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2011 Jun. Vol. 4 No. 1 AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL • Building an Illiberal Peace: Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Sierra Leone Christine Cubitt • Development versus Peacebuilding: Overcoming Jargon in Post-War Sierra Leone Pushpa Iyer • Biafran Women and the Nigerian Civil War: Challenges and Survival Strategies Jacinta Chiamaka Nwaka • Sudan: Beyond the 2011 Referendum Kizito Sabala • Landownership and Gender Conflict in Anglophone Cameroon: A Legal Perspective Sone Patience Munge • Women in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding in Northern Uganda Sidonia Angom EDUCATION FOR PEACE AFRICA VOLUME 4 NUMBER 1 JUNE 2011 PROGRAMME APCJ_Sum11_IFC 8/25/11 10:15 AM Page 2 AFRICA PEACE AND Rachel Goldwyn, CARE International UK Michelo Hansungule, University of Pretoria CONFLICT JOURNAL Geoff Harris, University of KwaZulu-Natal Monica Kathina Juma, Kenyan Ambassador to the Executive Editor African Union and Ethiopia Amr Abdalla, University for Peace, Vice Rector Tony Kar bo, University for Peace Managing Editor Mary E. King, University for Peace Tony Kar bo, University for Peace Africa Marion Keim Lees, University of Western Cape Programme, Senior Programme Officer and Gilbert Khadiagala, University of the Associate Professor Witwatersrand Terrence Lyons, George Mason University Guest Editor Pamela Machakanja, Africa University Fr. Maximiano Ngabirano, Uganda Martyrs Guy Martin, Winston-Salem State University University, Kampala Erin McCandless, Journal of Peacebuilding and Assistant Managing Editor Development Catherine Nelson Christopher Mitchell, George Mason University EDITORIAL BOARD Tim Murithi, Institute for Transitional Justice and Amr Abdalla, University for Peace Reconciliation, Cape Town Bertha Kadenyi Amisi, Syracuse University Susan Allen Nan, George Mason University Hizkias Assefa, Eastern Mennonite University Edith Natukunda, Makerere University Elham Atashi, Goucher College Sulayman Nyang, Howard University Johannes Botes, University of Baltimore Martin Rupiya, Office of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Broome, Arizona State University Zimbabwe Jean-Bosco Butera, University for Peace Mary Hope Schoewbel, United States Institute Kevin Clements, University of Queensland of Peace Alyson Frendak, George Mason University Craig Zelizer, Georgetown University ISSN 1659–3944 Copyright ©2011 University for Peace University for Peace Africa Programme PO Box 2794, Code 1250 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251-11-6180991 Fax: +251-11-6180993 www.apcj.upeace.org Jean-Bosco Butera, Director Twodros Assefa, GLP, Logistics Officer Tony Karbo, Senior Programme Officer Rahel Getachew, Finance Officer Samuel Ewusi, GLP, Assistant Professor Samrawit Tesfaye, Administrative Marcel Leroy, Senior Research Associate Officer Tsion Abebe, Programme Officer Tsega Desta, IT Support Golda Keng, GLP, Programme Officer The mission of the University for Peace is to provide humanity with an international institution of higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among all human beings a spirit of understanding, tol- erance, and peaceful coexistence, to stimulate cooperation among peoples, and to help lessen obsta- cles and threats to world peace and progress in keeping with the noble aspirations proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations. —Charter of the University for Peace, Article 2, approved by the UN General Assembly in Resolution A/RES/35/55 Publication of the Africa Peace and Conflict Journal is made possible by the financial assistance of IDRC. PU_1558_APCJ_Sum2011_00i_106 8/24/11 8:57 PM Page i AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Guidelines for Contributors The APCJ is a refereed journal with a panel of international editorial advisors and readers. All articles are anonymously peer reviewed by at least two referees. We welcome the following types of contributions year round and will periodically issue calls for papers on specific topics: Articles and case analysis—critical case studies or thematic discussion and analysis of top- ical peace and conflict themes (7,000 words maximum, including endnotes; abstract, 150 words or less). Briefings/practice—training or intervention strategies, outcomes and impacts, policy review and analysis, country situational updates, and so on (2,000 words maximum). Book reviews—critical assessments of new books that integrate peace and conflict concerns (1,500 words maximum). Resources—reports, upcoming conferences and workshops, notices of new books and videos, e-communications, and Web sites that link peace and conflict studies (150 words maximum); documents, declarations, communiqués, and other relevant nongovernmental or multilateral or- ganizational statements (1,000 words maximum). The editors will consider only material that meets the following requirements: • Submissions must be original and