Walking and Bicycling in the United States

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E L S C T Y R C IA BI Innovative Data Collection for Pedestrians, Bicycles, N ND S A and Other Non–Motor Vehicle Modes LISA AULTMAN-HALL, JONATHAN DOWDS, AND BRIAN H. Y. LEE N O

he transportation community has long recognized the need D Other R U O nonmotorized Tfor improving pedestrian and bicycle volume counts. The Y D E

: forms of

collection of nonmotorized travel data under a consistent, sys - O T O

H transportation tematic methodology is a priority for improving research, plan - P —such as ning, and policy making for pedestrian and bicycle travel. Volume skateboards, data are needed for safety and risk assessments, new infrastruc - scooters, and ture evaluations, travel model inputs, and estimations of miles of strollers—can travel. complicate the One of the most significant concerns about the lack of data for task of nonmotorized transportation is that decisions based on judg - collecting volume data. ment may lead to a less efficient use of limited funds. Data scarcity and poor data quality remain challenges for all modes, but with recent technological innovations and widespread advances, the scarcity of bicycle and pedestrian data could be disproportionate. Although poorly quantified, pedestrian and bicycle activity boards, strollers, rollerblades, and scooters, which provide mobil - increasingly is recognized as a vital component of the trans - ity with differing levels of benefits and risks and also require doc - portation system, spurring solutions to the data gap. These umentation. Some devices, although motorized, are legitimately nonmotorized modes have specific infrastructure and safety considered within pedestrian planning, including wheelchairs of requirements that must be met to maximize the utility they pro - various designs and other assistive devices. Consideration of these vide and to minimize associated safety risks. Successful infra - modes is important because they are disproportionately used by structure planning relies on accurate volume data by facility and the most vulnerable populations: seniors, youth, and the physi - location type, with adjustments for the time of day and year. cally and mentally challenged. These data are not widely available for pedestrians and bicy - clists. The lack of data—and the resultant lack of informed deci - Flawed Programs sion making about facilities and other programs—is a significant Transportation agencies have well-established, systemwide pro - reason these modes continue to have limited trip shares nation - grams for collecting, summarizing, and disseminating data on wide. motor vehicle traffic volumes, but most do not require pedestrian Volume collection processes should reflect the unique physi - and bicycle volume data, which may be collected on a project-by- cal characteristics of pedestrian and bicycle travel. Adding to the project basis at a few isolated locations. The limited scope of the complexity is the increasing recognition of the variety of non - data collected precludes extrapolation systemwide to uncounted motorized modes in the transportation system, such as skate - sites. Volume count programs for nonmotorized travel typically P H O T

O have a small extent—for example, at major intersections or spe - :

J O

D cific points of particular facilities and for limited periods during Y C I A

N select times and days. The dissemination and use of the collected O ,

N data are often constrained, and the count locations rarely are I V E R S

I selected to allow statistically valid extrapolation, even for total T Y O

F miles of travel within the jurisdiction, because typically only the V E R M highest-volume locations are counted. Programs often are strictly O N T

T urban, although the authors recently have collected data to mea - R A N S P 2

O sure the volumes of bicycles and pedestrians in rural areas in rela - 1 R T 0 A T 2

I tion to neighborhood activities and tourism.

O N E R N E S U E J A R – C

H Technology to the Rescue? Y C A E N

M Some of the most advanced pedestrian- and bicycle-counting T

E R 0

8 technologies are available commercially, each with different capa - 2

S bilities and limitations. These tools include microwave and W E

N infrared sensors, active and passive; pneumatic and pressure-sen -

R T Successful infrastructure planning requires data that accurately sitive devices; inductive loops; piezoelectric counters; and video- 8 represent an area, whether urban or rural. image processing equipment. Several groups have compared the TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 9

PHOTOS COURTESY JOAN HUDSON , TTI - - f r a a i d n o e l i m t e h t o t l g e

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i c e n n e e e e h a

l g g i q f t r a r r a

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P H O

T tional average upslope ( 4). The same study found O :

A that the effect of slope was much more significant for N B U

R women than for men and for infrequent or inexpe - D E N rienced cyclists than for experienced bicyclists.

Climate and Weather Walkers and cyclists are exposed to the elements; sensitivity to major changes in temperature and pre - cipitation is expected. Distinguishing between cli - mate effects that involve seasonal variations in atmospheric conditions—for example, hot summers, cold winters, or rainy seasons—and the shorter-cycle events of weather—like a snowfall, heavy rain, or uncommonly hot or cold days—is difficult. Although research has documented a decline in bicycle activ - ity in areas with strong climate differences, the most pronounced variations in bicycle or walk activity are The effects of seasonal Natural Environment most closely tied to acute weather events. weather on pedestrian Topography and bicycle activity are Several studies have demonstrated that hills and Built Environment difficult to distinguish steep grades have a negative impact on walking or Land Use from the effects of acute weather events such as bicycling. A stated preference approach determined Walking and bicycling are easier and more relevant heavy rainfall. that slope was extremely important in walk and bicy - in compact, mixed-use settings, which register much cle route decisions in San Francisco but was almost higher rates for both modes, particularly for utilitar - twice as important for bicycling ( 3). GPS data from ian purposes. Households in mixed-use areas own 166 cyclists in the Portland, Oregon, region indi - fewer vehicles, make more trips to nearby destina - cated that the typical utilitarian cyclist would travel tions, and are more likely to use transit for trips out - 27 percent farther to avoid each 1 percent of addi - side the community. As a destination, a compact mixed-use setting is more likely to attract trips by nonautomobile modes. Cyclists tend to be less sensitive than pedestrians to Answering the Demand for immediate surroundings, particularly at the origin of Bicycling and Walking a trip. CHRP Project 8-78 is developing a guidebook on methods for Facilities N Estimating Bicycling and Pedestrian Demand for Planning and Planners and engineers have focused on facilities for Project Development. The project is responding to a long-recognized walking and bicycling. Pucher and Buehler ( 2) and need for robust methods that can measure bicycle and walking activ - others who have compared the U.S. bicycling and ity accurately in relation to the contexts of land use, infrastructure, walking experience with that of Europe have empha - sociodemographics, and environment—including motor vehicle traf - sized the high-quality, coordinated travel networks fic, hills, and climate and weather—that are uniquely important to for cyclists and pedestrians as a key influence on the nonmotorized travel. high rates of walking and bicycling. The project has completed an extensive review and synthesis of inter - The effectiveness of European walk and bicycle national research on this topic and has summarized what is known and networks is the result of a high level of connectivity; what is uncertain, identifying important needs for clarification and for in conjunction with the compact mixed-use design integration into reliable tools. An interim report, released in April 2011,

