Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals

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Transgenic Organisms • A transgenic organism is one into which a gene from some other species has been transferred. • Transgenic organisms are examples of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s). • The transferred gene is called a transgene. • A transgene, like any other gene, indirectly codes for a protein, which corresponds to a particular trait. • Because of the universality of the genetic code, a transgene will allow the transgenic organism to produce the same protein (and therefore exhibit the same trait) as the original, “donor” organism. • Transgenes are introduced into the recipient organism’s germ line. 1 Transgenic Animals • Most transgenic animals are fruit flies and mice, but others are produced, including rabbits, pigs, goats, cattle, and sheep. • There are two predominate reasons for producing transgenic animals: • Economic benefit • Models for disease • Transgenic animals are produced by one of three primary methods: • Microinjection of DNA • Retrovirus mediation • Embryonic stem-cell mediation 2 Microinjection of DNA • DNA containing the transgene is injected into the pronucleus of a gamete. • The transgenic gamete is used for in vitro fertilization. • The resulting embryo is implanted into a female. • Transgenic animals are then mated to increase the chance of offspring containing the transgene. • Microinjection has a fairly low success rate. 3 Retrovirus-mediated Gene Transfer • A retrovirus genome is RNA rather than DNA. • The code in the viral RNA is “reverse transcribed” to produce DNA, which is then incorporated into the host cell. • For use in transgenesis, viral RNA is modified and the viri are introduced into an animal. • The invading viri cause the animal cells to produce and incorporate DNA corresponding to the viral RNA. • Transgenic animals produced using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer are chimeras. 4 Embryonic Stem-cell-mediated Gene Transfer • Embryonic stem cells are totipotent. • The DNA of certain stem cells is modified. • The DNA of the modified stem cells is passed on to the embryonic cells that develop from those stem cells. • Transgenic animals produced using embryonic stem- cell-mediated gene transfer are chimeras. • This method has the advantage of allowing detection of transgenesis at the embryonic level. 5 .

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