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Internal Combustion Engines in CHP Systems Using Natural Combustion engines and fuel technology Friday 10.04.10 Team Manager Marie Bysveen SINTEF Energi AS SINTEF Energiforskning AS 1 Piston engines Internal combustion engine where the fuel is combusted in a cylinder and acts on a piston The engine is driven by the fact that hot fuel (typically gasoline or diesel) is ignited, combusts within the cylinder and acts on the piston Jet engines, most of the rocket engines and many turbines are denoted as combustion engines, but this denotion is most commonly used on gasoline and diesel engines SINTEF Energiforskning AS 2 History The basis for the internal combustion engine and the theory for the two-stroke engine Sadi Carnot, France in 1824 The american Samuel Morey patented April 1st 1826 a «Gas Or Vapor Engine» . The italians Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci Patented the first efficient internal combustion engine in London i 1854 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced in 1860 a gasdriven combustion engine, not very different from the first steam engine by James Watts Nikolaus Otto, who worked together with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in the 1870-årene, developed the first four-stroke engine, the so-called Otto-engine SINTEF Energiforskning AS 3 Use of internal combustion engines Most commonly used in vehicles and other mobile machineries Advantage High power-to-weight ratio These engines are practically used in all cars, motorcycles, boats, airplanes and locomotives Where there is a demand for very large engines, such as in jet aircrafts and helicopters – jet engines are used instead In very larges ships and stationary and mobile power staions – gas turbines are used SINTEF Energiforskning AS 4 Classification Different ICEs exists for different use Classified using different criteria, the most important ones being; Two/ four stroke Spark ignition/ compression ignition In Norwegianweusetheterm «motor»bothonICEsand «electrical” engine This may be confusing The word «engine» (from Latin, via Old French, «ability») meant a piece of machinery A «motor» (from Latin «motor», «movement») is a machine/engine producing power SINTEF Energiforskning AS 5 SINTEF Energiforskning AS 6 Number of cylinders Between 1-12 are most common Advantages with several cylinders in one engine The engine may have larger volume with less reciprocating masses (meaning that the mass of each piston may be smaller), and thereby a smoother running of the engine More cylinders/Larger engines means that more fuel may be combusted, and more power strokes per time than for engoine with less cylinders Disadvantage with more cylinders Higher total weight More friction – and thereby lower efficiency Most car engines have 4-8 cylinders Some high-efficiency engines have 10, 12 or even 16 Some small cars and large trucks have 2 or 3 SINTEF Energiforskning AS 7 Engine configuration The ICE may also be classified according to its configuration Sffects the physical size and smoother running/vibration The most common configurations In-line ngine (rekkemotor) V-engine Flat or boxer configuration Airplane engines may also have radial configuration Less common "H", "U", "X", "W" SINTEF Energiforskning AS 8 Engine capacity The engine capacity may be described by Displaced or swept volume Is normally measured in litre or cc Engines with larger capacity Normally more power Larger momentum at low rotational speed Is less fuel efficient In addition to increasing the engine volume, there are several ways to increase the capacity of the engine: Increase the stroke of the piston Increase the diameter of the piston In both cases it is important to do optimisation adjustments in order to have the best performance SINTEF Energiforskning AS 9 Two stroke engines Two stroke cycle Two stroke – one up and one down - for every power stroke Depends on the movement in the piston bottom in the crankcase to move the fuel-air mixture Used where small size and weight is important Such as mopeds, outboard boat engines Gasoline two stroke engines are normally More noisy Less efficient Pollutes more Smaller than four stroke Large two stroke diesel engines Do not have these problems Used in many applications Ex locomotives, ship engines SINTEF Energiforskning AS 10 Four stroke engines Four stroke engines have one power stroke every fourth stroke (up-down-up-down) Used in cars, boats, light airplanes In general less noisy and more efficient Many variants of these cycles Most known are the Atkinson and Miller cycles. The Wankel engine operates with the same division of the phases as in a four stroke engine No piston stroke Named four-phase engine The phases ocuur at different places in the engine But – as for the two-stroke