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La Subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae S.L.) En El Occidente Del Estado Sucre, Venezuela

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La Subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae S.L.) En El Occidente Del Estado Sucre, Venezuela La subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) en el occidente del estado Sucre, Venezuela The subfamily Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) in the western of the Sucre state, Venezuela José Baudilio RONDÓN Departamento de Educación Integral. Escuela de Humanidades y Educación. Núcleo de Sucre. Universidad de Oriente. Urb. José María Vargas # 15. Cumaná. Estado Sucre. E-mails: [email protected] y [email protected] Recibido: 29/05/2008 Fin de primer arbitraje: 05/03/2009 Primera revisión recibida: 12/03/2009 Fin de segundo arbitraje: 13/04/2009 Segunda revisión recibida: 14/04/2009 Aceptado: 20/04/2009 RESUMEN Como resultado del inventario florístico de los miembros de la subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) realizado en los municipios del occidente del estado Sucre (Bolívar, Cruz Salmerón Acosta, Mejía, Montes y Sucre) se identificaron 41 especies incluidas en los géneros: Abutilon, Allosidastrum, Anoda, Bastardia, Cienfuegosia, Gossypium, Herissantia, Hibiscus, Malachra, Malvastrum, Malvaviscus, Pavonia, Peltaea, Pseudoabutilon, Sida, Sidastrum, Thespesia, Urena y Wissadula. Para la realización de este trabajo se revisaron lo herbarios IRBR y VEN, y se colectó material en el área señalada. El material colectado fue preservado y depositado en el Herbario IRBR (Isidro Ramón Bermúdez Romero). Se presenta una lista de los géneros y las especies encontradas, con una breve descripción y una clave para identificar las mismas. Palabras claves: Malvoideae, Malvaceae, estado Sucre, Venezuela ABSTRACT As result of the floristic of members of the subfamily Malvoideae (Malvaceae sl) inventory realized out in the municipalities of the western of the Sucre state (Bolívar, Cruz Salmerón Acosta, Mejía, Montes and Sucre) 41 species included in the following genera were identified: Abutilon, Allosidastrum, Anoda, Bastardia, Cienfuegosia, Gossypium, Herissantia, Hibiscus, Malachra, Malvastrum, Malvaviscus, Pavonia, Peltaea, Pseudoabutilon, Sida, Sidastrum, Thespesia, Urena and Wissadula. For the realization of this work were reviewed as herbaria IRBR and VEN, and material collected in the study area. The collected botanical specimens were preserved and deposited in the Herbarium IRBR (Isidro Ramón Bermúdez Romero). A list of the genera and the species found is included, with a brief description and a key for their identification. Key words: Malvoideae, Malvaceae, Sucre State, Venezuela INTRODUCCIÓN Araya) y con vegetación exuberante en el este (Península de Paria) (Marín, 1993). Las montañas del El estado Sucre con una superficie de 11.800 estado Sucre representan la prolongación oriental de Km2, está ubicado en el Macizo Oriental de la la Cordillera de La Costa y en las misma se Cordillera de la Costa (Cunill, 1993). Limita por el desarrollan, en concordancia con la altura sobre el norte con el Mar Caribe, por el sur con los estados nivel del mar, desde manglares en la costa y Monagas y Anzoátegui, por el este con el Golfo de formaciones xerófilas en la península de Araya, hasta Paria (abierto al Océano Atlántico) y, por el oeste, las selvas nubladas en las altas montañas de la con el Golfo de Cariaco. Se ubica entre los 10º 03' y Serranía de Turimiquire, el Cerro Humo y el Cerro 10º 45' de latitud norte y 61º 52' y 64º 31' de longitud Patao (Cárdenas et al., 2000). sur (Figura 1). La temperatura promedio anual está entre 24-26 ºC. Esta ubicación le confiere un relieve Para el estudio taxonómico de la familia muy variado, principalmente montañoso. El sector Malvaceae (s.l.) se sigue el sistema de clasificación norte, correspondiente al litoral, presenta los Golfos del Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (2003). de Cariaco y Paria los cuales delimitan una peculiar Tradicionalmente la subfamilia Malvoideae se doble península en forma de yunque, ubicaba en Malvaceae s.s, pero recientes estudios considerablemente árida en el occidente (Península de genéticos y moleculares permitieron expandirla, Revista UDO Agrícola 9 (3): 599-621. 2009 599 Rondón. La subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) en el occidente del estado Sucre, Venezuela abarcando en la actualidad 9 de las familias MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS tradicionales, incluidas las Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae y Tiliaceae (Bayer et al., 1999; Bayer y El área de estudio forma parte del occidente Kubitzki, 2003). Esta ampliación ha podido ser del estado Sucre y comprende los municipios Bolívar, corroborada a través de numerosas investigaciones en Cruz Salmerón Acosta, Mejía, Montes y Sucre el orden Malvales (Baum et al., 2004; Perveen et al., (Figura 1). El paisaje está conformado por montañas, 2004; Tate et al., 2005). piedemontes, planicies y valles (Marín, 1993) los cuales determinan la diversidad de formaciones La familia Malvaceae s.l. reúne cerca de 250 vegetales, incluyendo bosques xerófilos, bosques géneros y 3929 especies distribuidas por las regiones húmedos, manglares y sabanas, entre otros, que tienen templadas y cálidas de todo el mundo. La subfamilia un alto índice de especies ampliamente distribuidas Malvoideae, por su parte, presenta aproximadamente (Cárdenas et al., 2000). 