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Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3 HA.ER No. CA—133*1 Napa and Alden Roads Lompoc Santa Barbara County ^Hlli^

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Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3 HA.ER No. CA—133*1 Napa and Alden Roads Lompoc Santa Barbara County ^Hlli^ Vandenberg Air Force Base, Space Launch Complex 3 HA.ER No. CA—133*1 Napa and Alden Roads Lompoc Santa Barbara County ^hlli^.. California C f}--\ PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Western Region Department of the Interior San Francisco, GA 94107 CAL HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC-3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Location: Napa and Alden Roads Lompoc Santa Barbara County California USGS 7.5 minute Surf, California Quadrangle Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates: 5.720900.3835900 Date of Construction: 1958-1959. Altered 1965, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980. Engineer: Ralph M. Parsons Builder: Wells Benz, Inc. Present Owner: United States Air Force Significance: Space Launch Complex 3 (SLC-3) is one of the first operational installations in the United States military space program. The complex was constructed in 1959 to launch satellites into polar orbits without passing over inhabited areas. Since its first launch in i960, SLC-3 has supported 101 launches of Atlas and Thor boosters carrying a variety of satellite payloads. SLC-3 played an important role in the United States' Cold War defense strategy by supporting surveillance and "early warning system" satellite programs throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. The complex consists of two launch pads, SLC-3 East and SLC-3 West. These pads contain two of the only three remaining A- frame service gantries (mobile service towers) characteristic of early Atlas launch pad construction. The pads are equipped with the only retractable umbilical masts at any U.S. space launch complex. Report Prepared By: Peter von Szilassy Carol DeLisle Suzanne Smidt Versar, Inc. 6850 Versar Center Springfield, Virginia 22151 Date: March 1993 VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 CHAPTER 2 EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY SPACE PROGRAM 10 Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States 10 Space Applications of U.S. Ballistic Missile Technology 13 Development of Reconnaissance Satellites 14 Development of a Military Space Installation at Vandenberg Air Force Base 16 CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION, LAUNCH, AND COMMAND HISTORY OF SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 AT VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE 21 Construction History 21 Launch History 22 Command History 29 Payloads Launched from SLC-3 31 Satellite Missile Observation System (Samos) 32 Missile Detection Alarm System (Midas) 32 Environmental Research Subsatellites 34 Classified Payloads 35 Precision Recovery Including Maneuverable Re-entry (PRIME) 35 Navigation System using Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System (GPS) 36 Seasat and Geosat 37 NOAA/71ROS Weather Satellites 37 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) 38 Delivery Vehicles Launched from SLC-3 39 Atlas 39 Thor 46 # VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER 4 AN OVERVIEW OF SLC-3 FACILITIES AND OPERATIONS 51 Basic Features of Atlas Space Launch Complexes 51 Overview of Typical Launch Operations at SLC-3 52 CHAPTER 5 DESCRIPTION OF SLC-3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 63 The Launch Pads 67 Mobile Service Tower 67 Umbilical Mast 74 Launch Services Buildings (Bldgs. 751 and 770) 81 Launch Deck 95 SLC-3E Modifications 104 Atlas SLV Series 104 Atlas E/F Series 105 Atlas H Series 110 SLC-3W Modifications 112 Thor Series 112 Atlas E7F Series 113 Launch Operations Building (Blockhouse, Building 763) 117 SLC-3E Control Room 123 SLC-3W Control Room 131 Telemetry Room 133 Autopilot Room 137 Landline Instrumentation Room and Cable Tunnels 138 Communications Room 140 VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Vehicle Support Building (Bldg. 766) 141 Associated Infrastructure 145 Technical Support Building (Bldg. 762/762A) 145 SLC-3 Air Force Building (Bldg. 761) 145 Traffic Check Houses (Bldgs. 759, 760, and 764) 146 Meteorological Tower and Shed (Bldg. 756) 146 Sewage Treatment Plant (Bldg. 769) 147 GPS Azimuth Alignment Station (Bldg. 775) 147 Entry Control Point (Bldg. 768) 147 Storage Sheds (Bldgs. 