NJGS- Report on the Geological Survey of the State of New Jersey
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Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time
LAB 7: RELATIVE DATING AND GEOLOGICAL TIME Lab Structure Synchronous lab work Yes – virtual office hours available Asynchronous lab work Yes Lab group meeting No Quiz None – Test 2 this week Recommended additional work None Required materials Pencil Learning Objectives After carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to: • Apply basic geological principles to the determination of the relative ages of rocks. • Explain the difference between relative and absolute age-dating techniques. • Summarize the history of the geological time scale and the relationships between eons, eras, periods, and epochs. • Understand the importance and significance of unconformities. • Explain why an understanding of geological time is critical to both geologists and the general public. Key Terms • Eon • Original horizontality • Era • Cross-cutting • Period • Inclusions • Relative dating • Faunal succession • Absolute dating • Unconformity • Isotopic dating • Angular unconformity • Stratigraphy • Disconformity • Strata • Nonconformity • Superposition • Paraconformity Time is the dimension that sets geology apart from most other sciences. Geological time is vast, and Earth has changed enough over that time that some of the rock types that formed in the past could not form Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time | 181 today. Furthermore, as we’ve discussed, even though most geological processes are very, very slow, the vast amount of time that has passed has allowed for the formation of extraordinary geological features, as shown in Figure 7.0.1. Figure 7.0.1: Arizona’s Grand Canyon is an icon for geological time; 1,450 million years are represented by this photo. -
Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa Region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2016 Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs Robert Eric Jacobsen II University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Jacobsen, Robert Eric II, "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4098 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert Eric Jacobsen II entitled "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Devon M. Burr, -
Minnesota's Mineral Resources
CHAPTER • 9 Minnesota's Mineral Resources IN MINNESOTA the production of iron ore is far more valuable economically than the total of all other mineral products, but im portant industries are based on Minnesota's other geological forma tions as well. Architectural, monumental, and structural stone are produced from granite, limestone, dolomite, and other Minnesota rocks. Gravel and sand are excavated and processed, and clay is used for many ceramic products. :Manganese in important amounts occurs in the iron ores of the Cuyuna district. Finally, although they are often not thought of as mineral products, two of our most im portant mineral resources are water and soil. The iron ores and mining operations of the Mesabi, Vermilion, and Cuyuna iron-bearing districts and of the southeastern lYlinnesota counties will be discussed in detail in later chapters, but a few sta tistics on Minnesota's iron ore industry may remind us how impor tant this geological heritage is. The following is an estimate of Min nesota's iron ore reserves, made on lYlay 1, 1961: Gross Tons Mesabi Range 500,799,179 Vermilion Range 9,755,974 Cuyuna Range 36,530,000 Fillmore County 'il,860,337 Total iron ore 549,945,490 172 MI NESOTA'S MINERAL RESOURCES The total production of iron ore in Minne ota to January 1, 1962, was 2,529,737,553 tons. Total taxes paid on iron ore to January 1, 1961 , were approximately $1,257,448,400, a very important source of funds for the state government. Slightly over 60 per cent of the total iron ore produced in the United States has come from l\1inne- ota. -
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-86
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-86 GREAT LAKES STATES MONTHLY PRECIPITATION DATA - BEGINNING OF RECORD TO 1990 Raymond A. Assel Cynthia E. Sellinger Don E. Meyer Raymond N. Kelly Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan February 1995 UNITED STATES NATIONAL OCEANIC AND Environmental Research DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Laboratories D. James Baker James L. Rasmussen Ronald H. Brown Under Secretary for Oceans Director Secretary and Atmosphere/Administrator NOTICE Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories. Use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products for publicity or advertising purposes is not authorized. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................1 2. METHODS ...........................................................................................................................................2 2.1 Equipment and Procedures . 2 2.2 Data ........................................................................................................................................2 2.3 Statistical Quality Control ......................................................................................................2 -
