DOCSLIB.ORG

MEET the DINOSAURS! WHAT’S in a NAME? a LOT If You Are a Dinosaur!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

MEET THE DINOSAURS! WHAT’S IN A NAME? A LOT if you are a dinosaur! I will call you Dyoplosaurus! Most dinosaurs get their names from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. And I will call you Mojoceratops! And sometimes they are named after a defining feature on their body. Their names are made up of word parts that describe the dinosaur. The name must be sent to a special group of people called the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to be approved! Did You The word DINOSAUR comes from the Greek word meaning terrible lizard and was first said by Know? Sir Richard Owen in 1841. © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® | 3 SEE IF YOU CAN FIND OUT THE MEANING OF SOME OF OUR DINOSAUR’S NAMES. Dinosaur names are not just tough to pronounce, they often have meaning. Dinosaur Name MEANING of Dinosaur Name Carnotaurus (KAR-no-TORE-us) Means “flesh-eating bull” Spinosaurus (SPY-nuh-SORE-us) Dyoplosaurus (die-o-pluh-SOR-us) Amargasaurus (ah-MAR-guh-SORE-us) Omeisaurus (Oh-MY-ee-SORE-us) Pachycephalosaurus (pak-ee-SEF-uh-low-SORE-us) Tuojiangosaurus (toh-HWANG-uh-SORE-us) Yangchuanosaurus (Yang-chew-ON-uh-SORE-us) Quetzalcoatlus (KWET-zal-coe-AT-lus) Ouranosaurus (ooh-RAN-uh-SORE-us) Parasaurolophus (PAIR-uh-so-ROL-uh-PHUS) Kosmoceratops (KOZ-mo-SARA-tops) Mojoceratops (moe-joe-SEH-rah-tops) Triceratops (try-SER-uh-TOPS) Tyrannosaurus rex (tuh-RAN-uh-SORE-us) Find the answers by visiting the Resource Library at Carnotaurus A: www.OmahaZoo.com/Education. Search word: Dinosaurs 4 | © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® DINO DEFENSE All animals in the wild have to protect themselves. Many of our Tuojiangosaurus dinosaurs have SPECIAL FEATURES (also known as adaptations) that help them do this. Match the dinosaur to the kind of protection that best suits them. Some of these prehistoric creatures may even use multiple adaptations! Armargasaurus Carnotaurus Spinosaurus Juvenile Dyoplosaurus Spines/frills/clubs Omeisaurus Horns Tuojiangosaurus Plates Yangchuanosaurus Juvenile Size Quetzalcoatlus Speed Ouranosaurus Sharp teeth Parasaurolophus Sharp claws Pachycephalosaurus Spikes Kosmoceratops Mojoceratops Visit Dinosaurs Alive! at Omaha’s Henry Triceratops A: Doorly Zoo & Aquarium to observe the dinosaurs above. Or Visit the Resource Tyrannosaurus Rex Library at www.OmahaZoo.com/Education. Let’s Analyze Our Results! ? Out of all the ways that the dinosaurs used to protect and defend themselves, which was most noticeable to you? ? Which adaptation was used the least? ? Which adaptation was used the most? ? Which dinosaur used the most adaptations? ©© 2013 2013 Omaha’s Omaha’s Henry Henry Doorly Doorly Zoo Zoo & & Aquarium Aquarium®® | | 5 5 THE CARNIVORE VS THE HERBIVORE There are many physical characteristics that animals have which allow us to guess what behaviors they may exhibit. For example, when we look at the teeth of an animal, we can predict if they are a carnivore or a herbivore. A carnivore is an animal which eats meat. A lion is an example of a carnivore. They have very sharp teeth which help them rip meat apart. A herbivore is an animal which eats plants. A zebra is an example of a herbivore. They have teeth that are flat, which help them grind up plants and leaves. By making observations, such as those above, paleontologists are able to make educated guesses about how dinosaurs acted millions of years ago. 6 | © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® As you explore Dinosaurs Alive! at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium, keep track of the physical characteristics that you see on the dinosaurs and other animals (record observations for at least 3 dinosaurs and 3 zoo animals). After you’ve recorded your observations, become a paleontologist and make an educated guess as to what behaviors these ancient dinosaurs may have had. CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVED LEGS BODY NAME OF DINOSAUR TAIL EYES TEETH ARMOR NOISE (long, short, (front or side (sharp, flat, or in WALKED ON COVERING (do they make / ZOO ANIMAL (do they have any) (scales, hair, or or medium) of head) between) (two or four) any noises) feathers) Example: LION LONG FRONT SHARP FOUR NO HAIR YES List the dinosaurs Are most herbivores and animals that of these had sharp teeth: animals: carnivores List the dinosaurs and Are most herbivores animals that had eyes of these on side of their head: animals: carnivores Reflection List the dinosaurs Do most alone and animals that had of these armor or protection: animals live: groups What other behavioral connections can you make between dinosaurs and modern animals based on your observations? © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® | 