DOCSLIB.ORG

Stem Cell Therapy and Gene Transfer for Regeneration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stem Cell Therapy and Gene Transfer for Regeneration Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 451–457 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0969-7128/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/gt MILLENNIUM REVIEW Stem cell therapy and gene transfer for regeneration T Asahara, C Kalka and JM Isner Cardiovascular Research and Medicine, St Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA The committed stem and progenitor cells have been recently In this review, we discuss the promising gene therapy appli- isolated from various adult tissues, including hematopoietic cation of adult stem and progenitor cells in terms of mod- stem cell, neural stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell and ifying stem cell potency, altering organ property, accelerating endothelial progenitor cell. These adult stem cells have sev- regeneration and forming expressional organization. Gene eral advantages as compared with embryonic stem cells as Therapy (2000) 7, 451–457. their practical therapeutic application for tissue regeneration. Keywords: stem cell; gene therapy; regeneration; progenitor cell; differentiation Introduction poietic stem cells to blood cells. The determined stem cells differentiate into ‘committed progenitor cells’, which The availability of embryonic stem (ES) cell lines in mam- retain a limited capacity to replicate and phenotypic fate. malian species has greatly advanced the field of biologi- In the past decade, researchers have defined such com- cal research by enhancing our ability to manipulate the mitted stem or progenitor cells from various tissues, genome and by providing model systems to examine including bone marrow, peripheral blood, brain, liver cellular differentiation. ES cells, which are derived from and reproductive organs, in both adult animals and the inner mass of blastocysts or primordial germ cells, humans (Figure 1). While most cells in adult organs are can be maintained continuously in an undifferentiated composed of differentiated cells, which express a variety pluripotent state. They have the potential to contribute of specific phenotypic genes adapted to each organ’s to a variety of differentiated cell lineages in the fetus, environment, quiescent stem or progenitor cells are main- including germ cells.1,2 Furthermore, targeted mutations in ES cells have been introduced into the mouse germ tained locally or in the systemic circulation and are acti- line to elucidate target gene function in vivo and create vated by environmental stimuli for physiological and mouse models of human genetic diseases and abnormali- pathological tissue regeneration. ties.3,4 ES cells have also been used to study the events Tissue replacement in the body takes place by two regulating the differentiation of various cell types and mechanisms. One is the replacement of differentiated tissues in vitro, for example, into multiple hematopoietic cells by newly generated populations derived from lineages, endothelial cells, neural cells and mesenchymal residual cycling stem cells. Blood cells are a typical cell lineages. The transfer of ES-derived cells into fetal example of this kind of regeneration. Whole hematopo- and adult mice has demonstrated their functional ietic lineage cells are derived from a few self-renewal integration into organs of recipient animals.5–10 stem cells by regulated differentiation under the influ- In 1998, Thomson’s group at the University of Wiscon- ence of appropriate cytokines and/or growth factors. The sin and Gearhart’s group at the Johns Hopkins Hospital second mechanism is the self-repair of differentiated isolated human cells with the pluripotent property of ES functioning cells preserving their proliferative activity. cells.11,12 This exciting achievement opened the way to the Hepatocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, kera- clinical application of stem cell therapy: the replacement tinocytes and fibroblasts are considered to possess this of diseased or degenerating cell populations, tissues ability. Following physiological stimulation or injury, fac- and organs. tors secreted from surrounding tissues stimulate cell rep- lication and replacement. In contrast, those cells which Stem cell in adult species are more fully differentiated are limited in terms of their proliferative potential by senescence, and by their ES cells are not the only candidates for stem cell gener- inability to incorporate into remote target sites. ation. During embryonic development, the pluripotency Thus, quiescence stem or progenitor cells in most adult of ES cell is narrowed to ‘determined stem cells’ which tissues are mobilized in response to environmental stim- 13 give rise to cells of a particular tissue. Thus neural stem uli when an emergent regenerative process is required, cells give rise to cells of the nervous system and hemato- while during a minor event, neighboring differentiated cells are relied upon. Correspondence: JM Isner, St Elizabeth’s Medical Center, 736 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02135, USA Millennium review T Asahara et al 452 Figure 1 Cell stages of