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Living Ideas in America

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Living Ideas in America Contents Preface xvii PART ONE: THE AMERICAN SETTING CHAPTER 1. THE PEOPLE 3 1. The Influence of the New World on the Old: John R. Seeley 5 2. "The Disinherited, the Dispossessed": Stephen Vincent Benet 8 3. The Inhabitants of Colonial Virginia: Robert Beverley 10 4. The Coming of the Pilgrims: William Bradford 12 5. "This Is the Door Thou Hast Opened": Edward Johnson 15 6. "What Is an American?": Jean de Crevecoeur 17 7. The "Despised Races": Robert Louis Stevenson 21 8. "The Souls of Black Folk": W. E. B. Du Bois 25 9. A Map of New York: Jacob A. Riis 30 10. "I Lift My Lamp Beside the Golden Door": Emma Lazarus 32 11. A Test of Opportunity, Not of Character: Woodrow Wilson 33 12. Putting up the Bars: Commissioner-General of Immigration 35 13. The American Language: Henry L. Mencken 39 14. "The Three Southwestern Peoples": Paul Horgan 42 15. The Twentieth-Century American: Henry Steele Commager 46 CHAPTER 2. THE LAND 54 1. The Spaciousness and Diversity of the American Scene: ~kfu~~ ~ 2. The Rhythm of Flowing Waters: Constance Lindsay Skinner 59 3. "The Extreme Fruitfulness of That Country": Robert Beverley 62 4. "A Hideous and Desolate Wilderness": William Bradford 67 5. "American Areas without a Trace of Europe's Soil": Walt Whitman ll9 6. The Significance of the Frontier: Frederick Jackson Turner 72 vi Contents vii 7. A Democratic Land System 80 A. "The Common Benefit of the United States": Resolu· tion of Congress on Public Lands 81 B. The Land Ordinance of 1785 82 8. A Belt of Trees for the Arid West: Ferdinand V. Hayden 84 9. The Arid Regions of the West: John W. Powell 86 10. Forests, Prosperity, and Progress: Carl Schurz 88 11. "From Plymouth Rock to Ducktown": Stuart Chase 92 12. A Program of Conservation : Theodore Roosevelt 98 13. The TVA and the Seamless Web of Nature: David E. Lilienthal 102 PART TWO: PRINCIPLES, TRADITIONS AND INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE AMERICAN POUTICAL SYSTEM 109 1. The Mayflower Compact III 2. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut II2 3. An Early Assertion of Colonial Independence: Massachusetts' Declaration of Liberties II5 4. The Origin and Nature of Government: John Locke II6 5. Natural Law and Democracy: John Wise 120 6. Government Is Limited 123 A. "Parliament Cannot Make Two and Two Five": James O~ I~ B. "In All Free States the Constitution Is Fixed": Samuel Adams 124 7. The Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson 125 8. Revolution Legalized 127 A. "How Can the People Institute Governments?": John Adams 127 B. Concord Demands a Constitutional Meeting: Resolu· tions of the Concord Town Meeting 128 9. The Virginia Bill of Rights: George Mason 129 10. The Constitution: Preamble and Bill of Rights 132 11. The Northwest Ordinance 135 12. The Principle of Equality in American Society: Charles Pinckney 138 .~ Vlll Contents 13. What Is a Republic? 140 A. "A Government Which Derives All Its Powers from the People": James Madison 141 B. "It Is Representation Ingrafted upon Democracy": Thomas Paine 141 14. Washington's Farewell Address: George Washington 143 15. "We Are All Republicans, We Are All Federalists": Thomas JefJerson 147 16. "A Constitution Framed for Ages to Come": John Marshall 150 17. The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln 152 18. Liberty, the Necessary Condition of Progress: Henry George 153 19. "There Is Nothing Mysterious about Democracy": Franklin D. Roosevelt 155 20. "This I Deeply Believe": David E. Lilienthal 158 CHAPTER 4. mE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT 161 1. How to Balance Classes and Factions in a Republic: James Madison 163 2. Davy Crockett Runs for the Legislature: David Crockett 171 3. Andrew Jackson Is Inaugurated: Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith 173 4. The Spoils System 176 A. Rotation in Office: Andrew Jackson 176 B. The Spoils of Victory: William Learned Marcy 177 5. "Troubles of a Candidate": Peter Finley Dunne 178 6. "Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft": William L. Riordan 180 7. "Boss Pendergast": Ralph Coghlan 182 8. Invisible Government: Elihu Root 185 9. "Let's Go Back to the Spoils System": John Fischer 188 10. Political Parties in America: Henry Steele Commager 191 11. Public and Political Associations in the United States: Alexis de Tocqueville 196 12. "It Is of the Very Essence of Americanism": George San- tayana 201 CHAPTER 5. DEMOCRACY, OR MAJORITY RULE AND MINORITY RIGHT' 204 1. "Cherish the Spirit of the People": Thomas JefJerson 207 2. "It Is Essential to Liberty that the Rights of the Rich Be Secured": John Adams 208 Contents ix 3. "The Combinations of Civil Society Are Not Like Those of a Set of Merchants": Benjamin Franklin 210 4. "We Are Descending into a Licentious Democracy": Fisher Ames 212 