7 Dig up your own Describe Your Own Dinosaur prehistoric creature at Dinosaurs Alive! or the Fossil Dig Site when you visit Omaha’s You are a Paleontologist and you just Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium! DISCOVERED A NEW DINOSAUR! What are you going to name it? How tall is your dinosaur? What color is it? What special features does it have? (special-shaped head, long or short arms, big teeth or claws) Where did you discover it? How did you find it? What do you think it ate? WRITE A STORY about your amazing discovery! DRAW A PICTURE of what you think your dinosaur looked like and what type of habitat it lived in. 8 | © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® How BIG Were They? Scientists use graphs to compare the data they have collected. Be a scientist and COMPARE EACH DINOSAUR’S LENGTH, HEIGHT AND WEIGHT! 25 up to 22,000 lbs 20 15 14,000 lbs WEIGHT 8,818 lbs WEIGHT 10 (IN THOUSANDS) (IN 5 5,511 lbs 1,984 lbs 0 1,633 lbs LENGTH 50 43 feet 40+ feet 40 25-30 feet 30 24.6 feet HEIGHT 20 13 feet 13 feet 13 feet 15 feet (at hips) 13 feet 10 feet 6 feet 10 (at hips) 4.5 feet LENGTH & HEIGHT & LENGTH 5 0 CARNOTAURUS DYOPLOSAURUS TRICERATOPS KOSMOCERATOPS T-REX AMARGASAURUS DIRECTIONS: Use the graph to answer the following questions. Which dinosaur is the shortest? Which dinosaur is the tallest? Which dinosaur is the longest? Which dinosaur is the heaviest? Which dinosaur do you think is the largest dinosaur? © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® | 9 FOSSILS NEARLY EVERYTHING WE KNOW ABOUT DINOSAURS WE HAVE LEARNED BY STUDYING THEIR FOSSILS. ...or the shape of a The size of a fossil tooth can tell us if can tell us how big the dinosaur was an a dinosaur was... herbivore or carnivore. Have you ever wondered how fossils are formed, HOW ARE FOSSILS FORMED? or what makes a fossil different from a bone? Fossils can form in many ways, but most paleontologists agree that only a very small percentage of animals that ever lived have been found as fossils, or will ever become A fossil is a bone that fossils. Conditions have to be just right in order for fossils to form! isn’t a bone anymore. After being buried for millions of years, bones absorb surrounding animal is quickly buried bones dissolve & fill with water minerals and become rock-like. This is why fossils look brown and bones look white. Did You Know? One way a paleontologist can figure out the age of a fossil is by using radioactive dating. #1 #3 Everything on earth has a An animal must be quickly buried This leaves a cavity which is in small amount of radioactive once it dies. Mud or other material begins the shape of the original bone. material and scientists can to quickly cover the animal. measure this. By comparing Water, which is full how much radioactive material #2 More and more material (mud, sand, of minerals, begins is in the ground and fossils, or other) piles on top of the animal and to fill the cavity. The paleontologists can determine begins to harden. The bones are now minerals are left behind how old fossils are. surrounded by stone and begin to be and a cast is created. The dissolved by groundwater. cast has the same shape as the original bone! Learn how to make your own fossils at home! Go to the Resource Library at www.OmahaZoo.com/Education A Fossil Sandwich You will need: Examples of what you could use: • 3 slices of bread (clay can be used if available) • Several small house objects (such as paperclips, twigs, leaves, etc.) 1. Place one piece of bread DIRECTIONS on the counter (this to start represents the dirt/ activity mud) 2. Put 1-3 house objects on top of the bread 3. Place another piece of bread on top of the objects (this VIOLA! represents soil that Millions of years later... moved/shifted into the area) 4. Add 1-3 more house objects on top 5. Place final piece of bread on top of the objects (represents another layer of soil) What was a bone is now a heavy, rock- 6. Apply pressure to the bread, like copy of the original--called a fossil! then take the bread apart What happened to the bread? Were some objects greater in detail than others? Yes No Why do you think this is? How is this different than a real fossil? © 2013 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® | 11 WHAT DID DINOSAURS LOOK LIKE? Does anyone really know what dinosaurs looked like? Often, the only thing scientists have to go by are fossils. Unfortunately, fossils don’t tell us what color dinosaurs were, or what type of body covering they had. Nearly everything we think we know about what dinosaurs looked like is due to an artist’s interpretation. Scientists who study extinct animals (like dinosaurs) often work with artists to recreate what the dinosaur may have looked like in real-life.
Recommended publications
  • A Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia And