embryonic and adult stem/progenitor cell during lineage differentiation. Stem cell therapy Thus, while ES cells represent a promising cell source for gene therapy in the future, this review will focus Recently, the regenerative potential of stem cells has been primarily on gene-modified cell therapy using adult under intense investigation. In vitro, stem and progenitor stem cells. cells possess the capability of self-renewal and differen- tiation into organ-specific cell types. In vivo, transplan- tation of these cells may reconstitute organ systems, as Gene-modified stem cell therapy shown in animal models of diseases.14–18 In contrast, dif- ferentiated cells do not exhibit such characteristics. Considering their regenerative ability, gene modification Human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), for example, of stem cells has several advantages over conventional have been isolated from the peripheral blood of adult gene therapy. Ex vivo gene transfection of stem cells may individuals, expanded in vitro and committed into an avoid administration of vectors and vehicles into the endothelial lineage in culture.15 The transplantation of recipient organism. Possible targets of gene-modified human EPCs has been shown to facilitate successful stem cells include the following (Figure 2). salvage of limb vasculature and perfusion in athymic nude mice with severe hindlimb ischemia, while Modification of stem cell potency/stem cell target differentiated endothelial cells (human microvascular Certain properties of stem cells can be modified by gene endothelial cells, HUMEC) failed to accomplish limb-saving transfer. Stem cells isolated from adults may exhibit age- neovascularization.19 related, genetic, or acquired disease-related impairment The committed stem and progenitor cells isolated from of their regenerative ability. Transcriptional or enzymatic the adult species have several advantages as compared gene modification may constitute effective means to with ES cell in terms of their possible therapeutic appli- maintain, enhance or inhibit their capacity to proliferate cation for tissue regeneration. First, committed stem and or differentiate. progenitor cells can be transplanted autologously with- out immunologic consequences. As adult stem and pro- genitor cells are already determined or committed to cell Modification of organ property/progeny target types for targeted organs, they spontaneously differen- Genes introduced into stem cells are inherited by their tiate under controlled conditions in vitro into specific lin- progeny through differentiation cascades. Specifically, eage cells, and have the ability to reconstitute target expression of the inserted gene may persist through the organs in vivo. In contrast, ES cells are still under investi- life of the organ system which is reconstructed by the gation for direct induction of specific cell differentiation gene-modified stem cells. Genetically disordered organs, for therapeutic application. Furthermore, ethical issues especially in the case of hematopoietic pathology, could about the isolation and the use of human ES are currently be replaced by this strategy following bone marrow quite controversial. transplantation.20–24 Gene Therapy Millennium review T Asahara et al 453 Figure 2 Targets of stem cell gene modification for therapeutic regeneration. Acceleration of regeneration/process target Stem cell gene transfer and associated Regeneration of injured tissues is in part or primarily target disorders achieved via stem cell expansion and differentiation. Examples include endothelial progenitor cells for neovas- Hematopoietic stem cells cularization, neural stem cells for neurogenesis, and hem- atopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells A hematopoietic stem cell is a determined multipotent (MSCs) for bone marrow reconstruction. Natural repara- stem cell, which is able to differentiate along a number tory processes are often too impaired from unexpectedly of pathways and thereby generate erythrocytes, granulo- severe injury, basic diseases, or aging to accomplish cytes, monocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes and megakary- regeneration. Gene modification of stem cells to sup- ocytes. These stem cells are limited in number, occurring with a frequency of one stem cell per 104 bone marrow plement mitogens25 or to deliver inhibitory factors for negative control might accelerate retarded regenerative cells. By virtue of their capacity for self-renewal, stem processes following stem cell proliferation, incorporation, cells are maintained at homeostatic levels
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biopolymeric Materials for Tissue Regeneration, Cell Manufacturing, and Drug Delivery