cannot have been published previously, online or in print. They cannot be under consideration for publication by another journal or organization. • Submissions should be prepared electronically, preferably in Microsoft Word. • For notes and references, use the short-title system (not the author-date system) as per Butcher’s Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders, 4th edn (2006). Authors should include full name, brief biography (with institutional affiliation), and contact details, including mailing address and telephone number. Submit to [email protected] and [email protected]. The editors reserve the right to alter all manuscripts to conform with APCJ style, to improve ac- curacy, to eliminate mistakes and ambiguity, and to bring the manuscript in line with the tenets of plain legal language. PU_1558_APCJ_Sum2011_00i_106 8/24/11 8:57 PM Page ii AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL: ISSN 1659-3944. Published in June and December by the University for Peace Africa Programme, PO Box 2794, Code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the University for Peace, El Rodeo de Mora, Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica. Design and composition: Auburn Associates, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States Printing: Appi Sàrl, Gland, Switzerland YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION RATES: African subscriptions, US$50 for institutions, US$25 for individuals. International subscriptions, US$100 for institutions, US$50 for individuals. ELECTRONIC ACCESS: Visit www.apcj.upeace.org or e-mail the managing editor at [email protected]. COPYRIGHT: © 2011 University for Peace Africa Programme. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to reprint ma- terial from this publication must be mailed to Managing Editor, UPEACE Africa Programme, PO Box 2794, Code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. PU_1558_APCJ_Sum2011_00i_106 8/24/11 8:57 PM Page iii AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Volume 4 Number 1 June 2011 CONTENTS Guest Editor’s Note v From the Managing Editor viii Articles Building an Illiberal Peace: Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Sierra Leone 1 Christine Cubitt Development versus Peacebuilding: Overcoming Jargon in Post-War Sierra Leone 15 Pushpa Iyer Biafran Women and the Nigerian Civil War: Challenges and Survival Strategies 34 Jacinta Chiamaka Nwaka Sudan: Beyond the 2011 Referendum 47 Kizito Sabala Landownership and Gender Conflict in Anglophone Cameroon: A Legal Perspective 62 Sone Patience Munge Women in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding in Northern Uganda 74 Sidonia Angom PU_1558_APCJ_Sum2011_00i_106 8/24/11 8:57 PM Page iv iv AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Briefings The Arab Revolutions of 2011: Roots and Prospects 89 Amr Abdalla Post-Revolutionary Egypt: Shifting Social Trends and Ebda’ Benafsak 95 Menan Omar and Mohamed Abdel Bary Reading Empowering Education: The Power of Youth 101 Mary Elizabeth King PU_1558_APCJ_Sum2011_00i_106 8/24/11 8:57 PM Page v Guest Editor’s Note Conflict and persistent insecurity became hallmarks of the African continent in the post-colonial period. Civil unrest and political stalemates remain widespread, causing political instability, as evident in the civil wars in Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Uganda. The re- cent Arab revolutions across North Africa (and the Middle East) are also a reflection of this continent-wide political and social discontent. In the current setting, women remain society’s underprivileged, subjected to unequal treatment in resource alloca- tion and the running of society. This issue of the Africa Peace and Conflict Journal ex- amines whether the African continent in the post-colonial era can alter its story thus far and develop in a positive direction, leading to the building of peace and security for all Africans. Conflict and insecurity rank among the worst of the disasters that have afflicted Africa and serve as major causes of poverty, hunger, and unemployment. They are also primary factors leading many Africans to emigrate and seek asylum in other parts of the world. The contributions in this issue examine these factors and together point to- ward the need for a protracted approach for addressing the Africa problem. A num- ber of efforts to bring peace to the countries of the continent have been attempted and some remain ongoing. One such example is the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Sudan, the aftermath of which Kizito Sabala explores. The CPA addressed the issues that bred war between northern Sudan and southern Sudan, but the agree- ment remained silent on or ineffective in regard to some issues that would need to be resolved following an independence referendum by southerners. Thus peace, even after the declaration of the Republic of South Sudan, remains
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