Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time
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Geologic Time Two Ways to Date Geologic Events Steno's Laws
Frank Press • Raymond Siever • John Grotzinger • Thomas H. Jordan Understanding Earth Fourth Edition Chapter 10: The Rock Record and the Geologic Time Scale Lecture Slides prepared by Peter Copeland • Bill Dupré Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company Geologic Time Two Ways to Date Geologic Events A major difference between geologists and most other 1) relative dating (fossils, structure, cross- scientists is their concept of time. cutting relationships): how old a rock is compared to surrounding rocks A "long" time may not be important unless it is greater than 1 million years 2) absolute dating (isotopic, tree rings, etc.): actual number of years since the rock was formed Steno's Laws Principle of Superposition Nicholas Steno (1669) In a sequence of undisturbed • Principle of Superposition layered rocks, the oldest rocks are • Principle of Original on the bottom. Horizontality These laws apply to both sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Principle of Original Horizontality Layered strata are deposited horizontal or nearly horizontal or nearly parallel to the Earth’s surface. Fig. 10.3 Paleontology • The study of life in the past based on the fossil of plants and animals. Fossil: evidence of past life • Fossils that are preserved in sedimentary rocks are used to determine: 1) relative age 2) the environment of deposition Fig. 10.5 Unconformity A buried surface of erosion Fig. 10.6 Cross-cutting Relationships • Geometry of rocks that allows geologists to place rock unit in relative chronological order. • Used for relative dating. Fig. 10.8 Fig. 10.9 Fig. 10.9 Fig. 10.9 Fig. Story 10.11 Fig. -
Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa Region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2016 Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs Robert Eric Jacobsen II University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Jacobsen, Robert Eric II, "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4098 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert Eric Jacobsen II entitled "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Devon M. Burr, -
Evaluation of the Depositional Environment of the Eagle Ford
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2012 Evaluation of the depositional environment of the Eagle Ford Formation using well log, seismic, and core data in the Hawkville Trough, LaSalle and McMullen counties, south Texas Zachary Paul Hendershott Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hendershott, Zachary Paul, "Evaluation of the depositional environment of the Eagle Ford Formation using well log, seismic, and core data in the Hawkville Trough, LaSalle and McMullen counties, south Texas" (2012). LSU Master's Theses. 863. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/863 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVALUATION OF THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE EAGLE FORD FORMATION USING WELL LOG, SEISMIC, AND CORE DATA IN THE HAWKVILLE TROUGH, LASALLE AND MCMULLEN COUNTIES, SOUTH TEXAS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Zachary Paul Hendershott B.S., University of the South – Sewanee, 2009 December 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair and advisor, Dr. Jeffrey Nunn, for his constant guidance and support during my academic career at LSU. -
The Geohistorical Time Arrow: from Steno's Stratigraphic Principles To
JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 62, 691–700 (2014) The Geohistorical Time Arrow: From Steno’s Stratigraphic Principles to Boltzmann’s Past Hypothesis Gadi Kravitz1,a ABSTRACT Geologists have always embraced the time arrow in order to reconstruct the past geology of Earth, thus turning geology into a historical science. The covert assumption regarding the direction of time from past to present appears in Nicolas Steno’s principles of stratigraphy. The intuitive–metaphysical nature of Steno’s assumption was based on a biblical narrative; therefore, he never attempted to justify it in any way. In this article, I intend to show that contrary to Steno’s principles, the theoretical status of modern geohistory is much better from a scientific point of view. The uniformity principle enables modern geohistory to establish the time arrow on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, i.e., on a physical law, on the one hand, and on a historical law, on the other. In other words, we can say that modern actualism is based on the uniformity principle. This principle is essentially based on the principle of causality, which in turn obtains its justification from the second law of thermodynamics. I will argue that despite this advantage, the shadow that metaphysics has cast on geohistory has not disappeared completely, since the thermodynamic time arrow is based on a metaphysical assumption—Boltzmann’s past hypothesis. All professors engaged in geological education should know these philosophical–theoretical arguments and include them in the curriculum of studies dealing with the basic assumptions of geoscience in general and the uniformity principle and deep time in particular. -
Scientific Dating of Pleistocene Sites: Guidelines for Best Practice Contents