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2021 Biopolymeric Materials for Tissue Regeneration, Cell Manufacturing, and Drug Delivery David Alfonso Castilla-Casadiego University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Polymer and Organic Materials Commons, and the Polymer Science Commons Citation Castilla-Casadiego, D. A. (2021). Biopolymeric Materials for Tissue Regeneration, Cell Manufacturing, and Drug Delivery. Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3964 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Biopolymeric Materials for Tissue Regeneration, Cell Manufacturing, and Drug Delivery A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering with a concentration in Chemical Engineering by David Alfonso Castilla-Casadiego Atlantic University Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, 2011 University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Campus Master of Science in Chemical Engineering, 2016 May 2021 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Jorge L. Almodóvar-Montañez, Ph.D. Dissertation Director ____________________________________ _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant
    Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease Bone Marrow (Stem Cell) Transplant for Sickle Cell Disease 1 Produced by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Departments of Hematology, Patient Education, and Biomedical Communications. Funds were provided by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, ALSAC, and a grant from the Plough Foundation. This document is not intended to take the place of the care and attention of your personal physician. Our goal is to promote active participation in your care and treatment by providing information and education. Questions about individual health concerns or specifi c treatment options should be discussed with your physician. For more general information on sickle cell disease, please visit our Web site at www.stjude.org/sicklecell. Copyright © 2009 St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital How did bone marrow (stem cell) transplants begin for children with sickle cell disease? Bone marrow (stem cell) transplants have been used for the treatment and cure of a variety of cancers, immune system diseases, and blood diseases for many years. Doctors in the United States and other countries have developed studies to treat children who have severe sickle cell disease with bone marrow (stem cell) transplants. How does a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant work? 2 In a person with sickle cell disease, the bone marrow produces red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. This leads to the complications of sickle cell disease. • To prepare for a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant, strong medicines, called chemotherapy, are used to weaken or destroy the patient’s own bone marrow, stem cells, and infection fi ghting system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models
    biomolecules Review The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models Meera Krishnan 1, Sahil Kumar 1, Luis Johnson Kangale 2,3 , Eric Ghigo 3,4 and Prasad Abnave 1,* 1 Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 3 Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 4 TechnoJouvence, 13385 Marseille, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differ- entiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Boosting the Cellular Potency of Embryonic Stem Cells by Spliceosome Targeting ✉ Wilfried A
    Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy www.nature.com/sigtrans RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT OPEN Boosting the cellular potency of embryonic stem cells by spliceosome targeting ✉ Wilfried A. Kues1 Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2021) 6:324; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00743-9 In recent work published in Cell, Shen et al.1 identified transfected ES cells with short interfering RNAs against different spliceosome inhibition in embryonic stem (ES) cells as a key spliceosome transcripts (the spliceosome consisted of 5 core and mechanism for the transition from pluri- to totipotency. Spliceo- several cofactor subunits, here 14 transcripts were targeted), some inhibition, achieved by RNA interference or the chemical respectively. Transient repression of 10 of the 14 splicing factors inhibitor pladienolide B, may gain widespread relevance to the resulted in ES cells, which maintained the typical colony culture of totipotent ES cells, in vitro differentiation of extra- morphology, however, pluripotent marker genes—Oct4 (Pou5f1), embryonal tissue and organoids, translation to the maintenance of Nanog, Sox2, Zfp42 and others—became down-regulated, at the pluripotent cells of other mammal species, including humans, and same time marker genes of totipotency—particularly Zscan4s and a better molecular understanding of cellular potency in stem cells MERVL—were up-regulated. Zscan4s (Zink finger and SCAN and cancer. domain containing 4) is a transcription factor and MERVL (murine The first successful isolation and maintenance of ES derived endogenous retrovirus L) an endogenous retrovirus with a usually fi 1234567890();,: from the inner cell mass (ICM) of murine blastocyst stages was restricted expression to 2-cell embryos. These results were veri ed described in 1981,2 and since then acted as game changer for by supplementing the culture medium with pladienolide B, a genetic studies in this mammalian model organism.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Manipulation of Stem Cells Eleni Papanikolaou1,2*, Kalliopi I
