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Zu Lebensweise, Verbreitung Und Gefährdung Von Osmoderma Eremita ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Philippia. Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum zu Kassel Jahr/Year: 2001-2003 Band/Volume: 10 Autor(en)/Author(s): Schaffrath Ulrich Artikel/Article: Zu Lebensweise, Verbreitung und Gefährdung von Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera; Scarabaeoidea, Cetoniidae, Trichiinae), Teil 1 (gekürzte Fassung einer Dissertation an der Universität Kassel) 157-248 PHILIPPIA 10/3 S. 157-248 75 Abb. Kassel 2003 Ulrich Schaffrath Zu Lebensweise, Verbreitung und Gefährdung von Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera; Scarabaeoidea, Cetoniidae, Trichiinae)* Teil 1 Abstract Deutschland) wird eine Artmonographie des Based on an all encompassing literature re- Cetoniden Osmoderma eremita (SCOPOLI, cherche, letters and discussions, including at 1763), Coleoptera, vorgelegt (Endstand der the international level, as well as Laboratory Forschungen: 2001). Schwerpunkte der Arbeit and Field research (mostly in Hesse / Germa- sind u.a. historische und gegenwärtige ny) an art monograph of the cetonid-beetle Verbreitung in Deutschland, Erkenntnisse zu Osmoderma eremita (SCOPOLI, 1763), Coleo- Ökologie und Ethologie, darüber hinaus ptera was made, and is presented here werden Nachweis- und Schutzstrategien (kon- (research as of 2001). The emphasis in this servativer Biotopschutz, Biotopmanagement, work was put on historical and future distri- Monitoring) erörtert. Die praktischen Erfahrun- bution in Germany and appreciation ot the gen beruhen auf unter halbnatürlichen Bedin- Coleoptera ecology and ethology. In addition, gungen aufgezogenen Entwicklungsstadien recording and protective strategies (conserva- des Käfers und der Erhaltungs- und Vermeh- tive biotope protection, biotope management, rungszucht über mehrere Generationen. and monitoring) will be discussed in detail. The practical experience with the Coleoptera is based on the semi-natural conditions crea- Inhalt ted for the stages of development and the Einleitung und Fragestellung .................................. 158 supportive and reproductive breeding of the Forschungsziele ...................................................... 159 beetle over several generations. Voraussetzungen und Verfahrensweise ................ 160 Zur Morphologie des Osmoderma eremita (SCOP.) .................................................. 161 Zusammenfassung Kennzeichen des Osmoderma eremita ............. 163 (s. auch Schlußzusammenfassung) Morphologische Unterscheidung der Auf der Basis breiter Literaturrecherchen, Geschlechter ................................................... 166 brieflicher Kontakte und mündlicher Diskus- Größe der Imagines und Verhältniszahlen sionen auch im internationalen Rahmen sowie der Geschlechter ............................................ 168 eigener langjähriger Labor- und Feldfor- Ähnliche Arten – Verwechslungs- schung (letztere überwiegend in Hessen / möglichkeiten .................................................. 170 * gekürzte Fassung einer Dissertation an der Universität Kassel 158 Ulrich Schaffrath Anmerkungen zu den Namen ................................. 170 Ergebnisse von überwinternden Frühe Konfusionen ............................................. 170 Freiland-Larven ............................................... 231 Anmerkungen zum wissenschaftlichen Ernährung der Larven ......................................... 233 Namen ............................................................. 173 Kannibalismus ..................................................... 237 Anmerkungen zu den Trivialnamen ................... 173 Verdauen ............................................................. 238 Verbreitung .............................................................. 175 Überwintern ......................................................... 240 Verbreitung der Osmodermini ............................ 175 Kältetoleranz der Überwinterungsstadien ......... 240 Verbreitung der Gattung Osmoderma; Kokonbau, Verpuppung und Verwandlung Arten und Unterarten ...................................... 176 zur Imago ........................................................ 244 Verbreitung von Osmoderma eremita Mißbildungen ....................................................... 247 (SCOP.) s. l. ..................................................... 182 Brutbäume und Entwicklungsstätten ..................... 184 Ansprüche an den Brutbaum ............................. 189 Zur Auswahl der Bruthöhle ................................. 190 Einleitung und Fragestellung Zur Höhlenbildung .............................................. 192 Die Sanierung der „Großen Allee“ in Bad Arol- Zu Lebensweise und Verhalten der Imagines ....... 