Consultation Draft Scientific Dating of Pleistocene Sites: Guidelines for Best Practice Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................. 3 PART 1 - OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 The Quaternary stratigraphical framework ........................................................................ 4 Palaeogeography ........................................................................................................... 6 Fitting the archaeological record into this dynamic landscape .............................................. 6 Shorter-timescale division of the Late Pleistocene .............................................................. 7 2. Scientific Dating methods for the Pleistocene ................................................................. 8 Radiometric methods ..................................................................................................... 8 Trapped Charge Methods................................................................................................ 9 Other scientific dating methods ......................................................................................10 Relative dating methods ................................................................................................10 -
Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources— Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S
Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources— Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. Gulf Coast Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5159 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front Cover. Photos taken by Krystal Pearson, U.S. Geological Survey, near the old Sprinkle Road bridge on Little Walnut Creek, Travis County, Texas. Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources—Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. Gulf Coast By Krystal Pearson Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5159 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Pearson, Krystal, 2012, Geologic models and evaluation of undiscovered conventional and continuous oil and gas resources—Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. -
Personal Details: Relative Dating Methods Archaeology; Principles
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Archaeology; Principles and Methods Relative Dating Methods Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Prof. K.P. Rao University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. Prof. K. Rajan Pondicherry University, Pondicherry. Prof. R. N. Singh Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Archaeology; Principles and Methods Module Name/Title Relative Dating Methods Module Id IC / APM / 17 Pre requisites Objectives Archaeology / Stratigraphy / Dating / Keywords Geochronology E-Text (Quadrant-I) : 1. Introduction In archaeology, the material unearthed in the excavations and archaeological remains surfaced and documented in the explorations are dated by following two methods namely, absolute dating method and relative dating method. In the former method, the artefacts are being preciously dated using various scientific techniques and in a few cases it is dated based on the hidden historical data available with historical documents such as inscriptions, copper plates, seals, coins, inscribed portrait sculptures and monuments. In the latter method, a tentative date is achieved based on archaeological stratigraphy, seriation, palaeography, linguistic style, context, art and architectural features. Though the absolute dates are the most desirable one, the significance of relative dates increases manifold when the absolute dates are not available. Till advent of the scientific techniques, most of the archaeological and historical objects were dated based on relative dating methods. Archaeologists are resorted to the use of relative dating techniques when the absolute dates are not possible or feasible. Estimation of the age was merely a guess work in the initial stage of archaeological investigation particularly in 18th-19th centuries. -
Paleontology a Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Mammoth Cave National Park Paleontology A Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park Gr1-12 Kitchen Geology GRADE LEVEL:..4-6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sedimentary.rocks.are.layered.rocks...Chemicals.in. TIME REQUIRED: Two.to.three.class.periods rivers,.lakes,.and.oceans.precipitate.particles.from. water...This.precipitate.then.mixes.with.inorganic. SETTING:..Classroom remains.(such.as.shells.and.skeletons).of.organisms... Wind,.rain,.and.ice.wear.down.surface.rocks.into.bits. of.sand,.soil,.mud,.pebbles,.clay,.and.loose.sediments. GOAL:..To.create.a.layered.edible.dish.that. All.these.various.sediments.eventually.pile.up.layer. demonstrates:..(1).the.layering.of.rock.strata,.and..(2). upon.layer...Over.time,.pressure.exerted.by.the. the.movement.of.rocks.that.expose.fossils. weight.of.the.top.layers.compacts.and.cements.the. lower.sediments.to.form.solid.rock...Younger.rock.is. OUTCOMES: At.the.end.of.the.lesson.the.student.will:. placed.on.older.rock...Each.layer.captures.life.forms. of.that.period.in.time...These.preserved.species.are. •.state.the.defining.characteristic.of.sedimentary.rock called.index.fossils...By.observing.these.index.fossils. •.define.index.fossil. the.geologist.can.determine.the.age.of.the.rock. •.define.uplifting,.overthrust,.faulting Sandstone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of. •.state.how.fossils.are.exposed. compressed.and.cemented.sand.grains...Shale.is.a. sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of.silt.and.mud... Limestone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers. KERA GOALS: Meets.KERA.goals.1.3,.1.4,.2.1,.2.2,.2.4,. -
NJGS- Report on the Geological Survey of the State of New Jersey
REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. BY HENRY D. ROGERS, PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHIL. SOC.; OF THE ACADEMY OF NAT. SCIENCES; FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, &C. PHILADELPHIA: DESILVER, THOMAS & CO. 1836. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Trenton, 16th Feb. 1836. To the Legislative Council and General Assembly: I have just received from Professor Rogers, who was appointed under an act of the last session, to make a geological survey of the state, a detailed report of his operations during the past sea- son; and I have great pleasure in presenting it, with the accom- panying map and profiles, to the legislature. The work has been accomplished, thus far, to my entire satis- faction; and I entertain a confident hope that the result which is now submitted to you will meet your approbation and be favour- ably received by our constituents. P. D. VROOM. HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF NEW JERSEY. February 17, 1836. Extract from the Minutes of the House. “The Speaker laid before the House the following communica- tion from his Excellency the Governor, accompanied by the report of Professor Rogers, appointed to make a geological survey of the state. “Ordered, that one thousand copies of the said report, with the map and profiles attached thereto, be printed under the super- vision and direction of Professor Rogers, for the use of the Le- gislature.” Attest. RICH’D P. THOMPSON, Clk. of Assembly. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT. -
Relative Dating Unit B
Geologic Time Part I: Relative Dating Unit B Unit A James Hutton conceived of the Principle of Uniformitarianism at Sicar Point, Scotland in 1785. Think about how much time would pass to create the rock record shown above. What sequence of events would occur to produce the above record? Unit B Unit A 1. Deposition of sediment comprising Unit A (Sedimentation rates in the deep ocean range from .0005 - .001 mm per year). How long would it take to accumulate 200 meters of sediment?) 2. burial compaction & lithification of Unit A, 3. deformation (folding) of Unit A, 4. uplift and erosion of Unit A, 5. Deposition of sediment (Unit B), 6. burial compaction & lithification of Unit B, 7. deformation (folding) of Unit B, 8. uplift and erosion of Unit B. These geologic events require millions of years of time! Principle of Original Horizontality: Layered sedimentary rock is typically deposited horizontally, but can be deformed by tectonic processes. Can you think of a depositional environment where sedimentary layers are not deposited horizontally? Geologists use sedimentary structures to determine whether sedimentary layers or beds are right-side up, vertical or overturned. The Principle of Uniformitarianism states that the “present is the key to the past.” Those processes operating at the earth’s surface today are inferred to have operated in the past, such as the mudcracks forming in a playa lake today. Note the blowing sand in the background will fill in the cracks. The mudcracks shown above formed over 1.1 billion years ago in a dry lake basin are now found in Glacier National Park, Montana. -
Dating Techniques.Pdf
Dating Techniques Dating techniques in the Quaternary time range fall into three broad categories: • Methods that provide age estimates. • Methods that establish age-equivalence. • Relative age methods. 1 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Are methods based in the radioactive properties of certain unstable chemical elements, from which atomic particles are emitted in order to achieve a more stable atomic form. 2 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Application of the principle of radioactivity to geological dating requires that certain fundamental conditions be met. If an event is associated with the incorporation of a radioactive nuclide, then providing: (a) that none of the daughter nuclides are present in the initial stages and, (b) that none of the daughter nuclides are added to or lost from the materials to be dated, then the estimates of the age of that event can be obtained if the ration between parent and daughter nuclides can be established, and if the decay rate is known. 3 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating 238Uranium, 235Uranium and 232Thorium all decay to stable lead isotopes through complex decay series of intermediate nuclides with widely differing half- lives. 4 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating • Bone • Speleothems • Lacustrine deposits • Peat • Coral 5 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Electrons can be freed by heating and emit a characteristic emission of light which is proportional to the number of electrons trapped within the crystal lattice. Termed thermoluminescence. 6 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Applications: • archeological sample, especially pottery. -
Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins
Task 4-1 Keyword Review Exercise: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins e Keyword Search Weathering: The down of rocks into smaller rocks *Mechanical: The down, through abrasion, freeze thaw, erosion, and other processes, of rocks into smaller rocks. No new is old material is broken down into smaller Ex: Wind sand distances and abrading the surfaces of boulders in a breaking off pieces of boulder and new sand Freezing and thawing of a boulder expands fractures in the rock and eventually breaks it apart. *Chemical: Rocks react to substances in the environment and are broken down into smaller things such as Fe oxidizing to become rust when coming in to contact with 02. Chemical weathering produces new substances through chemical reactions. Ex: Through HydrolYSis feldspar crystals are hydrated creating silica hydrates that expand when engorged with water weakening the structure of the rock they are a and further breaking it down. Clastic/Detrital: a notation for rocks composed of fractures or fragments of rocks. Clastic Rocks like conglomerates or breccias are of smaller rocks around the environments they were formed in. Ex: Through mass wasting, breccia can be formed out of poorly sorted angular to sub-angular debris from landslides given enough pressure and time. Clay: A stiff sticky very fine-grained Can range in color depending on composition and location from which it was derived. It's basically hydrated aluminum-silica particles. Describes the sizes and of throughout a rock. Poor would allude to a large discrepancy between the sizes of the within one rock. Biochemical Sedimentary: rocks that are Also Known as these rocks are up this could be plants or shells of marine organisms.