxassislar, ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari uchun mutaxassis tayyorlash bilan birga, ilm-fanning hamma jabhalarida yirik tadqiqotlarni amalga oshirmoqdalar. Ushbu sohadagi ijodiy-ilmiy ishlarni har tomonlama sermahsul qilish uchun talabalarni oliy maktab hayotiga tezroq odatlantirish, oliy maktab mezonlarini o‘zlashtirib va uning sirlarini mukammal bilib olish kabilarni to‘laroq amalga oshirish maqsadida «Mutaxassislikka kirish» fani o‘quv jarayoniga joriy etilgan. 4 Haqiqatdan ham o‘quv jarayonini ilmiy asosda tashkil etish, vaqtdan unumli foydalanish. mustaqil ishlashga o‘rganish, kitob o‘qish usullaridan samarali foydalanish, aqliy mehnat gigiyenasi va madaniyati, ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarini bajarishni bilib olish, o'qitish jarayonini asosiy shakllarini nimalar tashkil etishi, o‘quv mehnati va turmush nafosati, materiallarni o‘zlashtirish mezonlari, talabalar bilimini baholashda reyting tizimi va test usullarining mazmuni kabi muhim masalalar «Mutaxassislikka kirish» fani orqali o‘rganiladi. 5 1-BOB. «MUTAXASSISLIKKA KIRISH» FANI VA OLIY TA’LIMDA 0 ‘QITISH JARAYONI MASALALARI 1.1. «MUTAXASSISLIKKA KIRISH» FANI VA UNING VAZIFALARI Mamlakatimizda ta’lim sohasinx isloh qilishning muhim hujjat- larida ko‘rsatib o‘tilganidek, oliy o‘quv yurtlarining asosiy vazifalari o‘rgatilayotgan fanlarni mukammal egallagan, o‘z mutaxassisligi bo‘yicha har tomonlama chuqur va mustahkam bilimga ega bo‘lgan, mustaqil tafakkur qila oladigan davlat siyosatini xalq ommasi o‘rtasiga targ'ibot qilishga layoqatli, g'oyaviy e’tiqodli, ijodkor va intizomda namuna bo‘la oladigan yetuk kishilarni tarbiyalashdan iboratdir. Ayniqsa, yoshlarimizning fan-texnika taraqqiyotini jadallash* tirishda kompyuter, internet bilan ish yurita oladigan, bilimdon bo‘lishlari davr talabi bo‘lib qolmoqda. Buni har yili muntazam ravishda o‘tkazilayotgan «Talaba va fan-texnika taraqqiyoti» olimpiadasi nomidan ham bilib olish qiyin emas. Oliy o‘quv yurtlari xalq xo‘jaligini malakali mutaxassis bilan ta’minlash manbai bo‘libgina qolmay, shu bilan birga mamlakat ilmiy tadqiqot majmuasining muhim tarkibiy qismi hamdir. Davlatimizni qaror va ko‘rsatmalaridan kelib chiqib, oliy ma'lumotli yetuk mutaxassislar tayyorlash, ularning sifatli va samarali bilim olishlarini ta'minlash uchun o‘quv. ma’naviy-ma’rifiy, ilmiy va jamoat ishlarini yuqori talablar darajasida ko‘tarish maqsadida talabalar bilan ta’limning dastlabki bosqichlaridayoq muntazam va astoydil shug'ullanish zarurligini kun tartibiga qo‘ymoqda. Ko‘p yillik tajriba shuni ko‘rsatmoqdaki, I—II kurs talabalarining ko‘plari oliy maktab metodlarini juda sekinlik bilan o‘zlashtiradi, o‘z vaqtini to‘g‘ri rejalashtira olmaydi, undan unumli foydalanishni bilmaydi. Ba’zan esa o‘z tanlagan kasbi haqida yetarli tasavvurga ega boUmaydi. Ma’lumki barcha ta’lim yo‘nalishlarida mustaqillikning dastlabki yillaridan boshlab o'quv rejalariga «Mutaxassislikka kirish» tanlov fani sifatida o‘qitib kelinmoqda. Bundan ko‘zlangan maqsad. talabalarni oliy o'quv yurti hayotiga tezroq moslashtirish. uning sharoitini o‘zlashtirib olishda ko‘maklashish bo‘lib, oqibatda fanlarni yaxshi o‘zlashtirishlarida yordam berish, o‘zlashtirmaslikning oldini olishdan iboratdir. «Mutaxassislikka kirish» fani talabalarni hozirgi xalqaro ahvol, davlatimizning ichki va tashqi siyosati, o‘quv yurtlarining qisqacha taraqqiyoti tarixi, ularning tuzilishi va vazifalari, o‘quv jarayonini ilmiy asosda tashkil etish, o‘qitish jarayonining asosiy formalari, o‘quv rejalari mazmuni, ilmiy tekshirish ishlari, o’qish va ilmiy ishlarni bajarishda texnika vositalaridan foydalanish, talabalarning huquq va burchlari, kunlik ish rejimi va mustaqil ishlashni to'g‘ri tashkil etish, axborot resurs markazlaridan foydalanish, kitob ustida ishlash, tabiat muhofazasi, bibliografiya texnikasi kabilar bilan tanishtiradi. Ushbu kursda materiallarning o‘zlashtirilishi uchun nimalar qilinishi lozimligi, o‘zlashtirishni hisobga olish, talabalarni reyting tizimi va test usullar orqali bilmini aniqlashga tayyorlash hamda ularni o'tkazishni tashkil etish, talabalar o‘quv tadqiqot va ilmiy tekshirish ishlarining asosiy mazmuni, ularning turmushi, madaniyati va dam olishini tashkil etish, o‘quv mehnati va turmush nafosati singari sohalarga ham alohida o'rin ajratiladi. Barkamol, komil shaxsni kamol toptirmay turib, jamiyatning moddiy bazasini, intellektual boyligini yaratmay turib, demokratik jamiyatni takomillashtirib bo'lmavdi. Hukumatimiz qo‘ygan bu vazifa har birimizning zimmamizga katta mas’uliyat yuklaydi. Bu ulug'vor vazifani amalga oshirish uchun yangi kishini shakllantirish qonunlarini aniq
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