194 sen / Hessen gab den Anstoß zu dieser Arbeit Erscheinungszeit der Käfer ................................ 194 über den Eremiten oder Juchtenkäfer, Osmo- Zu Blütenbesuch und Ernährung der Käfer ....... 196 derma eremita (SCOPOLI, 1763). Ohne Fäl- Sexualverhalten und Vermehrung der Imagines ... 197 lung zahlreicher alter Bäume, die Brutkolonien Kampf der Männchen ......................................... 198 des Käfers beherbergten, hätte dem Autor das Werbung und Paarung ....................................... 199 lebendige Material gefehlt, um seine For- Begattung ............................................................ 202 schungen zu betreiben. Eiablage und Eizahlen ........................................ 202 Lebensdauer der Imagines ................................. 204 Durch gutachterliche Stellungnahme waren Anmerkungen zum „Duft“ und zur u. a. mehrere Brutbäume der innerstädtischen Verhaltensbiologie .............................................. 205 Allee als „Gefahrenbäume“ diagnostiziert wor- „Osmoderma“ ...................................................... 205 den. Der Autor, der bereits Erfahrungen mit Duftanalyse ......................................................... 206 der Erhaltung der Tiere durch einige in gefäll- „Posing“ – ein Ausdrucksverhalten der ten Brutbäumen im Staatspark Karlsaue / Kas- Männchen ....................................................... 206 sel gefundene Larven hatte machen können, Zur Duftdrüse ...................................................... 208 wurde von der Oberen Naturschutzbehörde Olfaktorischer Unterschied der beim Regierungspräsidenten in Kassel beauf- Geschlechter ................................................... 209 tragt, die Insektenstadien zu entnehmen und Mögliche soziale Funktionen des Duftes ........... 210 zu sichern. Im Laufe der Sanierungsarbeiten Auslöser für die Duftproduktion .......................... 211 1993 und 1994 konnten etwa 200 Larven und Zum Posing am Höhleneingang ......................... 211 Kokons des Eremiten aus den bis zu 400 Bemerkungen zum Flugverhalten .......................... 212 Jahre alten Eichen geborgen werden. Start und Flug ..................................................... 212 Treue zum Brutbaum .......................................... 216 In der Zwischenzeit war Osmoderma eremita Zeiten der Flugaktivität ....................................... 218 zu einem der bedeutendsten Zielobjekte im Nächtlicher Lichtanflug ....................................... 219 europäischen Naturschutz erklärt worden. Die Orientierung der Imagines .................................. 219 FFH-Richtlinie (Flora-Fauna-Habitat-Richtlinie) Flugradius ........................................................... 220 von 1992 machte den Käfer neben anderen Komfortverhalten und weitere seltenen Tieren, Pflanzen und Landschafts- Verhaltensweisen ........................................... 220 teilen zu einem europaweit bedeutsamen Entwicklung der Präimaginalstadien ...................... 221 Objekt, zu deren Erhaltung nun ein internatio- Embryonalentwicklung ........................................ 221 nales Netz von Schutzgebieten eingerichtet Zur Larvenmorphologie ...................................... 223 werden sollte (Natura 2000). Der in Deutsch- Zur Unterscheidung von ähnlichen land bereits durch die Bundesartenschutzver- Lamellicornierlarven ....................................... 223 ordnung (BArtSchV) unter Naturschutz ge- Larvenstadien und Entwicklungsdauer .............. 225 stellte Käfer wurde seit Einführung der Roten Zu Lebensweise, Verbreitung und Gefährdung von Osmoderma eremita (Scop.), Teil 1 159 Listen stets als bundesweit „stark gefährdet“ rungen des Autors sowie verschiedener Kolle- eingestuft. gen schien dieses Ziel erreichbar. Das ange- botene künstliche Ersatzhabitat sollte darüber Der Stand der Erkenntnisse zum Eremiten war hinaus die Reproduktion der Käfer unter Ge- bis zu den neunziger Jahren des vergangenen fangenschaftsbedingungen sicherstellen und Jahrhunderts als defizitär einzustufen – er- eine ununterbrochene Weiterzucht über meh- staunlich für ein so großes heimisches Insekt. rere Generationen ermöglichen (als Grundla- Die Literaturlage enthielt vorwiegend Stereo- ge für eventuelle Wiederansiedlungsprojekte). typen; empirische Erkenntnisse waren nur verstreut und vereinzelt publiziert, diese be- 2. Verhaltensbeobachtungen an Larve und faßten sich vorwiegend mit den Entwicklungs- Vollinsekt bedingungen. Zum Verhalten der Art war so Die Entwicklung der Larvenstadien sollte ver- gut wie nichts bekannt, ebensowenig zur folgt werden. Verhaltensstudien an Käfern Verbreitung in Deutschland. und Larven könnten Hinweise geben auf das (bisher nicht beschriebene) soziale Leben der In
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