Nano-Biosensor for Monitoring the Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells
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A Blueprint for Engineering Cell Fate: Current Technologies to Reprogram Cell Identity
Cell Research (2013) 23:33-48. © 2013 IBCB, SIBS, CAS All rights reserved 1001-0602/13 $ 32.00 npg REVIEW www.nature.com/cr A blueprint for engineering cell fate: current technologies to reprogram cell identity Samantha A Morris1, 2, 3, George Q Daley1, 2, 3 1Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Re- search, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; 2De- partment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA Human diseases such as heart failure, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and many others result from the deficiency or dysfunction of critical cell types. Strategies for therapeutic tissue repair or regeneration require the in vitro manufacture of clinically relevant quantities of defined cell types. In addition to transplantation therapy, the generation of otherwise inaccessible cells also permits disease modeling, toxicology testing and drug discovery in vitro. In this review, we discuss current strategies to manipulate the identity of abundant and accessible cells by dif- ferentiation from an induced pluripotent state or direct conversion between differentiated states. We contrast these approaches with recent advances employing partial reprogramming to facilitate lineage switching, and discuss the mechanisms underlying the engineering of cell fate. Finally, we address the current limitations of the field and how the resulting cell types can be assessed to ensure the production of medically relevant populations. Keywords: reprogramming; direct fate conversion; directed differentiation Cell Research (2013) 23:33-48. doi:10.1038/cr.2013.1; published online 1 January 2013 Introduction could only transition to progressively more differentiated states, with de-differentiation seen only in cases of tissue Cell differentiation has long been thought to be a uni- pathology (e.g., metaplasia or malignancy). -
Project Final Report
PROJECT FINAL REPORT Grant Agreement number: 229289 Project acronym: NANOII Project title: Nanoscopically-guided induction and expansion of regulatory hematopoietic cells to treat autoimmune and inflammatory processes Funding Scheme: Period covered: from month 1 to month 48 Name of the scientific representative of the project's co-ordinator, Title and Organisation: Prof. Dr. Joachim P. Spatz, Max-Planck-Institute, Stuttgart Tel: +49 711 689-3611 Fax: +49 711 689-3612 E-mail: [email protected] Project website address: http://www.mf.mpg.de/NanoII 1 4.1 Final publishable summary report Executive Summary NanoII Nanoscopically-guided induction and expansion of regulatory hematopoietic cells to treat autoimmune and inflammatory processes NanoII has been a colaborative project within the EU 7th framework program for research on Nanoscopically-guided induction and expansion of regulatory hematopoietic cells to treat autoimmune and inflammatory processes. This project has been developing novel approaches for directing the differentiaton, proliferation and tissue tropism of specific hematopoietic lineages, using micro-and nanofabricated cell chips. We are using advanced nanofabricated surfaces functionalized with specific biomolecules, and microfluidic cell chips to specify and expand regulatory immune cell for treating of important inflammatory and autoimmune disorders in an organ and antigen-specific manner. A new chip system creates ex vivo microenvironments mimicking in vivo cell-cell-interactions and molecular signals involved in differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Key element of the project is the development of a novel high-throughput microscopy system for the identification of optimal conditions. The educated cells are employed in in-vivo experiments in new mouse models. -
Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant
Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease 1 Produced by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Departments of Hematology, Patient Education, and Biomedical Communications. Funds were provided by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, ALSAC, and a grant from the Plough Foundation. This document is not intended to take the place of the care and attention of your personal physician. Our goal is to promote active participation in your care and treatment by providing information and education. Questions about individual health concerns or specifi c treatment options should be discussed with your physician. For more general information on sickle cell disease, please visit our Web site at www.stjude.org/sicklecell. Copyright © 2009 St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital How did bone marrow (stem cell) transplants begin for children with sickle cell disease? Bone marrow (stem cell) transplants have been used for the treatment and cure of a variety of cancers, immune system diseases, and blood diseases for many years. Doctors in the United States and other countries have developed studies to treat children who have severe sickle cell disease with bone marrow (stem cell) transplants. How does a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant work? 2 In a person with sickle cell disease, the bone marrow produces red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. This leads to the complications of sickle cell disease. • To prepare for a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant, strong medicines, called chemotherapy, are used to weaken or destroy the patient’s own bone marrow, stem cells, and infection fi ghting system. -
Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
DirectedDirected differentiationdifferentiation ofof humanhuman embryonicembryonic stemstem cellscells TECAN Symposium 2008 Biologics - From Benchtop to Production Wednesday 17 September 2008 Andrew Elefanty Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Laboratory, MISCL ES cells as a system to dissect development hES ES cells derived from inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocyst Functionally similar, patient specific cells generated by reprogramming adult or fetal cells: • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - oocyte cytoplasm reprograms somatic cell • Induced pluripotential stem cell (iPS) – reprogramming is initiated by genes and/or growth factors introduced into adult cells ES cells can differentiate into all the cell types in the body blood cells differentiation liver heart muscle pancreas ES cell line nerve In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells provides an avenue to • study early development • generate tissue specific stem cells and mature end cells to study disease to screen drugs/therapeutic agents for cell therapies Directed differentiation of ES cells Recapitulate embryonic development in vitro to derive lineage precursors hES Mesendoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Factors that play key roles in embryogenesis also direct differentiation of ES cells hES BMP/Activin/Wnt/FGF Mesendoderm FGF/noggin BMP/Wnt Activin Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Elements that facilitate directed differentiation of HESCs in vitro •large, uniform populations of undifferentiated HESCs •robust, reproducible differentiation protocol incorporating a -
Genetic Manipulation of Stem Cells Eleni Papanikolaou1,2*, Kalliopi I
logy & Ob o st ec e tr n i y c s G Papanikolaou et al. Gynecol Obstetric 2011, S:6 Gynecology & Obstetrics DOI: 10.4172/2161-0932.S6-001 ISSN: 2161-0932 Review Article Open Access Genetic Manipulation of Stem Cells Eleni Papanikolaou1,2*, Kalliopi I. Pappa1,3 and Nicholas P. Anagnou1,2 1Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece 2Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece 3First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece Abstract Stem cells have the remarkable potential for self-renewal and differentiation into many cell types in the body during early life and development. In addition, in many tissues they constitute a source of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish damaged or dead cells. After division, each new cell has the potential either to retain the stem cell status or to differentiate to a more specialized cell type, such as a red blood cell, a brain cell or a heart cell. Until recently, three types of stem cells from animals and humans have been characterized, i.e. embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells and somatic adult stem cells. However, in late 2007, researchers accomplished another breakthrough by identifying conditions that allow some specialized adult cells to be “reprogrammed” genetically to assume a stem cell-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), express genes and factors important for maintaining the unique properties and features of embryonic stem cells. -
Genetics and Stem Cell Research A.Genetics
7: Genetics and Stem Cell Research A.Genetics 1. Introduction The principal special feature of genetics research is that the result of the study applies not only to the proband but also influences her lineage both in the past and in the future. For example genetic studies demonstrated Thomas Jefferson’s sexual relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and defined their descendants to this day. As we all know from television, genetic studies can be done from any tissue fragment that contains DNA so that studies of surgical specimens, biopsy materials, hair, epithelium and blood samples can all be utilized for extensive genetic studies. 2. Sampling Some DNA is more medically valuable than other. Samples from isolated populations in which a particular disorder is prevalent have a much greater probability of yielding the causal gene(s) because they have fewer genome variations than in the general population. Once isolated, the genetic material associated with the disorder has a good chance of yielding novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic approaches for the disorder. 3. Property rights A persistent question is whether the providers of the genetic material have any rights to the products created from their genetic material. These days, most consent forms are written explicitly to exclude intellectual property rights from the subjects. As might be imagined, this smacks of exploitation in the developing world. Negotiation of a monetary return to the community has sometimes been concluded. Important and lucrative products have been derived from individuals’ genomes without their receiving royalties or other compensation. However, the knowledge, technical expertise, and capital needed to make a useful product from a blood or tissue sample come from the company not the donor. -