78 géneros y 1670 especies con distribución en climas tropicales y templados (Bayer et al., 1999; Bayer y Las muestras fueron colectadas en diferentes Kubitzki, 2003). localidades de los municipios que conforman el área de estudio y fueron procesadas siguiendo la La subfamilia Malvoideae está representada metodología tradicionalmente usada en la taxonomía en la flora venezolana por unos 30 géneros y vegetal, la cual incluye las técnicas clásicas de alrededor de 120 especies (Dorr, 2008). Dentro de herborización que abarcan las etapas de recolección, esta subfamilia se encuentran plantas de gran prensado, secado, preservación en alcohol al 70%, importancia económica, especialmente algunas identificación, etiquetado y montaje en cartulinas especies de Gossypium (algodón), las cuales han sido blancas para su incorporación. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en los países tropicales y subtropicales ingresadas al herbario IRBR. El análisis morfológico tanto por su fibra textil, como por el aceite comestible se realizó con un microscopio estereoscópico con de sus semillas y sus atributos medicinales. Otros cámara lúcida (Wild M3). Para la identificación géneros como Abelmoschus, Bastardia, Cienfuegosia, taxonómica de los géneros y las especies, se utilizó Hibiscus, Malachra, Pavonia, Sida, Thespesia y literatura especializada y se comparó el material Urena se utilizan en medicina popular por sus colectado con los especimenes que se encuentran propiedades terapéuticas. preservados en los herbarios IRBR y VEN. Ubicado cada taxón, se establecieron los criterios para el En Venezuela la familia Malvaceae ha sido tratamiento taxonómico en el que se presenta una poco estudiada taxonómicamente, el conocimiento de breve descripción de la subfamilia y de las especies e algunas especies se debe a colecciones realizadas por ilustraciones de las mismas, las cuales fueron hechas exploradores botánicos nacionales y extranjeros, así por el autor. Algunas ilustraciones fueron tomadas de como por escasos estudios o inventarios florísticos en Steyermark y Huber (1978), Galantón (1983), diferentes regiones del país (Pittier, 1926; Steyermark Steyermark et al. (2001) y Duno de Stefano et al. y Huber, 1978; Delascio-Chitty, 1985; Hoyos, 1985, (2007). Finalmente, y con base en las características Albornoz, 1997; Steyermark et al., 1994; Fryxell, morfológicas de los ejemplares analizados, se elaboró P.A., 2001; Díaz y Rosales, 2006; Duno de Stefano et una clave para identificar las especies. al., 2007; Díaz y Delascio-Chitty, 2007; Lárez et al., 2007). En el estado Sucre se han realizado pocos RESULTADOS estudios florísticos, taxonómicos y etnobotánicos que hayan hecho referencia a la familia Malvaceae En total fueron detectadas 41 especies (Cabeza, 1981; Galantón, 1983; Marcano, 2003; incluidas en 19 géneros (Cuadro 1). Velásquez, 2003; Gil, 2004; Bello, 2007). Familia: Malvaceae El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un inventario de géneros y especies de Subfamilia: Malvoideae Malvaceae en los municipios occidentales del estado Sucre, como un primer paso para llevar a cabo un Árboles, arbustos o hierbas, con mucílago, estudio taxonómico de la familia en el estado y excepcionalmente con látex (Thespesia), glabros contribuir así a formar una base de información hasta variadamente pubescentes a menudo con taxonómica para Venezuela. indumento integrado por diferentes tipos de pelos 600 Revista UDO Agrícola 9 (3): 599-621. 2009 Rondón. La subfamilia Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.) en el occidente del estado Sucre, Venezuela (estrellados, lepídotos). Tallo fibroso. Hojas alternas, extrorsas. Polen muricado. Gineceo de ovario súpero, palmatinervias, enteras o variadamente divididas o 2 a multilocular, 2 a multicarpelar, con 1–numerosos lobuladas, con estípulas. Flores bisexuales (rara vez óvulos por lóculo en placentas axilares; estilo unisexuales), actinomorfas, solitarias o en ramificado en el ápice en igual número o el doble de inflorescencias. Cáliz con 5 sépalos unidos, rodeados los carpelos; estigmas el doble o en igual número de en la base por un involucro de brácteas connadas o carpelos. Fruto una cápsula loculicida, esquizocarpo libres formando un calículo. Corola con 5 pétalos separándose en mericarpos o indehiscente libres o connados basalmente y adnados al androceo. (capsiforme). Semillas generalmente numerosas, Estambres numerosos, monadelfos con los filamentos algunas veces cubiertas de pelos y oleaginosas. apicalmente libres; anteras monotecas,
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