2 of communities, this allows for direct, convenient 1 documents this research. 0 2

paths. Also evident are public policies and attitudes

E The project team is progressing with primary research, using data N that support walking and bicycling as modes of U

J from Seattle, Washington, and metropolitan Washington, D.C., to – transportation—for example, traffic calming mea - Y

A develop and test model formulations for a new, more comprehensive set

M sures are widely applied and enforced in urban set -

0 of relationships to support analyses at the regional, subarea or corridor,

8 tings, allowing motorized and nonmotorized traffic 2

and project levels. The work is scheduled for completion in September S to coexist. In addition, vehicle parking is much more W 2012. For additional information, visit http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/ E

N limited and expensive in urban areas.

R TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2707.

T In the United States, if the objective is to create a 12 safe and pleasant recreational environment for walking 3

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 1

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Striped bike lanes and O Safety T O :

other shared-use facilities J E Safety concerns are twofold: travel safety during F N

provide a cost-effective, I C

K exposure to traffic and personal safety from crime or E R

efficient way to S O

N when passing through uncomfortable surroundings. incorporate bicycle networks into urban Facilities planning and traffic management can design. address concerns about traffic safety, but personal safety is a different matter. Public health researchers at the Centers for Dis - ease Control and Prevention found strong relation - ships between physical inactivity and perception of neighborhood safety, with older adults and racial and ethnic minorities demonstrating the greatest sensi - quantify the relative importance of these attributes to tivity ( 5). This finding, confirmed in many other particular populations, which will improve designs. studies, stresses the importance of street lighting, Experienced cyclists making a trip to work or landscape maintenance, and crime control in over - school are more concerned about minimizing travel coming resistance to walking or bicycling. time, are less sensitive about proximity to traffic, and are more comfortable with on-road bicycle lanes. Self-Selection Less experienced cyclists and those making Perhaps most befuddling to planners of new urban nonessential trips, however, may be more concerned places and bicycle and pedestrian environments is about ambience, comfort, and ease of travel than the role of self-selection. Some researchers have with time or distance and are more likely to favor asked if the difference in travel behavior in different separate facilities to reduce interactions with motor settings is attributable to the physical characteristics vehicles. Because this group of less experienced of the setting or to the tendencies and preferences of cyclists represents the market with the greatest the people who live there. In other words, people potential for utilitarian cycling, solutions are needed who want to walk or bicycle self-select to live in to make bicycling as safe, convenient, and attractive neighborhoods that are more bikeable and walkable. as it is in most European cities. Therefore building places that are friendly to walk - A combination of good urban design, traffic calm - ing or bicycling will only attract people who are ing, and efficient, connected networks of bicycle- favorably disposed to walk or bicycle. only and joint-use local streets is needed. Cities such This conundrum of nature versus nurture has as Portland, Oregon; Minneapolis, Minnesota; New been the subject of many studies. A review of 11 York; and Washington, D.C., are investing in facility studies found that two concluded that self-selection designs borrowed from European counterparts, such was present, five found self-selection and the built as cycle tracks, traffic-calmed bicycle boulevards, environment equally important, and four found the and bike boxes; each of these cities has recorded effects of built environment most important ( 6). A increases in bicycling rates. definitive answer may never emerge; nevertheless, the demand for housing in walkable areas continues Attitudes and Perceptions to be a strong market trend ( 7). Many other influences on the choice to walk or bicy - cle are rooted in attitudes and perceptions that are Future Research difficult to gauge. Safety concerns and self-selection Even with the new NHTS data, much remains to are prominent among these. understand about bicycle and pedestrian travel. This

P is partly the result of how travel surveys are con - H O T O ducted. When an activity is rare—such as bicy - :

D A 2 N cling—a random sample of households and 1 B U 0 R 2 D

single-day trip diary methods will not capture a suf - E N E

N ficient amount of information to address the behav - U J

– Traffic calming measures ioral questions important for planning. Y

A in European

M The physical environment more emphatically

0 neighborhoods, like 8 influences the decision to walk or bicycle than the 2

these speed bumps in S decision to drive or take transit. Therefore, detailed W Cologne, Germany, allow E

N route information is important in understanding indi - for the coexistence of R T motorized and vidual decisions. Travel surveys rarely collect these 14 nonmotorized vehicles. data, although GPS tracking is a promising technique. 5

TR NEWS 280 MAY–JUNE 2012 1 , - - - s t s s y e e e g g d s v y t e e r a e n e h i n n n c n t

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