Q:ongrcssional Record United States of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 9 I st CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Monday, February 24, 1969 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. forcible incorporation of these countries attention are not to be found in any law­ The Reverend Rudolf Troost, Estonian into the U.S.S.R. The Soviet assault in book or in any moral code. 1940 against its Baltic neighbors marked The challenge of freedom is in the safe­ Lutheran Church, Silver Spring, Md., of­ guarding of that freedom. Thousands of fered the following : the first step westward in the ruthless young soldiers have met that challenge with Dear Heavenly Father, on this 5lst Es­ march against Europe. t heir death. All the great legislation handed tonian Independence Day we pray for the Mr. Troost, whose presence here today down to us by Congress in the nearly two return of freedom and independence to we acknowledge, has not himself been a hundred yea rs of our n ation's existence, was stranger to this Soviet and Nazi aggres­ formulated by men who wanted to do a little long sut!ering Estonia. Save us and other more than was required of them to promote countries from the evil teachings and sion. He was captive in a Nazi prison camp for some 40 days at which time he freedom. doings of communism. But anyone can tell you that soldiers and Make us thankful nations, knowing was able to make his escape. That he is statesmen alone have not made America. that "if the Son shall make you free, ye here today espousing the cause of the great. But rather it is the great number of shall be free indeed" (John 8: 36) and let Estonian people attests to the irrepres­ individual, responsible citizens who find it the wicked know "that his day is com­ sibility of the longing for peace where their duty to do all they can to promote there is no peace. Americans view with freedom. They confess, though not in the lit­ ing" 0m munity. ceive twice as much, or another $28,000, do activities." And the final quotation-and the Under Title I of the Act, we have in­ you think that ought to come in Title I or one that I think is very important--one volved 13 public schools and eight private be spread amongst some of the other Titles teacher said "The students have been stimu­ schools in the Title I program. Our evalua­ as well. Or should we give it to you in some­ lated to investigate more subjects." tion of the program, has been that it prob­ thing akin to general aid? • • ably should be classified as one of the most She answered: I could go on at length sharing with you important and inspiring programs that has I personally feel that it should come in the impact of ESEA Title II programs in been added to our educational system in North oarolina and in other States. I have many years. Title I. I think it has provided a tremendous impetus in our school district in solving some many examples here on the table before me. problems which we are solving very nicely. However, at this time, I will simply state Mr. G. Warren Phillips, superintend­ that Title II is a program essential to the ent of schools for Valparaiso, Ind., and During these first 9 days of testimony improvement of educational opportunities of chairman of the Federal Policy and there has been discussion about the all of our children. The full potential of the Legislation Committee of the American validity of those few reports which have program has not been attained because of Association of School Administrators in­ been critical of title I, such as the Tempo the limitation of actual appropriations. We dicated their title I program has been report. Speaking specifically about that therefore recommend that appropriations be evaluated in a number of ways: up to the level of current authorization. report, Mrs. Frances Carnochan, chair­ Because of drastic reductions in appropria­ We have evidence shown by tests, by stu­ man of the Legislative Commission of the dent behavior and by the judgment of teach­ tions this fiscal year and the recommended ers that we are making significant progress. NEA, an organization representing some appropriations in the 1970 budget, many This is a good progm.m. As we have acqu.ired 2 million teachers, said: Title II programs initiated the first three staff that is skillfUl, the program has be­ We are aware of the so-called Tempo re­ years of the Act will be drastically curtailed. come stronger. port which the public press has, perhaps un­ The second recommendation: Advanced wittingly, blown out of all proportion to its funding be implemented as soon as possible. Mrs. G. Theodore Mitau, vice chair­ "findings." This report is based on evalua­ Congress is to be commended for authorizing man of the board of education for the tion of programs in eleven school districts this advanced funding last session. independent School District No. 625, St. out of 16,000 school districts with Title I New York City has been a leader in the Paul, Minn., in her evaluation, said: programs, and 35,000 children in 132 schools school library field. We have a great number in these districts, out of some nine million of very fine librarians and many teachers Never in the history of American educa­ and principals who are dedicated to the tion have programs been introduced that eligible Title I pupils. It is in our opinion virtually worthless. concept of enriched learning through a va­ have had a more dramatic impact upon the riety of resources. Title II has helped to quality of educational offerings in the cities Speaking of his title I programs in provide these