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Hern Con Ainerized Forest Tree Seedling Conference : United States ): Department of Proceedings of the ' Agriculture Forest Service hern Con ainerized Southern Forest Experiment Station Forest Tree Seedling New Orleans, Louls~ana General Techn~calReport 50-37 Conference June, 1982 Savannah, Georgia Edited by Richard W. Guilin and James P. Barnett Proceedings of the SOUTHERN CONTAINERIZED FOREST TREE SEEDLING CONFERENCE Edited by Richard W. Guldin and James P. Barnett Savannah, Georgia August 25-27, 1981 Sponsored by: Southern Forest Experiment Station Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry Silvicultural Working Group, Society of American Foresters Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Georgia Pacific Corporation PREFACE Research findings provide benefits to society when they are communicated to and implemented by users. This principle was the rationale for the Southern Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Conference. In the 8 years since the North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symposium in August 1974, southern for- esters have developed container seedling nurseries and begun large-scale planting programs. By their ex- perience and research, the state-of-the-art has been rapidly advanced. It was time to redefine the state- of-the-art for the 1980s. The conference objective was to describe and discuss the state-of-the-art of growing and planting con- tainerized tree seedlings for reforescation in the South. The program developed alternative approaches and examined the potential for expanding the use of this regeneration method. Many individuals and organizations deserve credit for the success of the conference. Each of our speakers did a fine job of covering his assigned topic. We are especially grateful for the presentations of those nurserymen who shared their trials in developing large-scale nurseries and field planting programs, so their successors need not repeat their errors. They have added more to the font of knowledge than they realize and serve as witnesses that planting containerized seedlings is a viable reforestation method. The moderators proved adept at keeping the sessions on schedule, providing insights of their own, and leading the informative discussion periods. The speakers are responsible for the content of their papers and sub- mitted them in camera-ready form. In addition to our speakers, 4 individuals merit special mention for their contributions to conference planning and arrangements: John C. Brissette, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, Jackson, Mississippi William E. Balmer (Ret.), Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, Georgia David C. Borem, Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Savannah, Georgia H. Lamar Merck, Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, Statesboro, Georgia. Finally, we acknowledge the support of the Silvicultural Working Group of the Society of American For- esters and the exhibitors. The SAF Continuing Forestry Education and Professional Development Program awarded 16.5 hours of Category 1 credit to each conference attendee. The South's Third Forest report, published by the Southern Forest Resource Analysis Committee in 1969, stated that developing "year-long planting and seeding schedules for principal forest species" was one of the most important forest research needs to assure adequate future wood supplies. We feel that the authors have made a large contribution toward meeting that need. Through this volume, we transfer a new regenera- tion technology to you, the reader, hoping that society will be the ultimate beneficiary. Richard W. Guldin and James P. Barnett Program Cochairmen CONTENTS Page Robert D. Raisch A. Ray Shirley (comments not available) KEYNOTE ADDRESSES Reforestation: Key to Southern Forest Productivity John C. Barber A Historical Overview of the Use of Containerized Seedlings for Operational Reforestation--How Did We Get Where We Are Today? PhiZip F. Hahn GETTING STARTED: The Steps in Beginning Containerized Seedling Operations Moderator's Cumments: Getting Started Robert D. Raisch Selecting Containers for Southern Pine Seedling Production James P. Bmtt You Reap What You Sow E. W. BeZcher Seed Sowing Strategies for Containerized Seedling Operations WiZZiam D. Pepper and James 2). Barnett Germination Characteristics of Southern Pine as Influenced by Temperature J. R. Lhmkp and J. P. Barnett PLANTABLE SEEDLINGS: The Goal of Nursery Production Practices and Environmental Controls Moderator's Comments : Producing Plantable Seedlings James P. Barnett Relating Seedling Morphology to Field Performance of Containerized Southern Pines John McGiZvmy and J. P. Eurnett Diseases of Container-grown Southern Pine Seedlings and Their Control WiZZiam H. Pawuk Containerized White Pine Cultural Methods