    A Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia And

    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01222-7 OPEN A neoceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretaceous of Mongolia and the early evolution of ceratopsia ✉ Congyu Yu 1 , Albert Prieto-Marquez2, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig 3,4, Zorigt Badamkhatan4,5 & Mark Norell1 1234567890():,; Ceratopsia is a diverse dinosaur clade from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous with early diversification in East Asia. However, the phylogeny of basal ceratopsians remains unclear. Here we report a new basal neoceratopsian dinosaur Beg tse based on a partial skull from Baruunbayan, Ömnögovi aimag, Mongolia. Beg is diagnosed by a unique combination of primitive and derived characters including a primitively deep premaxilla with four pre- maxillary teeth, a trapezoidal antorbital fossa with a poorly delineated anterior margin, very short dentary with an expanded and shallow groove on lateral surface, the derived presence of a robust jugal having a foramen on its anteromedial surface, and five equally spaced tubercles on the lateral ridge of the surangular. This is to our knowledge the earliest known occurrence of basal neoceratopsian in Mongolia, where this group was previously only known from Late Cretaceous strata. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is sister to all other neoceratopsian dinosaurs. 1 Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024, USA. 2 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, ICTA-ICP, Edifici Z, c/de les Columnes s/n Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. 4 Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, ✉ Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia.

  • Offer Your Guests a Visually Stunning and Interactive Experience They Won’T Find Anywhere Else World of Animals

    Creative Arts & Attractions Offer Your Guests a Visually Stunning and Interactive Experience They Won’t Find Anywhere Else World of Animals Entertain guests with giant illuminated, eye-catching displays of animals from around the world. Animal displays are made in the ancient Eastern tradition of lantern-making with 3-D metal frames, fiberglass, and acrylic materials. Unique and captivating displays will provide families and friends with a lifetime of memories. Animatronic Dinosaurs Fascinate patrons with an impressive visual spectacle in our exhibitions. Featured with lifelike appearances, vivid movements and roaring sounds. From the very small to the gigantic dinosaurs, we have them all. Everything needed for a realistic and immersive experience for your patrons. Providing interactive options for your event including riding dinosaurs and dinosaur inflatable slides. Enhancing your merchandise stores with dinosaur balloons and toys. Animatronic Dinosaur Options Abelisaurus Maiasaura Acrocanthosaurus Megalosaurus Agilisaurus Olorotitan arharensis Albertosaurus Ornithomimus Allosaurus Ouranosaurus nigeriensis Ankylosaurus Oviraptor philoceratops Apatosaurus Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis Archaeopteryx Parasaurolophus Baryonyx Plateosaurus Brachiosaurus Protoceratops andrewsi Carcharodontosaurus Pterosauria Carnotaurus Pteranodon longiceps Ceratosaurus Raptorex Coelophysis Rugops Compsognathus Spinosaurus Deinonychus Staurikosaurus pricei Dilophosaurus Stegoceras Diplodocus Stegosaurus Edmontosaurus Styracosaurus Eoraptor Lunensis Suchomimus
  • Stegosaurus Scelidosaurus Huayangosaurus Cheeks: No

