Stratigraphy: Establishing a Sequence from Excavated Archaeological Evidence
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Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time
LAB 7: RELATIVE DATING AND GEOLOGICAL TIME Lab Structure Synchronous lab work Yes – virtual office hours available Asynchronous lab work Yes Lab group meeting No Quiz None – Test 2 this week Recommended additional work None Required materials Pencil Learning Objectives After carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to: • Apply basic geological principles to the determination of the relative ages of rocks. • Explain the difference between relative and absolute age-dating techniques. • Summarize the history of the geological time scale and the relationships between eons, eras, periods, and epochs. • Understand the importance and significance of unconformities. • Explain why an understanding of geological time is critical to both geologists and the general public. Key Terms • Eon • Original horizontality • Era • Cross-cutting • Period • Inclusions • Relative dating • Faunal succession • Absolute dating • Unconformity • Isotopic dating • Angular unconformity • Stratigraphy • Disconformity • Strata • Nonconformity • Superposition • Paraconformity Time is the dimension that sets geology apart from most other sciences. Geological time is vast, and Earth has changed enough over that time that some of the rock types that formed in the past could not form Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time | 181 today. Furthermore, as we’ve discussed, even though most geological processes are very, very slow, the vast amount of time that has passed has allowed for the formation of extraordinary geological features, as shown in Figure 7.0.1. Figure 7.0.1: Arizona’s Grand Canyon is an icon for geological time; 1,450 million years are represented by this photo. -
Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa Region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2016 Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs Robert Eric Jacobsen II University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Jacobsen, Robert Eric II, "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4098 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert Eric Jacobsen II entitled "Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, with Insights from Modern and Ancient Terrestrial Analogs." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Devon M. Burr, -
Paleontology a Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Mammoth Cave National Park Paleontology A Curriculum Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park Gr1-12 Kitchen Geology GRADE LEVEL:..4-6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sedimentary.rocks.are.layered.rocks...Chemicals.in. TIME REQUIRED: Two.to.three.class.periods rivers,.lakes,.and.oceans.precipitate.particles.from. water...This.precipitate.then.mixes.with.inorganic. SETTING:..Classroom remains.(such.as.shells.and.skeletons).of.organisms... Wind,.rain,.and.ice.wear.down.surface.rocks.into.bits. of.sand,.soil,.mud,.pebbles,.clay,.and.loose.sediments. GOAL:..To.create.a.layered.edible.dish.that. All.these.various.sediments.eventually.pile.up.layer. demonstrates:..(1).the.layering.of.rock.strata,.and..(2). upon.layer...Over.time,.pressure.exerted.by.the. the.movement.of.rocks.that.expose.fossils. weight.of.the.top.layers.compacts.and.cements.the. lower.sediments.to.form.solid.rock...Younger.rock.is. OUTCOMES: At.the.end.of.the.lesson.the.student.will:. placed.on.older.rock...Each.layer.captures.life.forms. of.that.period.in.time...These.preserved.species.are. •.state.the.defining.characteristic.of.sedimentary.rock called.index.fossils...By.observing.these.index.fossils. •.define.index.fossil. the.geologist.can.determine.the.age.of.the.rock. •.define.uplifting,.overthrust,.faulting Sandstone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of. •.state.how.fossils.are.exposed. compressed.and.cemented.sand.grains...Shale.is.a. sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers.of.silt.and.mud... Limestone.is.a.sedimentary.rock.made.of.layers. KERA GOALS: Meets.KERA.goals.1.3,.1.4,.2.1,.2.2,.2.4,. -
NJGS- Report on the Geological Survey of the State of New Jersey
REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. BY HENRY D. ROGERS, PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHIL. SOC.; OF THE ACADEMY OF NAT. SCIENCES; FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, &C. PHILADELPHIA: DESILVER, THOMAS & CO. 1836. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Trenton, 16th Feb. 1836. To the Legislative Council and General Assembly: I have just received from Professor Rogers, who was appointed under an act of the last session, to make a geological survey of the state, a detailed report of his operations during the past sea- son; and I have great pleasure in presenting it, with the accom- panying map and profiles, to the legislature. The work has been accomplished, thus far, to my entire satis- faction; and I entertain a confident hope that the result which is now submitted to you will meet your approbation and be favour- ably received by our constituents. P. D. VROOM. HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF NEW JERSEY. February 17, 1836. Extract from the Minutes of the House. “The Speaker laid before the House the following communica- tion from his Excellency the Governor, accompanied by the report of Professor Rogers, appointed to make a geological survey of the state. “Ordered, that one thousand copies of the said report, with the map and profiles attached thereto, be printed under the super- vision and direction of Professor Rogers, for the use of the Le- gislature.” Attest. RICH’D P. THOMPSON, Clk. of Assembly. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT. -