    logy & Ob o st ec e tr n i y c s G Papanikolaou et al. Gynecol Obstetric 2011, S:6 Gynecology & Obstetrics DOI: 10.4172/2161-0932.S6-001 ISSN: 2161-0932 Review Article Open Access Genetic Manipulation of Stem Cells Eleni Papanikolaou1,2*, Kalliopi I. Pappa1,3 and Nicholas P. Anagnou1,2 1Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece 2Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece 3First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece Abstract Stem cells have the remarkable potential for self-renewal and differentiation into many cell types in the body during early life and development. In addition, in many tissues they constitute a source of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish damaged or dead cells. After division, each new cell has the potential either to retain the stem cell status or to differentiate to a more specialized cell type, such as a red blood cell, a brain cell or a heart cell. Until recently, three types of stem cells from animals and humans have been characterized, i.e. embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells and somatic adult stem cells. However, in late 2007, researchers accomplished another breakthrough by identifying conditions that allow some specialized adult cells to be “reprogrammed” genetically to assume a stem cell-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), express genes and factors important for maintaining the unique properties and features of embryonic stem cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics and Stem Cell Research A.Genetics
    7: Genetics and Stem Cell Research A.Genetics 1. Introduction The principal special feature of genetics research is that the result of the study applies not only to the proband but also influences her lineage both in the past and in the future. For example genetic studies demonstrated Thomas Jefferson’s sexual relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and defined their descendants to this day. As we all know from television, genetic studies can be done from any tissue fragment that contains DNA so that studies of surgical specimens, biopsy materials, hair, epithelium and blood samples can all be utilized for extensive genetic studies. 2. Sampling Some DNA is more medically valuable than other. Samples from isolated populations in which a particular disorder is prevalent have a much greater probability of yielding the causal gene(s) because they have fewer genome variations than in the general population. Once isolated, the genetic material associated with the disorder has a good chance of yielding novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic approaches for the disorder. 3. Property rights A persistent question is whether the providers of the genetic material have any rights to the products created from their genetic material. These days, most consent forms are written explicitly to exclude intellectual property rights from the subjects. As might be imagined, this smacks of exploitation in the developing world. Negotiation of a monetary return to the community has sometimes been concluded. Important and lucrative products have been derived from individuals’ genomes without their receiving royalties or other compensation. However, the knowledge, technical expertise, and capital needed to make a useful product from a blood or tissue sample come from the company not the donor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Amazing Stem Cell What Are They? Where Do They Come From? How Are They Changing Medicine? Stem Cells Are “Master Cells”
    The Amazing Stem Cell What are they? Where do they come from? How are they changing medicine? Stem cells are “master cells” Stem cells can be “guided” to become many other cell types. Stem Cell Bone cell Self-renewed stem cell Brain cell Heart muscle Blood cell cell There are several types of stem cells, each from a unique source Embryonic stem cells* • Removed from embryos created for in vitro fertilization after donation consent is given. (Not sourced from aborted fetuses.) • Embryos are 3-5 days old (blastocyst) and have about 150 cells. • Can become any type of cell in the body, also called pluripotent cells. • Can regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs. • Current use limited to eye-related disorders. * Not used by Mayo Clinic. Adult stem cells • Found in most adult organs and tissues, including bone marrow. • Often taken from bone marrow in the hip. • Blood stem cells can be collected through apheresis (separated from blood). • Can regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues (regenerative medicine). • Can be used as specialized “drugs” to potentially treat degenerative conditions. • Currently tested in people with neurological and heart disease. Umbilical cord blood stem cells • Found in blood in placenta and umbilical cord after childbirth. • Have the ability to change into specialized cells (like blood cells), also called progenitor cells. • Parents choose to donate umbilical cord blood for use in research, or have it stored for private or public banks. • Can be used in place of bone marrow stem cell transplants in some clinical applications. Bioengineered stem cells • Regular adult cells (e.g., blood, skin) reprogrammed to act like embryonic stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells).