and Outplanting Success on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee RonaZd L. Hay and Joy K. Keegan Dormancy Relationships of Containerized Conifer Seedlings John C. Memz and WiZZiam C. CarZson Production Practices for Growing Eucalyptus Seedlings in Containers John F. O'Meara and Mark V. Crow Production of Containerized Southern Red Oaks and Their Performance After Outplanting WiZZiam W. Elm, John D. Rodges, and David C. kborhead Bare Root Versus Containerized Seedlings: A Comparison of Production Problems and Methods H. Gmdy Harris iii CHOOSING FACILITIES: Selecting the Type of Nursery From Available Options Moderator: Clark W. Lantz Fully Controlled or Semi-controlled Environment Greenhouses--Which is Best? Stephen E. McDomZd Capital Intensity and Economies-of-Scale for Different Types of Nurseries ~ichardW. GuZdin Practical Guidelines for Developing Containerized Nursery Programs PhiZz'p F. Hahn Integrated System Approach to Containerized Seedling Production and Automated Transplanting Barney K. Huang and David M. South OPERATIONAL RCFORESTATION: Practices Employed to Establish Stands After Seedlings Leave the Nursery Moderator' Comments: Operational Reforestation SameZ F. Gingrich The Processing, Storage and Shipping of Container Seedlings in the Western United States Thomas D. Landis and Stephen E. Mcknazd Operational Planting of Container Grown Slash Pine Seedlings on Problem Sites Jerry E. Abbott Methods of Site Preparation and Planting for Containerized Longleaf Pine Seedlings in North Carolina DomZd F. Robbins and H. Gmdy Harris Fully Automated Planting Machine Development and Testing for Container Seedling Production Jerry L. E&rds PLANTING RESULTS: Field Performance of Container-grown Seedlings and Applications to Difficult Sites Moderator: Robert G. Hitt Container Seedling Survival and Growth: Pine and Hardwood in North Carolina 0. C. Goodwin, D. L, Brennemn and W. G. Boyette 'Mycorrhizal Inoculation Improves Performance of Container-grown Pines Planted on Adverse Sites John L. RuehZe Frost Heaving of Containerized Summer-Planted Seedlings Fmnk W. Woods A Field Test of Containerized Seedlings Under Drought Conditions T. E. Amidon, J. P. Barnett, H. P. Galzagher and J. M. McGiZvmy Use of Containerized Seedlings for Progeny Testing J. P. van Buijtenen and W. J. Lowe The Future of Greenhouse Container Nursery Systems in the South Richard W. finus APPENDIX I - REGISTRATION LIST APPENDIX I1 - ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS 2 1 Robert D. Raisch- Good morning! On behalf of the U. S. Forest Now to join me in this welcome, it is my Service, welcome to the Southern Containerized privilege to introduce a gentleman from our host Forest Tree Seedling Conference. We're pleased state! Under his leadership, as State Forester, to see the diversity of background and interests the Georgia Forestry Commission started one of represented here today! While most of you are the first State Tree Improvement Programs and from private industry and public agencies here established one of the first seed orchards in in the South, we do have visitors from the West, the South. Canada and even as far away as Sweden. This conference offers a tremendous opportunity to Georgia has consistently been among the top exchange information; informally as well as in three states in the country in terms of the number the formal sessions. I hope you'll take full of seedlings produced, the number of acres planted, advantage of this time together. and the number of genetically improved seedlings produced. It is fitting, then, that we meet here The objectives of this conference are: to in Georgia! describe and discuss the state-of-the-art in producing and planting containerized tree seed- It is a real personal pleasure to introduce lings; to develop alternative approaches; and my good friend - State Forester Ray Shirley. to examine the potential use of this regeneration method for reforestationin the South! We have an exciting program and well qualified speakers to address the subject matter. However, your participation in sharing information and ideas are essential to insure the maximum benefit from this conference. These three days and the results of the meeting will be what you make it! I/ Presented at Southern Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Conference, Savannah, Georgia, August 25-27, 1981. 21 Area Director, State and Private Forestry, U. s.- ores st Service, Atlanta, Georgia 30367. 1/ REFORESTATION: KEY TO SOUTHERN FOREST PRODUCTIVITP John C. ~arber?~ Ladies and Gentlemen: Greetings! And another best, some form of site preparation after harvest welcome to this conference! I am delighted to be was needed to insure success for a new stand. For here as your keynote speaker and equally delighted all practical purposes, the South no longer has that the
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