5. "Dare We Flatter Ourselves That We Are a Peculiar Pe~ pie?": James Kent 215 6. The Tyranny of the Majority: Alexis de Tocqueville 216 7. The Numerical and the Concurrent Majorities: John C. Calhoun 222 8. "Democracy Furnishes Its Own Checks and Balances": Henry Steele Commager 225 9. "The People Is Firm and Tranquil": George Bancroft 227 10. "Every American Is an Apostle of the Democratic Creed": Alexander Mackay 229 11. The Real Meaning of the Principles of the Declaration 232 A. "They Meant to Set up a Standard for a Free Society": Abraham Lincoln 233 B. "To Lift Artificial Weights from All Shoulders": Abra- ham Lincoln 234 12. "Did You Suppose That Democracy Was Only for Poli- tics?": Walt Whitman 235 13. "The Eternal Mob": Henry L. Mencken 237 14. "Democracy Is Not Dying": Franklin D. Roosevelt 241 15. The Faults and Strength of American Democracy 244 A. The True Faults of American Democracy: James Bryce 245 B. The Strength of American Democracy: James Bryce 247 CHAPTER 6. STATE AND NATION 252 1. "With Our Fate Will the Destiny of Unborn Millions Be Involved": George Washington 254 2. The Constitution Partly Federal, Partly National: James ~~~ ~ 3. "A Rising, Not a Setting Sun": Benjamin Franklin 261 4. Strict or Broad Construction? 264 A. "Lace Them up Straitly within the Enumerated Pow- ers": Thomas Jefferson 265 B. "There Are Implied as Well as Express Powers": Alex- ander Hamilton 269 ~ x Contents 5. The Constitution a Compact 273 A. Kentucky Resolutions: Thomas Jefferson 273 B. Virginia Resolutions: James Madison 275 6. "The Origin of This Government and the Source of Its Pow- er": Daniel Webster 276 7. "A Compact Is a Binding Obligation": Andrew Jackson 280 8. "A Separation of These States Is a Moral Impossibility": Daniel Webster 283 9. "The Fictitious Idea of One People of the United States": Jefferson Davis 286 10. "The Union Is Older than the Constitution": Abraham Lincoln 289 11. The Fourteenth Amendment 292 12. "Government at the Service of Humanity" : Woodrow Wilson 292 13. Broadening the Commerce Power: Charles E. Hughes 297 14. "The Obsolescence of Federalism": Harold J. Laski 302 15. Central Policy and Local Administration: David E. Lilienthal 307 CHAPTER 7. THE WELFARE STATE AND RUGGED INDIVIDUAliSM 315 l. True and False Principles of Economy in the Bay Colony: John Winthrop 318 2. An Early Program of Social Security: Thomas Paine 320 3. "All Communities Are Apt to Look to Government for Too Much": Martin Van Buren 323 4. Affectation with a Public Interest: Morrison Waite 324 5. "Liberty, Inequality, Survival of the Fittest": William. Graham Sumner 327 6. The Courts as Guardians of the Status Quo 330 A. "Such Governmental Interferences Disturb the Social Fabric": Robert Earl 331 B. "The Police Power Will Have Been Widened to a Great and Dangerous Degree": George Sutherland 332 7. "The Doctrine of Laissez-Faire Is Unsafe in Politics and Unsound in Morals": Richard T. Ely 335 8. Government Is But One of the Tools of Man: Lester F. Ward 337 Contents xi 9. The Courts Accept Governmental Regulation 342 A. "The Fourteenth Amendment Does Not Enact Her- bert Spencer's Social Statics": Oliver Wendell Holmes 342 B. "The Liberty Safeguarded Is Liberty in a Social Or­ ganization Which Requires Protection": Charles Evans Hughes 344 10. "The Old Order Changeth": Woodrow Wilson 346 11. The Philosophy of Rugged Individualism: Herbert Hoover 349 12. "Whether Men Serve Government or Whether Government Exists to Serve Men": Franklin D. Roosevelt 351 13. The Fair Deal Succeeds the New Deal: Harry S. Truman 357 14. "The Agenda of Liberalism": Walter Lippmann 360 CHAPTER 8. LIBERTY AND ORDER 366 1. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties : Nathaniel Ward 369 2. "A True Picture of a Commonwealth": Roger Williams 371 3. "The Public Judgment Will Correct False Reasoning": Thomas Jefferson 373 4. On the Murder of Elijah Lovejoy: Wendell Phillips 374 5. The Duty of Civil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau 379 6. Huck and Jim on the Raft: Mark Twain 384 7. The Constitutional Limits of Free Speech 389 A. "A Clear and Present Danger": Oliver Wendell Holmes 390 B. "Free Trade in Ideas": Oliver Wendell Holmes 392 8. "It Is the Function of Speech to Free Men from the Bondage of Irrational Fear": Louis D. Brandeis 394 9. "To the End That Changes May Be Obtained by Peaceful Means": Charles Evans Hughes 395 10. "To An Anxious Friend": William Allen White 3~ 11. "The Indispensable Opposition": Walter Lippmann 400 12. "You Cannot Create Loyalty by Compulsion": Zechariah Chafee, Jr. 403 13. The Loyalty Program: Harry S. Truman 407 14. "Who Is Loyal to America?": Henry Steele Commager 4IO 15. "Due Notice to the FBI": Bernard De Voto 417 16. Civil Rights in the Nation's Capital: Robert Carr 424 17. A Universal Declaration of Human Rights: General Assem- bly of the U nited Nations 430 I xii Contents CHAPTER 9.
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