The Amazing Stem Cell What Are They? Where Do They Come From? How Are They Changing Medicine? Stem Cells Are “Master Cells”
The Amazing Stem Cell What are they? Where do they come from? How are they changing medicine? Stem cells are “master cells” Stem cells can be “guided” to become many other cell types. Stem Cell Bone cell Self-renewed stem cell Brain cell Heart muscle Blood cell cell There are several types of stem cells, each from a unique source Embryonic stem cells* • Removed from embryos created for in vitro fertilization after donation consent is given. (Not sourced from aborted fetuses.) • Embryos are 3-5 days old (blastocyst) and have about 150 cells. • Can become any type of cell in the body, also called pluripotent cells. • Can regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs. • Current use limited to eye-related disorders. * Not used by Mayo Clinic. Adult stem cells • Found in most adult organs and tissues, including bone marrow. • Often taken from bone marrow in the hip. • Blood stem cells can be collected through apheresis (separated from blood). • Can regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues (regenerative medicine). • Can be used as specialized “drugs” to potentially treat degenerative conditions. • Currently tested in people with neurological and heart disease. Umbilical cord blood stem cells • Found in blood in placenta and umbilical cord after childbirth. • Have the ability to change into specialized cells (like blood cells), also called progenitor cells. • Parents choose to donate umbilical cord blood for use in research, or have it stored for private or public banks. • Can be used in place of bone marrow stem cell transplants in some clinical applications. Bioengineered stem cells • Regular adult cells (e.g., blood, skin) reprogrammed to act like embryonic stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). -
Health Services Research (Including System Process Change)
April 2013 Roadmap to the Research Hospital of the Future 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3 KEY ASSUMPTIONS ...................................................................................................... 5 THEMES AND DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................... 6 TRENDS SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 8 REGENERATIVE MEDICINE ........................................................................................ 11 EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS…………………..……………………………….…….19 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................ 29 INFORMATICS AND PATIENT INFORMATION COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT ...... 46 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH (INCLUDING SYSTEM PROCESS CHANGE) ....... 55 MECHANISMS OF DISEASE ....................................................................................... 73 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 94 GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................. 95 2 Introduction The UHN Research community undertook a major strategic planning exercise in 2002 in response to the release of the -
The Longest Telomeres: a General Signature of Adult Stem Cell Compartments
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments Ignacio Flores,1 Andres Canela,1 Elsa Vera,1 Agueda Tejera,1 George Cotsarelis,2 and María A. Blasco1,3 1Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid E-28029, Spain; 2University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, M8 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Identification of adult stem cells and their location (niches) is of great relevance for regenerative medicine. However, stem cell niches are still poorly defined in most adult tissues. Here, we show that the longest telomeres are a general feature of adult stem cell compartments. Using confocal telomere quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (telomapping), we find gradients of telomere length within tissues, with the longest telomeres mapping to the known stem cell compartments. In mouse hair follicles, we show that cells with the longest telomeres map to the known stem cell compartments, colocalize with stem cell markers, and behave as stem cells upon treatment with mitogenic stimuli. Using K15-EGFP reporter mice, which mark hair follicle stem cells, we show that GFP-positive cells have the longest telomeres. The stem cell compartments in small intestine, testis, cornea, and brain of the mouse are also enriched in cells with the longest telomeres. This constitutes the description of a novel general property of adult stem cell compartments. Finally, we make the novel finding that telomeres shorten with age in different mouse stem cell compartments, which parallels a decline in stem cell functionality, suggesting that telomere loss may contribute to stem cell dysfunction with age. -
Stem Cell Research: an Overview