    Stegosaurus Scelidosaurus Huayangosaurus Cheeks: No

    Huayangosaurus Scelidosaurus Stegosaurus Cheeks: No reptile has ever had a ‘buccinator’ muscle Answer: highly flexible tongue Brains 0.001% of stegosaur body weight Compared to 1.8% in humans (1000x larger per unit body weight!) Brains Brains Locomotion Graviportal Locomotion Elephantine hind feet (weight-bearing) Shin bones fused with astragalus/ calcaneum Femur: Long compared to humerus Columnar Facultative Tripodality? Stocky forelimbs- could be used for turning/posturing (Bakker) Dermal Armour? Pattern of plates and spines is species-specific Plates paired or staggered (Stegosaurus) Plates were probably not for defense... not tough enough Rotation? Surface markings => symmetrical. Rotation unlikely Potential uses: Thermoregulation? Warm up (ectotherms), Cool down (endotherms) Signaling? positioned for maximal lateral visibility Sexual Selection Mate Recognition Grooves for blood vessels Sexual dimorphism Differences between males and females of the same species **New finding** published in 2015 Stegosaurus Morrison formation, Colorado Dinosaur Sex Figuring out how Stegosaurus even could have mated is a prickly subject. Females were just as well-armored as males, and it is unlikely that males mounted the females from the back. A different technique was necessary. Perhaps they angled so that they faced belly to belly, some have guessed, or maybe, as suggested by Timothy Isles in a recent paper, males faced away from standing females and backed up (a rather tricky maneuver!). The simplest technique yet proposed is that the female lay down on her side and the male approached standing up, thereby avoiding all those plates and spikes. However the Stegosaurus pair accomplished the feat, though, it was most likely brief—only as long as was needed for the exchange of genetic material.
  • At Carowinds

    At Carowinds

    at Carowinds EDUCATOR’S GUIDE CLASSROOM LESSON PLANS & FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES Table of Contents at Carowinds Introduction The Field Trip ................................... 2 The Educator’s Guide ....................... 3 Field Trip Activity .................................. 4 Lesson Plans Lesson 1: Form and Function ........... 6 Lesson 2: Dinosaur Detectives ....... 10 Lesson 3: Mesozoic Math .............. 14 Lesson 4: Fossil Stories.................. 22 Games & Puzzles Crossword Puzzles ......................... 29 Logic Puzzles ................................. 32 Word Searches ............................... 37 Answer Keys ...................................... 39 Additional Resources © 2012 Dinosaurs Unearthed Recommended Reading ................. 44 All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Dinosaur Data ................................ 45 means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other without Discovering Dinosaurs .................... 52 explicit prior permission from Dinosaurs Unearthed. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for class use. Glossary .............................................. 54 Content co-created by TurnKey Education, Inc. and Dinosaurs Unearthed, 2012 Standards www.turnkeyeducation.net www.dinosaursunearthed.com Curriculum Standards .................... 59 Introduction The Field Trip From the time of the first exhibition unveiled in 1854 at the Crystal
  • Rule Booklet

    Rule Booklet

    Dig for fossils, build skeletons, and attract the most visitors to your museum! TM SCAN FOR VIDEO RULES AND MORE! FOSSILCANYON.COM Dinosaurs of North America edimentary rock formations of western North America are famous for the fossilized remains of dinosaurs The rules are simple enough for young players, but and other animals from the Triassic, Jurassic, and serious players can benefit Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic Era. Your objective from keeping track of the cards that is to dig up fossils, build complete skeletons, and display have appeared, reasoning about them in your museum to attract as many visitors as possible. probabilities and expected returns, and choosing between aggressive Watch your museum’s popularity grow using jigsaw-puzzle and conservative plays. scoring that turns the competition into a race! GAME CONTENTS TM 200,000300,000 160,000 VISITORS VISITORS PER YEAR 140,000 VISITORS PER YEAR 180,000 VISITORS PER YEAR 400,000 VISITORS PER YEAR Dig for fossils, build skeletons, and 340,000 VISITORS PER YEAR RD COLOR ELETONS CA GENUS PERIODDIET SK FOSSIL VISITORSPARTS 360,000 VISITORS PER YEAR PER YEAR attract the most visitors to your museum! VISITORS PER YEAR PER YEAR Tyrannosaurus K C 1 4 500,000 Brachiosaurus J H 1 3 400,000 ON YOUR TURN: TM SCAN FOR VIDEO Triceratops K H 1 3 380,000 RULES AND MORE! Allosaurus J C 2 Dig3 a first360,000 card. If it is a fossil, keep it hidden. FOSSILCANYON.COM Ankylosaurus K H 2 If it3 is an340,000 action card, perform the action.
  • A Revised Taxonomy of the Iguanodont Dinosaur Genera and Species