    [Show full text]
  • The Longest Telomeres: a General Signature of Adult Stem Cell Compartments
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments Ignacio Flores,1 Andres Canela,1 Elsa Vera,1 Agueda Tejera,1 George Cotsarelis,2 and María A. Blasco1,3 1Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid E-28029, Spain; 2University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, M8 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Identification of adult stem cells and their location (niches) is of great relevance for regenerative medicine. However, stem cell niches are still poorly defined in most adult tissues. Here, we show that the longest telomeres are a general feature of adult stem cell compartments. Using confocal telomere quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (telomapping), we find gradients of telomere length within tissues, with the longest telomeres mapping to the known stem cell compartments. In mouse hair follicles, we show that cells with the longest telomeres map to the known stem cell compartments, colocalize with stem cell markers, and behave as stem cells upon treatment with mitogenic stimuli. Using K15-EGFP reporter mice, which mark hair follicle stem cells, we show that GFP-positive cells have the longest telomeres. The stem cell compartments in small intestine, testis, cornea, and brain of the mouse are also enriched in cells with the longest telomeres. This constitutes the description of a novel general property of adult stem cell compartments. Finally, we make the novel finding that telomeres shorten with age in different mouse stem cell compartments, which parallels a decline in stem cell functionality, suggesting that telomere loss may contribute to stem cell dysfunction with age.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Lineage Potency and Plasticity of Stem Cells Using Epigenetic Molecules Received: 13 December 2017 Anandika Dhaliwal1, Sandra Pelka1, David S
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Engineering Lineage Potency and Plasticity of Stem Cells using Epigenetic Molecules Received: 13 December 2017 Anandika Dhaliwal1, Sandra Pelka1, David S. Gray1 & Prabhas V. Moghe 1,2 Accepted: 11 October 2018 Stem cells are considered as a multipotent regenerative source for diseased and dysfunctional Published: xx xx xxxx tissues. Despite the promise of stem cells, the inherent capacity of stem cells to convert to tissue- specifc lineages can present a major challenge to the use of stem cells for regenerative medicine. We hypothesized that epigenetic regulating molecules can modulate the stem cell’s developmental program, and thus potentially overcome the limited lineage diferentiation that human stem cells exhibit based on the source and processing of stem cells. In this study, we screened a library of 84 small molecule pharmacological agents indicated in nucleosomal modifcation and identifed a sub-set of specifc molecules that infuenced osteogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) while maintaining cell viability in-vitro. Pre-treatment with fve candidate hits, Gemcitabine, Decitabine, I-CBP112, Chidamide, and SIRT1/2 inhibitor IV, maximally enhanced osteogenesis in-vitro. In contrast, fve distinct molecules, 4-Iodo-SAHA, Scriptaid, AGK2, CI-amidine and Delphidine Chloride maximally inhibited osteogenesis. We then tested the role of these molecules on hMSCs derived from aged human donors and report that small epigenetic molecules, namely Gemcitabine and Chidamide, can signifcantly promote osteogenic diferentiation by 5.9- and 2.3-fold, respectively. Taken together, this study demonstrates new applications of identifed small molecule drugs for sensitively regulating the lineage plasticity fates of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells through modulating the epigenetic profle of the cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Nano-Biosensor for Monitoring the Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells
    nanomaterials Review Nano-Biosensor for Monitoring the Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells Jin-Ho Lee 1,2,†, Taek Lee 1,2,† and Jeong-Woo Choi 1,2,* 1 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.L.); [email protected] (T.L.) 2 Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-718-1976; Fax: +82-2-3273-0331 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Chen-Zhong Li and Ling-Jie Meng Received: 6 July 2016; Accepted: 17 November 2016; Published: 28 November 2016 Abstract: In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, monitoring the status of stem cell differentiation is crucial to verify therapeutic efficacy and optimize treatment procedures. However, traditional methods, such as cell staining and sorting, are labor-intensive and may damage the cells. Therefore, the development of noninvasive methods to monitor the differentiation status in situ is highly desirable and can be of great benefit to stem cell-based therapies. Toward this end, nanotechnology has been applied to develop highly-sensitive biosensors to noninvasively monitor the neural differentiation of stem cells. Herein, this article reviews the development of noninvasive nano-biosensor systems to monitor the neural differentiation of stem cells, mainly focusing on optical (plasmonic) and eletrochemical methods. The findings in this review suggest that novel nano-biosensors capable of monitoring stem cell differentiation are a promising type of technology that can accelerate the development of stem cell therapies, including regenerative medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Stem Cell Research: an Overview
    Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Letters Review | Vol 3 Iss 2 Stem Cell Research: An Overview Shatadru Bhattacharjee* Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. BC Roy College of Pharmacy, West Bengal, India *Corresponding author: Shatadru B, Dr. BC Roy College of Pharmacy, West Bengal, India, Email- [email protected] Received: March 03, 2017; Accepted: March 19, 2017; Published: March 24, 2017 Abstract A primary cell can reproduce itself or give rise to more specialized cell type is known as stem cell. The stem cell is the primogenitor at the top of the family tree among all type of cell [1-7]. One blood stem cell gives birth to red blood cells (RBC), white cells (WBC) and platelets stem cells that vary in their developmental capacity. A multi-potent stem cell can give birth to several types of mature cell. A pluripotent stem cell can give birth to all types of adult tissue cells and extra embryonic tissue cells which support embryonic development inside fetus[8-14]. A totipotent stem cell can give birth to a new individual given appropriate maternal support. The current growth of stem cell research is quiet good from last few decades. Stem cell therapy has capabilities of regenerating any human tissue damaged by injury, disease or ageing could be available within a few years. In this review there are few discussion related to current stem cell research and development [15-21]. Keywords: Stem cell; Regenerative medicine; Cell biology Introduction Stem cells have the remarkable potential in the development of several different type of cell in the body during early life and growth [22-28].
    [Show full text]
  • Progenitor Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Damaged Myocardium
    Progenitor Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Damaged Protocol Myocardium due to Ischemia (20218) Medical Benefit Effective Date: 01/01/11 Next Review Date: 07/22 Preauthorization No Review Dates: 09/10, 07/11, 07/12, 07/13, 07/14, 07/15, 07/16, 07/17, 07/18, 07/19, 07/20, 07/21 This protocol considers this test or procedure investigational. If the physician feels this service is medically necessary, preauthorization is recommended. The following protocol contains medical necessity criteria that apply for this service. The criteria are also applicable to services provided in the local Medicare Advantage operating area for those members, unless separate Medicare Advantage criteria are indicated. If the criteria are not met, reimbursement will be denied and the patient cannot be billed. Please note that payment for covered services is subject to eligibility and the limitations noted in the patient’s contract at the time the services are rendered. RELATED PROTOCOLS Orthopedic Applications of Stem Cell Therapy (Including Allograft and Bone Substitute Products Used With Autologous Bone Marrow) Stem Cell Therapy for Peripheral Arterial Disease Populations Interventions Comparators Outcomes Individuals: Interventions of interest Comparators of interest Relevant outcomes include: • With acute cardiac are: are: • Disease-specific survival ischemia • Progenitor cell therapy • Standard therapy • Morbid events • Functional outcomes • Quality of life • Hospitalizations Individuals: Interventions of interest Comparators of interest Relevant outcomes
    [Show full text]