engine it gives one power-stroke per rotor, giving the same space and weight advantage Wankel engine SINTEF Energiforskning AS 11 Gasoline versus diesel engines Diesel engines generally Heavier and more noisy than gasoline engines More power at lower rotational speed (rpms) than gasoline engines Diesel engines are more fuel efficient Heavier vehicles, cars Ships, locomotoes, some airplanes Emissions is a problem from both gasoline and diesel engines But different problems, fex particulate emissions (PM) and NOx Alternative fuels Natural gas (LPG, LNG, CNG) Ethanol, methanol Biodiesel Hydrogen SINTEF Energiforskning AS 12 Types of gasoline engines SINTEF Energiforskning AS 13 Bensin, Diesel and HCCI SINTEF Energiforskning AS 14 HCCI Has characteristics of the two most popular forms of combustion used in IC engines Homogeneous charge spark ignition (gasoline engines) Stratified charge compression ignition (diesel engines) As in homogeneous charge spark ignition, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together Rather than using an electric discharge to ignite a portion of the mixture, the density and temperature of the mixture are raised by compression until the entire mixture reacts spontaneously Stratified charge compression ignition also relies on temperature and density increase resulting from compression, but combustion occurs at the boundary of fuel-air mixing, caused by an injection event, to initiate combustion. Much less NOx SINTEF Energiforskning AS 15 Engine components The components in an engine varies depending on the engine type For a four stroke engine this includes Crankshaft (veivaksel) One or more camshafts (kamaksel), valves and valve stem (ventilstang) Both two stroke and four stroke may have One or several cylinders, and for every cylinder a spark plug (for gasoline), injection nozzles (for diesel) and a piston One revolution of the crankshaft, moving the piston up and down is called a stroke (takt) When the piston is in its upper position, after the induction of the fuel (for gasoline), this is ignited by the spark SINTEF Energiforskning AS 16 Example - gasoline engine SINTEF Energiforskning AS 17 The crankshaft The crankshaft in an ICE is found under trhe cylinder and is coupled to the pistons by connecting rods (råder) When the pistons goes up and down, the crankshaft rotates The crankshaft of most engines is for most engines coupled to the gear box via a clutch, and has belt pulley (reimhjul) at the other end driving the camshaft, water pump, the dynamo, fan, aircondition, comprtessor etc. The crankshaft moves around within slide bearings (glidelagere), and depends on continous lubrication SINTEF Energiforskning AS 18 The camshaft Opens and closes the valves in the engine In order to take in air/gasoline and expell the exhaust Normally connected to the crankshaft with a registerreim Traditionally in a 4-stroke engine One intake valve and one exhaust valve per cylinder In modern engines several valves are getting more and more common A 16V engine has an engine with two camshafts – one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves For the engine to breath more easily The valves open at the same time – the reason for double camshafts is the lackj of space for all the valve-pushers on one single May see the camshaft by removing the top cover of the engine The profile of the camshaft is important for the performance of the engine at high rpms SINTEF Energiforskning AS 19 Gasoline engine lubrication system SINTEF Energiforskning AS 20 Ignition of air-fuel mixture All ICEs needs means to ignite the air-fuel charge to initiate the combustion process Mots engines have either Elecetrical ignition (normally gasoline engines using spark plugs) or Compression ignition (as in diesel engines) Electrical ignition systems Lead battery and an induction coil delivering an electrical charge with exetremely high voltage ignition to the air-fuel charge within the engine cylinder The battery is being recharged by the dynamo powered by the engine Compression ignition Diesel engines and in novel HCCI engines Heat is produced by compressing the gasmixture within the cylinder Fuel is then injected When the T is high enough, the mixture self-ignites SINTEF Energiforskning AS 21 The combustion process - Diesel Figur s. 5.57 (Almås) – Forstørr ! SINTEF Energiforskning AS 22 Exhaust gas scavenging When the available energy has been used, the hot exhaust is expelled out of the cylinder Normally by opening a valve The piston may then og back to its original position (Top Dead Center - TDC) The piston may then continue to its next phase in the cycle The heat not transferred to useful work Waste Removed from the engine - either by air- or water-cooling SINTEF Energiforskning AS 23 Pollution in short
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