resources. I strongly urge its of the United States than those introduced Cleveland, Superintendent Briggs also continuance, its full funding and its ex­ under ESEA. The professional staff judg­ pansion. ments, commUnity reactions, and pupils' per­ disagreed with the critics. He said: formances all testify to their effectiveness. I am in total disagreement with the critics, Miss Frances Hatfield, supervisor of - In St. Paul, the ESEA and kindred laws particularly as it applies to Cleveland. When instructional materials, board of public have made possible a broad range of new and I see our schools open in the summer, when I instruction, Broward County, Fla., said: exemplary educational programs. Of par­ see swimming pools, neighborhood swim­ ming pools that we put into the inner city, I am grateful for the opportUnity to dis­ ticular significance today are those programs cuss some of the phases of Title II which that provide direct benefits under Title I of 23 of them last year and thousands of chil­ dren lined up every day using them, when I I see from my vantage point as a super­ ESEA to children suffering from poverty and visor of the library program in a large school other forms of educational disadvantage. For see children in 40 preschool centers now operated under Title I, 4-0 preschool centers system which serves 110,000 children in 103 children whose worlds are only a few blocks schools ... wide, we can offer extensive field trip pro­ in Cleveland with their mothers in there nearly every day, or at least every week their On behalf of the American Library Asso­ grams, enriched elementary library services, ciation and especially of the over 12,000 and an educational horizon that puts fewer mothers are in, when teachers tell me that children are coming into kindergarten and members of the American Association of limits on what children may dream of be­ School Librarians, I wish to thank this com­ coming. first grade better prepared, when I see the dropout rate in the five inner city high mittee and the Congress for its interest in There is not time to ten of the 4-00 chil­ providing legislation which has such bene­ dren from the very poor who, because of schools drop ten percent, I cannot help but feel that the critics are wrong. I know very ficial effects. Title I money, had their first dental examin­ I strongly urge passage of the Elementary ations. (We bought a Hi-Speed dental unit well they are wrong. It does not make as much news though. and Secondary Education Amendments of for Jackson School. We need ten more like 1969, and full appropriations in order to it.) Nor to tell of the work of our Parent Much of the discussion in the hearings assure a continuing effort to achieve qual­ Consultant, who serves as a special kind in this period has centered on title I. ity education for all boys and girls in the of person to parents having handicapped schools of the United States. children so that benefits carry over and Too frequently I am concerned that we build home-school relationships int.o the fail to recognize the significances of and That the Elementary and Secondary family Unit. Nor to tell of our consultant the contributions being made by title II Education Act has been effective in im­ in the area of inter-racla.l activity, who of the act which provides support for proving and expanding the availability works to establish community rapport wLth library materials and textbooks. The and quality of instruction for migrant 4182 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 24, 1969 children was attested to by Austin H. of ESEA at the mere level of appropria­ aware of the problems brought about by Armitstead, chairman, National Com­ tion recommended for the fiscal year 1970 our failure to adequately finance our will simply permit the withering to begin. mittee on the Education of Migrant Chil­ High expectations in the community, as well education programs. In the face of in­ dren: as among educators, will turn to frustration­ creasing costs, it is clearly not enough Today we would like to confine our re­ and that is a most volatile kind of alchemy. even if we keep the programs at a con­ marks largely to the effect of the Migrant stant level. Amendment to Title I of the Element ary Dr. Gary N. Pottorff, vice president, Mrs. G. Theodore Mitau, vice chair­ and Secondary Education Act (PL 89-10). board of education, Wichita, Kans., man of the board of education for the Before making these comments we would added: Independent School Dictrict No. 625, St. like to say that they are based on st aff ob­ I think probably in our case the original Paul, Minn., advised us of what hap­ servation of dozens of classrooms in a num­ plan drawn up for the benefit of the local ber of states, st aff part icipation in teacher pened in St. Paul because of inadequate citizens, community action programs, paro­ financing. She stated: training programs, the r eading of state edu­ chial and public schools, to determine where cation agency program reports and consul­ the need was the greatest. I don't think the We desperately need the Title I funds to t ation wit h numerous program st aff at the need has changed from the five years of the continue and expand this most important local and state levels. present bill. I think perhaps the extension endeavor. One of our most successful Title There is no doubt that the funds which of the title I funds would be of the greatest I programs was a tuition-free summer school have been available under the ESEA Mi­ importance to us. serving 3,500 students. Our school funding grant Amen dment-up to $45 million