Paleontology a Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Mammoth Cave National Park Paleontology A Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park Gr1-12 Kitchen Geology GRADE LEVEL:..4-6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sedimentary.rocks.are.layered.rocks...Chemicals.in. TIME REQUIRED: Two.to.three.class.periods rivers,.lakes,.and.oceans.precipitate.particles.from. water...This.precipitate.then.mixes.with.inorganic. SETTING:..Classroom remains.(such.as.shells.and.skeletons).of.organisms... Wind,.rain,.and.ice.wear.down.surface.rocks.into.bits. of.sand,.soil,.mud,.pebbles,.clay,.and.loose.sediments. GOAL:..To.create.a.layered.edible.dish.that. All.these.various.sediments.eventually.pile.up.layer. demonstrates:..(1).the.layering.of.rock.strata,.and..(2). upon.layer...Over.time,.pressure.exerted.by.the. the.movement.of.rocks.that.expose.fossils. weight.of.the.top.layers.compacts.and.cements.the. lower.sediments.to.form.solid.rock...Younger.rock.is. OUTCOMES: At.the.end.of.the.lesson.the.student.will:. placed.on.older.rock...Each.layer.captures.life.forms. of.that.period.in.time...These.preserved.species.are. •.state.the.defining.characteristic.of.sedimentary.rock called.index.fossils...By.observing.these.index.fossils. •.define.index.fossil. the.geologist.can.determine.the.age.of.the.rock. •.define.uplifting,.overthrust,.faulting Sandstone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of. •.state.how.fossils.are.exposed. compressed.and.cemented.sand.grains...Shale.is.a. sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of.silt.and.mud... Limestone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers. KERA GOALS: Meets.KERA.goals.1.3,.1.4,.2.1,.2.2,.2.4,. -
Winter 1982 Gems & Gemology
WINTER 1982 Volume 18 Number 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 185 In Tribute to Robert M. Shipley, Jr. FEATURE 186 The Chanthaburi-Trat Gem Field, Thailand ARTICLES Peter C. Keller 197 Gemstones with Alexandrite Effect E. Giibelin and K. Schmetzer 204 Gem-Quality Grossular Garnets D. Vincent Manson and Carol M. Stockton NOTES 214 Artistryfin Rock Crystal: The Van Pelt Collection AND NEW John Sinkankcis TECHNIQUES 221 Gem-Quality Friedelite from the Kalahari Manganese Field near Kuruman, South Africa Herbert S. Pienaar Tourmaline as an Inclusion in Zambian Emeralds John I. Koivula REGULAR Gem Trade Lab Notes FEATURES Editorial Forum Gemological Abstracts Book Reviews Gem News Index to Volume 18, Numbers 1-4 ABOUT THE COVER: This unusual quartz egg, measuring 3 in. x 5 in. (7.6 cm x 12.7 cm) is covered with 416 triangular facets and has been hollowed out so that the walls are only 3 mm thick. The techniques used by Harold and Erica Van Pelt to fashion this unusual art object are described by Dr. John Sinkankas in this issue. The egg is resting on a 363-ct aquamarine pedestal, and the quartz base sits on four 5-ct aquamarine cabochons. Photograph 1982 Harold and Erica Van Pelt, Los Angeles, CA. Composition for Gems & Gemology is by Printed Page Graphics, Fullerton, CA. The color separations are done by Effective Graphics, Compton, CA. Printing is by Waverly Press, Easton, MD. "1983 Gemological Institute of America. All rights reserved. ISSN 001 6-626X EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief Managing Editor Editor, Gem Trade Lab Notes STAFF Richard T. -
Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins
Task 4-1 Keyword Review Exercise: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins e Keyword Search Weathering: The down of rocks into smaller rocks *Mechanical: The down, through abrasion, freeze thaw, erosion, and other processes, of rocks into smaller rocks. No new is old material is broken down into smaller Ex: Wind sand distances and abrading the surfaces of boulders in a breaking off pieces of boulder and new sand Freezing and thawing of a boulder expands fractures in the rock and eventually breaks it apart. *Chemical: Rocks react to substances in the environment and are broken down into smaller things such as Fe oxidizing to become rust when coming in to contact with 02. Chemical weathering produces new substances through chemical reactions. Ex: Through HydrolYSis feldspar crystals are hydrated creating silica hydrates that expand when engorged with water weakening the structure of the rock they are a and further breaking it down. Clastic/Detrital: a notation for rocks composed of fractures or fragments of rocks. Clastic Rocks like conglomerates or breccias are of smaller rocks around the environments they were formed in. Ex: Through mass wasting, breccia can be formed out of poorly sorted angular to sub-angular debris from landslides given enough pressure and time. Clay: A stiff sticky very fine-grained Can range in color depending on composition and location from which it was derived. It's basically hydrated aluminum-silica particles. Describes the sizes and of throughout a rock. Poor would allude to a large discrepancy between the sizes of the within one rock. Biochemical Sedimentary: rocks that are Also Known as these rocks are up this could be plants or shells of marine organisms. -
8.1 Relative Dating
Name: ___________________________________________ Geologic Time Date: __________________________ Period: ___________ The Physical Setting: Earth Science Lab Activity: Relative Dating INTRODUCTION:! When observing a road-cut the different stratum of rocks becomes obvious. Geologic events such as deposition, erosion, volcanism and faulting are preserved in the rock and it is possible to deter- mine the sequence of events from oldest to most recent. Sequencing events establishes a relative age of a stratum. The process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations are the same age is called correlation. Index fossils and similar rocks types help geologists establish correlations between distance rock outcrops. OBJECTIVE: ! Using cross sections you will infer the logical sequence of geologic events and establish relative age for a series of rock layers for one or many different locations. VOCABULARY:! Unconformity Principle of Superposition Original Horizontality Correlation Intrusion Index Fossil!!!!! Leigh-Manuell - 1" Lab Activity: Relative Dating PROCEDURE A:! Using Cross Sections 1 and 2, determine the sequence of events and order them from oldest to most recent on the Report Sheet. In addition to determining the relative age of the different strata, you need to determine the relative age of unconformities (erosion), cross-cuttings (faults), and in- trusion.! CROSS SECTION 1 KEY Gneiss Limestone Sandstone Shale Conglomer- CROSS SECTION 2 Basalt Granite Schist Contact Metamorphism Leigh-Manuell - 2" Lab Activity: Relative Dating PROCEDURE B:! Cross-sections 3 is from four different locations in New York State. Reconstruct the complete se- quence of events. Assume that the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest are on the top. -