776 and 773) 148 Pyrotechnic Shed (Bldg. 757) 148 Security Fence 149 CHAPTER 6 EFFECTS OF PLANNED MODIFICATIONS OF SLC-3 151 SLC-3E 151 Launch Services Building (Bldg. 751) 154 Launch Operations Building (Blockhouse, Bldg. 763) 155 Associated Infrastructure 155 APPENDIX WATERFALL DIAGRAM FOR ATLAS 39 E/NOAA-E SEPTEMBER 1984 158 VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Space Launch Complex 3 (SLC-3) at Vandenberg Air Force Base was one of the first operational installations in the United States military space program. The complex was constructed in 1959 to launch satellites into polar orbits without passing over inhabited areas. Since its first launch in 1960, SLC-3 has supported 101 launches of Atlas and Thor boosters (delivery vehicles) carrying a variety of satellite payloads (space vehicles). SLC-3 played an important role in the United States' Cold War defense strategy by supporting surveillance satellite programs such as Samos, and "early warning system" satellite programs such as the Missile Defense Alarm System (Midas) throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. Since then, SLC- 3 has supported other important military space programs such as the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSF), as well as several scientific programs. The scientific satellites launched from SLC-3 include Seasat, Geosat, and satellites for the Precision Recovery Including Maneuverable Entry (PRIME) program, whose data provided the foundation for development of the Space Shuttle. SLC-3 is located on South Vandenberg Air Force Base approximately 50 miles west northwest of Santa Barbara, California (figs. 1.1, 1.2). The complex consists of two launch pads SLC-3 East (SLC-3E) and SLC-3 West (SLC-3W; fig. 1.3). These pads contain two of the only three remaining A-frame service gantries (mobile service towers) characteristic of early Atlas launch pad construction. The pads are equipped with the only retractable umbilical masts at any U.S. space launch complex. Other key structures associated with the launch pads include launch service buildings located directly beneath elevated concrete launch decks, deluge channels with retention basins used to direct and store cooling waters during launch, theodolite buildings used to house instrumentation to calibrate the delivery vehicle's inertial guidance system, and a common launch operations building that houses remote launch control and monitoring equipment, much of which is characteristic of early 1960s electronic technology. The pads have undergone several major modifications driven by the changing requirements of the payload programs and delivery vehicles to be launched from them. SLC-3E has been inactive since 1987. SLC-3W is still active and has launches scheduled through 1994. The United States Air Force (USAF) plans to modify SLC-3 to accommodate heavier payloads launched aboard the Atlas II family of delivery vehicles. Planned modifications entail demolishing five structures on SLC-3E: the mobile service tower (MST), the umbilical mast, the Theodolite Shelter (Bldg. 788), the Entry Control Point (Bldg. 768), and a traffic check house (Bldg. 759). The A-frame MST at SLC-3E will be replaced with a C-frame gantry characteristic of more modern launch pad construction. SLC-3E' s retractable umbilical mast will VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 6 O SANTA MARIA VANDENBERG AFB PI. ARGUELLO SANTA GOLETA BARBARA PT. CONCEPTION o TO VENTURA AND LOS ANGELES —. f \ o SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL O O ANACAPA c iSLANO <r- SANTA CRUZ f ISLAND 4- NORTHERN CHANNEL ISLANDS 20 SCALE IN MILES Fig. 1.1. Location of Vandenberg Air Force Base VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) • HAERNo. CA-133-1 Page 7 Fig. 1.2. Location of SLC-3 on South Vandenberg Air Force Base VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 8 ■ U o c o 1 op a VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX 3 (SLC 3) HAER No. CA-133-1 Page 9 be replaced with a stationary umbilical tower, leaving only one functional example of this technology at SLC-3W. Other modifications include replacing the Entry Control Point (Bldg. 768) and modernizing the security fence, and detection and deterrent system surrounding the complex. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, requires a federal agency to consider the effects of its undertakings on historically significant properties, that is, on properties that are included in, or potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) published regulations implementing the requirements of Section 106 in 36 CFR 800, "Protection of Historic Properties." The USAF published regulation APR 126-7, "Historic Preservation," to implement Section 106 requirements. These regulations require good-faith efforts on the part of USAF officials to identify any USAF properties that may be historically significant. The regulation further requires the USAF to consult with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to jointly define the historic significance of the identified properties. During the late 1980s, Congress expressed concern regarding balancing the need to preserve the United States' technological heritage with the need to operate and upgrade scientific and technological facilities. On September 20, 1989, Congress requested that ACHP analyze the problems associated with applying the Section 106 process to continually evolving scientific and technical research facilities. In February 1991, ACHP published a report entitled "Balancing Historic Preservation Needs with the Operation of Highly Technical or Scientific Facilities" that provides guidance on reasonable application of the Section 106 process and related regulations to scientific and technological facilities.
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