in the does not allow for summer school expenses. current fiscal year-have made a difference Superintendent Ohrenberger of Bos­ Therefore, we have to charge tuition fees to in the stat us of migrant children's educa­ ton, like Dr. Shedd and virtually every­ make the program self-supporting. This fact tion . Although it might have been presumed one, recommended not only extension serves to eliminate those very students that t h at Tit le I funds, which were int ended to but also full funding of ESEA, particu­ need the most help. Title I funds for a time provide for all disadvantaged children in­ larly title I. served this program. Our 1966 summer school cluding migr ants, would indeed, wit hout ii for deprived students was immensely suc­ special program for migrants, provide in­ Dr. Ohrenberger stated: cessful. These students didn't become street creased educational opportunity, they did I earnestly request that Congress not only roamers. Many have ret urned to our regular not make any substantial change in its first extend the Elementary and Secondary Edu­ classes by making up deficiencies. Certainly year of opera tion. We found in a survey of cation Act for five years, but also that it the presence in summer school of large num­ 1966 programs that only 11 states could re­ increase substantially the funding thereof. bers of Negro youths helps to defuse difficult port any use whatsoever of Title I funds for At present, federal funding under Title I is summer confrontations. These young stu­ migrant children. And even in most of these not adequate to meet the needs Of all chil­ dents, disillusioned, alienated, frustrated, 11 instances, aid was not of any substantial dren for whom the legislation was designed. comprise the social dynamite which has been or special form. This is a sharp contrast to The present programs serve approximately so well described by Dr. Conant. This sum­ the 44 states who participated in the Mi­ one-half of the disadvantaged children in mer school program was eliminated because grant Amendment program in 1967 and 1968. Boston. of the cuts in the Title I allotments during This would seem to indicate very strongly the past year. It needs to be restored. We that states had little interest in educating Superintendent Donovan, of New York also had to eliminate a fine program known migrant children until earmarked funds City, spoke of title I as follows: as the Remediation Center, the Curriculum were made possible for that purpose alone. On Title I , I might tell you that this Title Centers and in-service training for teachers in our city has served a particularly impor­ because of the cuts made in fiscal year 1969. Mr. Speaker, do local school officials tant purpose. I hope that Title I continues support a 5-year extension of ESEA? to be funded fully in the future and I hope In Trenton, N.J., the problem was simi­ The answer to this is a resounding that Title I remains categorized because I do lar. Mr. David Tankel, director, ESEA "Yes." believe that only through that way can we title I, Trenton public schools, said: The deputy superintendent of schools devote it to this p articular purpose. For example, in the next school year we for Los Angeles, Graham Sullivan, said: He added: must release one-half of our teacher a.ides First, may I say to you that we support because of a smaller 1969-70 allocation. I re­ I think unless you continue to fund this peat, it is unrealistic to expect local boards fully the extension of ESEA for a period of and fund it with even greater funds than of education to pick up the programs that five years. you have up to now, the big cities of this Without question, ESEA as well conceived, are dropped. They just do not have the country-and my city in particular-are go­ wherewithal to consider this step. was carefully planned, provided broad cover­ ing to be in a terrible situation in their pub­ age through its various titles. Its authoriza­ lic schools. Our city and our State are find­ Mr. Speaker, I should like to clarify tion is flexible enough to permit states and ing difficulty in funding, the city because of one very important point-the testi­ local districts to use funds provided by the constitutional limitations and the State for mony before the committee is not with­ legislation to attack most of the major prob­ other reasons in its funding. This has come out a sense of priority. All of us realize lems. I think one of the interesting things to us as a particular help in the most criti­ about ESEA and the real important things cal area. we have, which is the growing num­ that much has to be done-and that at about ESEA is the fact that the various ber of disadvantaged children in the cities. this point in time, there are limited re­ titles each make their own contribution to I would like it to continue to be categorical sources. Local officials appearing before programs that will improve and strengthen aid until such time in the future as perhaps the committee are very well aware of education, and yet there ls a linkage from the Federal Government can so fund educa­ this. Let me share with you some of one program to another. tion that we wouldn't have to worry about their notions of priority. categories. I don't see that time right now. Superintendent Shedd, of Philadel­ I want it devoted to the critical areas of our Deputy Superintendent Sullivan, of phia, added: city where it is going now. If you cut it off, Los Angeles, said: My message is really quite simple. To fall sir-and I do not mean you but if this Con­ As far as I am concerned, our most criti­ to extend H.R. 514 at this