JPAS-11-Reduced.Pdf
PROCEEDINGS I OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOLUME XI 1 9 3 7 I HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 1937 I CONTENTS PAGE Minutes of the 1936 Summer Meeting ,_....... - ...... ., .. _,_, ___, ___ ............ _.......................................... 5 Minutes of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting ............. - ................... - ........ - ........... - .......................... -... 6 Government Aid Proj()cts in Biology, Homer C. Will and Pressley L. Crummy ......... 13 The Osteology of a 'l'eratological Goose, Marcus H. Green ........................ ................................. ... 18 The Stereids in the Petioles of Nymphea Advcna, Marcus H. Green and Warren S. Buck ....... _ - ...-- ... - ....... - ...................... - ............................. ,....................... _ ............................. -.... 20 The Respiratory Metabolism in the Larvae of the Tobacco Homworm (Phlege- OFFICERS thontius Sexta), Cla1·ence A. Horn .... -...................................................... .............. .. ... ........... ... .. ............... 22 Devonian Nomenclatmc in P ennsylvania, Bradford Willard ..................- ....... _.,,_.,,,. ......... _ 26 1937-38 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Bedford County, Pennsylvania, Thomas H. Knepp 35 ReminisceiiCes of Dr. S. S. Haldeman, George N. C. Henschen ........ _....................................... 36 Notes on Cave Ve1·tebrates, Chnrles E. Mohr ...... _ .. _.. - .. - ......................................... _,..... 38 p 1·esident ..~ : ...................................... -
Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Canyonlands Research Bibliography Canyonlands Research Center 2002 Environmental Assessment : Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Canyonlands National Park Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/crc_research Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons Recommended Citation National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and Canyonlands National Park, "Environmental Assessment : Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah" (2002). Canyonlands Research Bibliography. Paper 226. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/crc_research/226 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Canyonlands Research Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canyonlands Research Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MIDDLE SALT CREEK CANYON ACCESS PLAN CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK, UTAH _______________________________________________________________________ Summary Salt Creek is the largest drainage in the Needles district of Canyonlands National Park. The creek supports one of the most important riparian ecosystems in the park. It is also the heart of the Salt Creek National Register Archeological District, the area with the highest recorded density of archeological sites in the park. A tributary canyon contains the spectacular Angel Arch, a well-known geologic formation that for many years has been a destination point for park visitors. In 1998 the U.S. District Court for the State of Utah ruled, in a lawsuit filed by the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, that the National Park Service violated the NPS Organic Act (16 U.S.C. -
Bulletin 65, the Minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey, 1962
THEMINERALSOF FRANKLINAND STERLINGHILL NEWJERSEY BULLETIN 65 NEW JERSEYGEOLOGICALSURVEY DEPARTMENTOF CONSERVATIONAND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 65 THE MINERALS OF FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL, NEW JERSEY bY ALBERT S. WILKERSON Professor of Geology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey STATE OF NEw JERSEY Department of Conservation and Economic Development H. MAT ADAMS, Commissioner Division of Resource Development KE_rr_ H. CR_V_LINCDirector, Bureau of Geology and Topography KEMBLEWIDX_, State Geologist TRENTON, NEW JERSEY --1962-- NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ......................................... 5 History of Area ................................... 7 General Geology ................................... 9 Origin of the Ore Deposits .......................... 10 The Rowe Collection ................................ 11 List of 42 Mineral Species and Varieties First Found at Franklin or Sterling Hill .......................... 13 Other Mineral Species and Varieties at Franklin or Sterling Hill ............................................ 14 Tabular Summary of Mineral Discoveries ................. 17 The Luminescent Minerals ............................ 22 Corrections to Franklln-Sterling Hill Mineral List of Dis- credited Species, Incorrect Names, Usages, Spelling and Identification .................................... 23 Description of Minerals: Bementite ......................................... 25 Cahnite .......................................... -
A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.