Stratigraphy, Structure, and Petrology of the Mt. Cube Area, New Hampshire by Jarvis B
BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, AND PETROLOGY OF THE MT. CUBE AREA, NEW HAMPSHIRE BY JARVIS B. HADLEY CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 115 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 115 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................. 117 Stratified rocks....................................................................................................................... 117 General statement........................................................................................................ 117 Orfordville formation................................................................................................... 119 General statement................................................................................................ 119 Post Pond volcanic member............................................................................... 119 Black schist............................................................................................................ 121 Hardy Hill qu&rtzite............................................................................................ 122 Sunday Mountain volcanic member................................................................. 123 Low-grade rocks of the Orfordville -
Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins
Task 4-1 Keyword Review Exercise: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Basins e Keyword Search Weathering: The down of rocks into smaller rocks *Mechanical: The down, through abrasion, freeze thaw, erosion, and other processes, of rocks into smaller rocks. No new is old material is broken down into smaller Ex: Wind sand distances and abrading the surfaces of boulders in a breaking off pieces of boulder and new sand Freezing and thawing of a boulder expands fractures in the rock and eventually breaks it apart. *Chemical: Rocks react to substances in the environment and are broken down into smaller things such as Fe oxidizing to become rust when coming in to contact with 02. Chemical weathering produces new substances through chemical reactions. Ex: Through HydrolYSis feldspar crystals are hydrated creating silica hydrates that expand when engorged with water weakening the structure of the rock they are a and further breaking it down. Clastic/Detrital: a notation for rocks composed of fractures or fragments of rocks. Clastic Rocks like conglomerates or breccias are of smaller rocks around the environments they were formed in. Ex: Through mass wasting, breccia can be formed out of poorly sorted angular to sub-angular debris from landslides given enough pressure and time. Clay: A stiff sticky very fine-grained Can range in color depending on composition and location from which it was derived. It's basically hydrated aluminum-silica particles. Describes the sizes and of throughout a rock. Poor would allude to a large discrepancy between the sizes of the within one rock. Biochemical Sedimentary: rocks that are Also Known as these rocks are up this could be plants or shells of marine organisms. -
8.1 Relative Dating
Name: ___________________________________________ Geologic Time Date: __________________________ Period: ___________ The Physical Setting: Earth Science Lab Activity: Relative Dating INTRODUCTION:! When observing a road-cut the different stratum of rocks becomes obvious. Geologic events such as deposition, erosion, volcanism and faulting are preserved in the rock and it is possible to deter- mine the sequence of events from oldest to most recent. Sequencing events establishes a relative age of a stratum. The process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations are the same age is called correlation. Index fossils and similar rocks types help geologists establish correlations between distance rock outcrops. OBJECTIVE: ! Using cross sections you will infer the logical sequence of geologic events and establish relative age for a series of rock layers for one or many different locations. VOCABULARY:! Unconformity Principle of Superposition Original Horizontality Correlation Intrusion Index Fossil!!!!! Leigh-Manuell - 1" Lab Activity: Relative Dating PROCEDURE A:! Using Cross Sections 1 and 2, determine the sequence of events and order them from oldest to most recent on the Report Sheet. In addition to determining the relative age of the different strata, you need to determine the relative age of unconformities (erosion), cross-cuttings (faults), and in- trusion.! CROSS SECTION 1 KEY Gneiss Limestone Sandstone Shale Conglomer- CROSS SECTION 2 Basalt Granite Schist Contact Metamorphism Leigh-Manuell - 2" Lab Activity: Relative Dating PROCEDURE B:! Cross-sections 3 is from four different locations in New York State. Reconstruct the complete se- quence of events. Assume that the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest are on the top. -