time will be gress should cut this off, I really don't know cal task right now is strengthening the edu­ calamitous. To fail to provide a substantially where we would turn. cation program in the disadvantaged areas increased level of funding soon will be un­ before a nything else. fortunate. ESEA funds have become an Mr. John Wagner, South Bend Com­ essential part of our program in the school munity School Corp., South Bend, Ind., He was asked: district of Philadelphia, and for two basic said: Is that your No. 1 priority? reasons. I think it is very important that the Title The first lies simply in the nature of the I program be expanded because at least in He responded: programs we h ave been able to mount and our own situ ation the results that have been That is my No. 1 priorit y? will be able to continu e only wit h Federal obtained with the limited funds indicate a funds. They are essent ial programs. much greater potential if adequate moneys Our panel of school board members The second is that ESEA fu nds constitute were provided , because we have been limited indicated that indeed full funding of title for us, and I believe for most of the big cities, by some of the reductions and the increase I has the highest priority. the crit ical increment-the change dollars in costs .are forcing us to cut the programs. Mr. Hazen Schumacher, board mem­ necessary to overcome institutional inertia We have had to drop several people from the ber and past president, board of educa­ and produce institutional change. staff that we would like to continue. As these I believe we are at a critical juncture in people are dropped the program cannot help tion, Ann Arbor public schools, said: Federal involvement in the funding of pub­ but become less effective. I think it is a I think all of us have stated in one way lic education precisely because we are at a worthwhile program and should be financed or another that we feel this is probably the point where t he clear gains realized through to the maximum. highest priority; yes, sir. That is the way I ESEA will either be consolidated and ex­ feel. panded, or they will wither away. It is the Mr. Speaker, I am sure that there is simple facts of life that the extension not one Member of this body who is not Mrs. Nielson, of West Bend said: February 24, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE I would agree that the highest priority not in lieu of, existing programs-and Dr. Bernard Donovan, of New York would be to fully fund Title I. only after these are fully funded. City, adds: Mr. R. Winfield Smith, president, Na­ Mr. Tanke!, of Trenton, said: What I am concerned about is that when tional School Boards Association, and If we begin cutting out Title I programs, we get block grants that go into general director, upper Perkiomen board of we have people back home in the rural areas, funding, that general funding then becomes school directors, added: in the cities, who are going to be disappointed approachable by all. For example, in my once again. We are just going to be building city I wouldn't want that fund to disappear Surely we all agree with that. up a constant series of frustration with all in collective bargaining instead of going to Dr. Kottmeyer of St. Louis was asked: of the inevitable problems that follow these disadvantaged pupils-and it very well frustrations. You are absolutely right. could. If Congress would fully fund the author­ ization for Title I, so that you could obtain Mr. William Raymond, director, ESEA As Dr. Donovan's response indicates your full entitlement of $8 million, are you title II, Tempe Elementary School Dis­ there is again confusion about the presently in a position to wisely expend $8 trict, Tempe, Ariz., added: meaning of the proposed "block grant" million? I agree exactly. As I stated before, I think approach to providing aid to elementary Dr. Kottmeyer responded: you create a lot of dissatisfaction, frustration and seconaary education. Sir, as we are spending 70 percent of that and psychological damage in a community Mr. Speaker, as I am sure my col­ money at the point that I indicated to you where you have initiated programs and then leagues expected there has been consid­ before, we would simply continue to expand you cut back. Parents see their children erable discussion about the so-called this program again and again and again, and in these programs and they see progress being made, and then when they are stopped they block grant approach in the initial days I think would be the wisest way and would of our hearings. Yes, there has been not be a salutary lift to the school program in wonder why. So I wholeheartedly agree I feel, our city. that general aid should be on top of these only considerable discussion about but programs. also considerable opposition to such an He was asked: The following statement made by Dr. approach. Would you place the priority on programs Joseph Manch, of Buffalo, N.Y., is a fur­ The following will illustrate my point: for disadvantaged youngsters before we go ther illustration of this point of view: Mr. William Raymond, Tempe Ele­ to general aid? mentary School District, Tempe, Ariz.: The first point refers to the issue of general Dr. Kottmeyer answered: "Yes." aid versus categorical aid, and I notice there Regarding block funding, I at this point He was asked "Why?" some members of the committee very in time believe I would be opposed to it. And he responded: much interested in that. While public edu­ cation continues to be fundamentally a local Dr. Graham Sullivan, deputy super­ Because we all at least give lip service