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Letters Review | Vol 3 Iss 2 Stem Cell Research: An Overview Shatadru Bhattacharjee* Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. BC Roy College of Pharmacy, West Bengal, India *Corresponding author: Shatadru B, Dr. BC Roy College of Pharmacy, West Bengal, India, Email- [email protected] Received: March 03, 2017; Accepted: March 19, 2017; Published: March 24, 2017 Abstract A primary cell can reproduce itself or give rise to more specialized cell type is known as stem cell. The stem cell is the primogenitor at the top of the family tree among all type of cell [1-7]. One blood stem cell gives birth to red blood cells (RBC), white cells (WBC) and platelets stem cells that vary in their developmental capacity. A multi-potent stem cell can give birth to several types of mature cell. A pluripotent stem cell can give birth to all types of adult tissue cells and extra embryonic tissue cells which support embryonic development inside fetus[8-14]. A totipotent stem cell can give birth to a new individual given appropriate maternal support. The current growth of stem cell research is quiet good from last few decades. Stem cell therapy has capabilities of regenerating any human tissue damaged by injury, disease or ageing could be available within a few years. In this review there are few discussion related to current stem cell research and development [15-21]. Keywords: Stem cell; Regenerative medicine; Cell biology Introduction Stem cells have the remarkable potential in the development of several different type of cell in the body during early life and growth [22-28]. -
Biomimetic Coatings Obtained by Combinatorial Laser Technologies
coatings Review Biomimetic Coatings Obtained by Combinatorial Laser Technologies Emanuel Axente 1 , Livia Elena Sima 2 and Felix Sima 1,* 1 Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), 409 Atomistilor, Magurele 077125, Romania; emanuel.axente@inflpr.ro 2 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060031, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: felix.sima@inflpr.ro; Tel.: +4-021-457-4243 Received: 13 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 9 May 2020 Abstract: The modification of implant devices with biocompatible coatings has become necessary as a consequence of premature loosening of prosthesis. This is caused mainly by chronic inflammation or allergies that are triggered by implant wear, production of abrasion particles, and/or release of metallic ions from the implantable device surface. Specific to the implant tissue destination, it could require coatings with specific features in order to provide optimal osseointegration. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) became a well-known physical vapor deposition technology that has been successfully applied to a large variety of biocompatible inorganic coatings for biomedical prosthetic applications. Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a PLD-derived technology used for depositions of thin organic material coatings. In an attempt to surpass solvent related difficulties, when different solvents are used for blending various organic materials, combinatorial MAPLE was proposed to grow thin hybrid coatings, assembled in a gradient of composition. We review herein the evolution of the laser technological process and capabilities of growing thin bio-coatings with emphasis on blended or multilayered biomimetic combinations. -
Basic Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture Protocols Maria Borowski∗, Maria Giovino-Doherty, Lan Ji, Meng-Jiao Shi, Kelly P
Basic pluripotent stem cell culture protocols Maria Borowski∗, Maria Giovino-Doherty, Lan Ji, Meng-Jiao Shi, Kelly P. Smith and Joseph Laning, Massachusetts Stem Cell Bank, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545 USA Abstract Stem cell research is a rapidly expanding field with the potential to develop therapeutic agents to treat diseases as well as study disease development from early stages. The culture of human pluripotent stem cells shares many of the same protocols as standard mammalian cell culture. However, the successful culture and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in an undifferentiated state requires additional consider- ations to ensure that cells maintain their key characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. There are several basic techniques needed for the culturing of mammalian cells, including thawing frozen stocks, plating cells in culture vessels, changing media, passaging and cryopreservation. The protocols in this document represent a subset of the standard operating procedures used to maintain and culture stem cells at the Massachusetts Human Stem Cell Bank, and have been thoroughly testing and verified. A Stem cell culture considerations Stem cell research is a rapidly expanding field with the potential to develop therapeutic agents to treat diseases as well as study disease development from early stages. However, to fulfill this promise, researchers need to have access to standardized protocols for the development, maintenance and differentiation of these unique cells. Such “best practices” will allow comparisons of different studies and hasten the refinement of these techniques. Such standardization can be driven by resources such as StemBook and by stem cell banks.