    A Revised Taxonomy of the Iguanodont Dinosaur Genera and Species

    ARTICLE IN PRESS + MODEL Cretaceous Research xx (2007) 1e25 www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes A revised taxonomy of the iguanodont dinosaur genera and species Gregory S. Paul 3109 North Calvert Station, Side Apartment, Baltimore, MD 21218-3807, USA Received 20 April 2006; accepted in revised form 27 April 2007 Abstract Criteria for designating dinosaur genera are inconsistent; some very similar species are highly split at the generic level, other anatomically disparate species are united at the same rank. Since the mid-1800s the classic genus Iguanodon has become a taxonomic grab-bag containing species spanning most of the Early Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere. Recently the genus was radically redesignated when the type was shifted from nondiagnostic English Valanginian teeth to a complete skull and skeleton of the heavily built, semi-quadrupedal I. bernissartensis from much younger Belgian sediments, even though the latter is very different in form from the gracile skeletal remains described by Mantell. Currently, iguanodont remains from Europe are usually assigned to either robust I. bernissartensis or gracile I. atherfieldensis, regardless of lo- cation or stage. A stratigraphic analysis is combined with a character census that shows the European iguanodonts are markedly more morpho- logically divergent than other dinosaur genera, and some appear phylogenetically more derived than others. Two new genera and a new species have been or are named for the gracile iguanodonts of the Wealden Supergroup; strongly bipedal Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis Paul (2006. Turning the old into the new: a separate genus for the gracile iguanodont from the Wealden of England. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs.
  • Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores

    Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores

    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-01-25 Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores Borkovic, Benjamin Borkovic, B. (2013). Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26635 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/498 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Investigating Sexual Dimorphism in Ceratopsid Horncores by Benjamin Borkovic A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2013 © Benjamin Borkovic 2013 Abstract Evidence for sexual dimorphism was investigated in the horncores of two ceratopsid dinosaurs, Triceratops and Centrosaurus apertus. A review of studies of sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate fossil record revealed methods that were selected for use in ceratopsids. Mountain goats, bison, and pronghorn were selected as exemplar taxa for a proof of principle study that tested the selected methods, and informed and guided the investigation of sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs. Skulls of these exemplar taxa were measured in museum collections, and methods of analysing morphological variation were tested for their ability to demonstrate sexual dimorphism in their horns and horncores.
  • New Book Catalog

    New Book Catalog

    New Book Catalog www.doverpublications.com Winter 2020 Connect with us! New Books for a OVER 50 NEW TITLES! New Year! Save 25% on 50 Favorites! Take an Additional $10 Off & Free Shipping See pages 46–47 See page 2 New Book Q1 2020 01-09.indd 1 12/5/19 11:03 AM 2020: New Year, New You $10 off your order of $40 or more TO REDEEM: When ordering by mail or fax, please IXIA PRESS NEW! enter the coupon code in the title column on the last Named after the South African flower that represents happiness, line of the order form. When ordering online, enter the Ixia Press presents inspiring books on leadership, business, spirituality, NEW! coupon code during checkout. and wellness that foster a spirit of personal and professional growth PLEASE NOTE: You must provide the Coupon Code Use to receive your discount. Orders must be received by and exploration. The imprint combines completely original works with seminal February 22, 2020. Shipping and handling, taxes, Coupon and gift certificates do not apply toward the classics given a fresh new lease on life, all written by some of the most respected Code purchase requirement. We reserve the right to change or discontinue this offer at any time. Your authors in their fields. merchandise total after your coupon deduction must CNWC be $50 or more to be eligible for Free Shipping. Can’t be combined with any other coupon. Reader-friendly handbook is structured around the ways in which crystals can Offer Ends 2/22/20 be used to improve specifi c life areas HIGHLIGHTS Valentine’s Day .
  • From the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain

    From the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain

    RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Sail-Backed Styracosternan (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain José Miguel Gasulla1☯, Fernando Escaso2☯*, Iván Narváez2, Francisco Ortega2, José Luis Sanz1 1 Unidad de Paleontología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, 2 Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] Abstract A new styracosternan ornithopod genus and species is here described based on a partial postcranial skeleton and an associated dentary tooth of a single specimen from the Arcillas de Morella Formation (Early Cretaceous, late Barremian) at the Morella locality, (Castellón, Spain). Morelladon beltrani gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by eight autapomorphic features. The set of autapomorphies includes: very elongated and vertical neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae, midline keel on ventral surface of the second to fourth sacral vertebrae restricted OPEN ACCESS to the anterior half of the centrum, a posterodorsally inclined medial ridge on the postace- Citation: Gasulla JM, Escaso F, Narváez I, Ortega F, tabular process of the ilium that meets its dorsal margin and distal end of the straight ischial Sanz JL (2015) A New Sail-Backed Styracosternan shaft laterally expanded, among others. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new Iberian (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0144167. form is more closely related to its synchronic and sympatric contemporary European taxa doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144167 Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, known from Western Editor: Leon Claessens, College of the Holy Cross, Europe, than to other Early Cretaceous Iberian styracosternans (Delapparentia turolensis UNITED STATES and Proa valdearinnoensis).
  • Histology and Ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus Nasal Bosses By

    Histology and Ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus Nasal Bosses By

    Histology and Ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus Nasal Bosses by Elizabeth Kruk A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Systematics and Evolution Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Elizabeth Kruk, 2015 Abstract Pachyrhinosaurus is a peculiar ceratopsian known only from Upper Cretaceous strata of Alberta and the North Slope of Alaska. The genus consists of three described species Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, and Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum that are distinguishable by cranial characteristics, including parietal horn shape and orientation, absence/presence of a rostral comb, median parietal bar horns, and profile of the nasal boss. A fourth species of Pachyrhinosaurus is described herein and placed into its phylogenetic context within Centrosaurinae. This new species forms a polytomy at the crown with Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum, with Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai falling basal to that polytomy. The diagnostic features of this new species are an apomorphic, laterally curved Process 3 horns and a thick longitudinal ridge separating the supraorbital bosses. Another focus is investigating the ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus nasal bosses in a histological context. Previously, little work has been done on cranial histology in ceratopsians, focusing instead on potential integumentary structures, the parietals of Triceratops, and how surface texture relates to underlying histological structures. An ontogenetic series is established for the nasal bosses of Pachyrhinosaurus at both relative (subadult versus adult) and fine scale (Stages 1-5). It was demonstrated that histology alone can indicate relative ontogenetic level, but not stages of a finer scale. Through Pachyrhinosaurus ontogeny the nasal boss undergoes increased vascularity and secondary remodeling with a reduction in osteocyte lacunar density.
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex

    Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex

    Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex By Karen E. Poole B.A. in Geology, May 2004, University of Pennsylvania M.A. in Earth and Planetary Sciences, August 2008, Washington University in St. Louis A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2015 Dissertation Directed by Catherine Forster Professor of Biology The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Karen Poole has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of August 10th, 2015. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex Karen E. Poole Dissertation Research Committee: Catherine A. Forster, Professor of Biology, Dissertation Director James M. Clark, Ronald Weintraub Professor of Biology, Committee Member R. Alexander Pyron, Robert F. Griggs Assistant Professor of Biology, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2015 by Karen Poole All rights reserved iii Dedication To Joseph Theis, for his unending support, and for always reminding me what matters most in life. To my parents, who have always encouraged me to pursue my dreams, even those they didn’t understand. iv Acknowledgements First, a heartfelt thank you is due to my advisor, Cathy Forster, for giving me free reign in this dissertation, but always providing valuable commentary on any piece of writing I sent her, no matter how messy.
  • The Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Thyreophoran Dinosaur Paranthodon Africanus, and the Use of Basal Exemplifiers in Phyl

    The Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Thyreophoran Dinosaur Paranthodon Africanus, and the Use of Basal Exemplifiers in Phyl

    1 The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, 2 and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis 3 4 Thomas J. Raven1,2 ,3 and Susannah C. R. Maidment2 ,3 5 61Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK 72School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, UK 8 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK 9 10Corresponding author: Thomas J. Raven 11 12Email address: [email protected] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21ABSTRACT 22 23The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the 24Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, 25in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs 26characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment 27that has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, 28and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla 29and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla 30appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been 31described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries 32of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the 33specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore 34warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the 35vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of 36Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade 37Stegosauria is used.