Geochronological Applications
Paleomagnetism: Chapter 9 159 GEOCHRONOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS As discussed in Chapter 1, geomagnetic secular variation exhibits periodicities between 1 yr and 105 yr. We learn in this chapter that geomagnetic polarity intervals have a range of durations from 104 to 108 yr. In the next chapter, we shall see that apparent polar wander paths represent motions of lithospheric plates over time scales extending to >109 yr. As viewed from a particular location, the time intervals of magnetic field changes thus range from decades to billions of years. Accordingly, the time scales of potential geochrono- logic applications of paleomagnetism range from detailed dating within the Quaternary to rough estimations of magnetization ages of Precambrian rocks. Geomagnetic field directional changes due to secular variation have been successfully used to date Quaternary deposits and archeological artifacts. Because the patterns of secular variation are specific to subcontinental regions, these Quaternary geochronologic applications require the initial determination of the secular variation pattern in the region of interest (e.g., Figure 1.8). Once this regional pattern of swings in declination and inclination has been established and calibrated in absolute age, patterns from other Quaternary deposits can be matched to the calibrated pattern to date those deposits. This method has been developed and applied in western Europe, North America, and Australia. The books by Thompson and Oldfield (1986) and Creer et al. (1983) present detailed developments. Accordingly, this topic will not be developed here. This chapter will concentrate on the most broadly applied of geochronologic applications of paleomag- netism: magnetic polarity stratigraphy. This technique has been applied to stratigraphic correlation and geochronologic calibration of rock sequences ranging in age from Pleistocene to Precambrian. -
Sequence Stratigraphy and Geochemistry of The
Report of Investigations 2007-1 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE UPPER LOWER THROUGH UPPER TRIASSIC OF NORTHERN ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOREDOX HISTORY, SOURCE ROCK ACCUMULATION, AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY by Landon N. Kelly, Michael T. Whalen, Christopher A. McRoberts, Emily Hopkin, and Carla Susanne Tomsich ASK AL A G N S E Y O E L O V G R U IC S A L L A A N SIC D GEOPHY Published by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS 2007 Report of Investigations 2007-1 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE UPPER LOWER THROUGH UPPER TRIASSIC OF NORTHERN ALASKA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOREDOX HISTORY, SOURCE ROCK ACCUMULATION, AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY by Landon N. Kelly, Michael T. Whalen, Christopher A. McRoberts, Emily Hopkin, and Carla Susanne Tomsich 2007 This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. It has received technical review and may be cited as an agency publication. STATE OF ALASKA Sarah Palin, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Tom Irwin, Commissioner DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Robert F. Swenson, State Geologist and Acting Director Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys publications can be inspected at the following locations. Address mail orders to the Fairbanks office. Alaska Division of Geological University of Alaska Anchorage Library & Geophysical Surveys 3211 Providence Drive 3354 College Road Anchorage, Alaska 99508 Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3707 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Alaska Resource Library University of Alaska Fairbanks 3150 C Street, Suite 100 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1005 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Alaska State Library State Office Building, 8th Floor 333 Willoughby Avenue Juneau, Alaska 99811-0571 This publication released by the Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys was produced and printed in Fairbanks, Alaska at a cost of $5.00 per copy. -
Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 20
REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Volume 20 DIVERSITY OF CARLIN-STYLE GOLD DEPOSITS Editor John L. Muntean Ralph J. Roberts Center for Research in Economic Geology Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology University of Nevada Reno SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4617793/edocrev20fm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Published by the Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127, USA Website: segweb.org E-mail: [email protected] Printed by: robinprint 9457 S. University Blvd., #807 Highlands Ranch, CO 80126-4976 Email: [email protected] ISSN 0741–0123 (Print) 2374–443X (PDF) ISBN 978–1–629492–22–3 (Print) 978–1–629495–78–1 (PDF) Reviews in Economic Geology is a series publication of the Society of Economic Geolo- gists designed to accompany the Society’s Short Course series. Like the Short Courses, each volume provides comprehensive updates on various applied and academic topics for practicing economic geologists and geochemists in exploration, development, research, and teaching. Volumes are produced in conjunction with each new Short Course, first serving as a textbook for that course and subsequently made available to SEG members and others at a modest cost. On the cover: Map showing locations of Carlin-style gold deposits discussed in this volume: Great Basin, Nevada; Dian- Qian-Gui “Golden Triangle,” SW China; Nadaleen trend, Yukon, Canada; Bau district, Sarawak, Malaysia; Agdarreh and Zarshouran deposits, NW Iran; and Allchar deposit, Republic of Macedonia. Inset shows possible interrelationships between various sources of ore fluid and types of Carlin-style deposits, described in the introduction by Muntean in this volume. -
Archaeology Summer Camp Activity: Stratigraphy in a Jar Create a Stratigraphy Model in a Jar in Order to View Different Layers and Study the Objects Buried
Archaeology Summer Camp Activity: Stratigraphy in a jar Create a stratigraphy model in a jar in order to view different layers and study the objects buried. Lesson 2: What is stratigraphy? Materials: • A clear plastic or glass jar with a lid. • Bag of rice • Bag of beans • Bag of chia seeds Now that you learned what archaeology is and how archaeologists work, let’s learn a little bit more • Bag of sugar about how archaeologists gather specific information out of the objects they find. • Bag of lentils Stratigraphy is the study of different types of materials that have formed layers in the ground over • Small items like colorful beads or buttons, these will be the archaeological objects. time. • Spoon These materials are called strata and it can be soil, dirt, rocks and anything that covered the surface of the ground over time. As different materials pile up on earth’s surface, different layers form. Along with these natural Steps (parent/guardian and participant): materials, objects left behind by humans are also Decide the order you want the ingredients to go in the jar. buried within time. When an archaeologist finds • these objects during excavations, they can then use stratification to find out more about those • One by one start pouring the ingredients using the objects as well as about the whole site itself spoon to smooth the surface before you pour the next and the people that lived there. ingredient. Be careful not to mix ingredients so each one can sit on top of the other horizontally. Some Strata is used by archaeologists in order to date objects they find in the ground and to create a mixing will occur, but this is fine as long as you can tell sequence of events in certain archaeological each layer apart. -
Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Canyonlands Research Bibliography Canyonlands Research Center 2002 Environmental Assessment : Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Canyonlands National Park Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/crc_research Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons Recommended Citation National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and Canyonlands National Park, "Environmental Assessment : Middle Salt Creek Canyon Access Plan Canyonlands National Park, Utah" (2002). Canyonlands Research Bibliography. Paper 226. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/crc_research/226 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Canyonlands Research Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canyonlands Research Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MIDDLE SALT CREEK CANYON ACCESS PLAN CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK, UTAH _______________________________________________________________________ Summary Salt Creek is the largest drainage in the Needles district of Canyonlands National Park. The creek supports one of the most important riparian ecosystems in the park. It is also the heart of the Salt Creek National Register Archeological District, the area with the highest recorded density of archeological sites in the park. A tributary canyon contains the spectacular Angel Arch, a well-known geologic formation that for many years has been a destination point for park visitors. In 1998 the U.S. District Court for the State of Utah ruled, in a lawsuit filed by the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, that the National Park Service violated the NPS Organic Act (16 U.S.C.