to intendent of instruction, Los Angeles equality of educational opportunity and problem, it is a national concern. It is in the equality of educational opportunity obvi­ national interest that we do at least two City Schools: ously does not exist. things: upgrade the whole level of education Well, as I indicated in my prepared testi­ I think we should strive to do that and and at the same time, narrow the wide range mony, we have great concern about a block achieve that first. of educational opportunity which now exists grant approach that does not provide and in the schools of this nation. But in attempt­ assure adequate funds going to the big cities. In our discussion of priorities I should ing to work in behalf of this nation's general I would say, as far as we are concerned in Los mention that quite clearly the testimony interest, we must allocate our financial re­ Angeles now, we certainly would prefer it as during the first 9 days of hearings places sources in the most emcient, effective man­ it is rather than moving in the other direc­ a higher priority on extension and full ner possible. Categorical aid, as reflected in tion. funding of ESEA than on general aid Title I projects, meets this test. The point is-as I said to the Senate coun­ Mr. David Tanke!, Trenton Public to education. Asked whether they were terpart of this committee 18 months ago--if Schools: advocating general Federal aid to edu­ we have limited Federal funds available for I believe I understand the point, Mr. cation before full funding of title I the equalizing educational opportunity, the Chairman, I personally, and I am not speak­ members of our school board panel greatest attention should be paid to the most ing for ?ll""EA, would be against block funding. responded: glaring deficiency-the problem of educa­ If I dare in these august halls to mention Mr. SMITH. I think what we are looking tional deprivation which works to disequalize the word, I am afraid we would be opening for is that on top of Title I. educational opportunity, particularly in the up a keg of worms in the political situation Mrs. NIELSEN. I would agree. large cities. This is where we must develop a what would be very, very hard to control. Mrs. SPICER. Me, too. sharper focus. I think that vested interests within the Mr. WAGNER. I concur. states would very often tend to push the Mr. SCHUMACHER. Yes, I agree. In a series of responses Dr. Edward money to needs that they see rather than to Palmson, of Seattle, made the following using them in the manner that they are not In a similar vein Dr. John Lumley, observations: being used. I would be opposed to block grants. executive secretary, NEA Legislative The only other objection I would have is Commission, and NEA assistant execu­ that militant teacher groups would try to Dr. Mark Shedd, of Philadelphia, com­ tive secretary for legislation and Fed­ negotiate grants for higher salaries. mented: eral relations, said: • At the time when you get the categorical As you know, our position is that general If you gave us a grant of $100 per child, for aid program funded at full level of author­ federal aid is needed in this country, but example, for a school year, the teachers ization and beyond, if it were up to me, then it is needed on top of these programs. would want the whole hundred dollars. With I would be willing to take a look at block Mrs. Carnochan of the NEA, com­ the negotiation law that we have in the grants, but under the present circumstances, State of Washington, if we didn't grant them I think it would be a calamity to go to the mented: the increase that they asked for, they would block grant concept. Mr. Chairman, the Commission has tossed impose sanction or go on strike. this around many, many times at the leg­ Dr. Ohrenberger, of Boston, added: islative commission, and we concur that • • • I prefer the present program, Mr. Chair­ these programs must be continued because We would spend in on basic programs, buy­ man. I perhaps could illustrate that by indi­ we are not just talking about the tangible ing books and planning curricula and things cating that if a block grant approach were things, we are talking about the many we need. made to my particular state, I am afraid tntangible things which are going through • • that the real problem of the urban commu­ the mind of these youngsters and devel­ This is just manna from heaven, if it is nity is not felt statewide. oping, and if this were dropped now it would categorized that they cannot get their hands Under categorical aid specific amounts are be just one disaster on top of another dis­ on it. allocated to me to perform functions and aster. The small challenge of the greater programs that I have dreamed of for many challenge which these youngsters have had • • • years in the area of the disadvantaged, which would disappear and they would be disap­ The big advantage of the Title I funds is is Title I. We have inaugurated a program pointed once more. We cannot afford this as that we can use them for food, hungry chil­ on our own in one district. There were still a nation and the Commission does concur dren, or their health needs, use for some 12 districts without this service. This is what wholeheartedly that we need this and then, of the bare educational factors. This is the categorical aid did for us. on top of it, general aid to education. point I am making. The money can be used If this were a block-grant type, I am afraid for disadvantaged poverty-stricken children. that perhaps other priorities would have gob­ Other associates on the NEA panel True, we have to have teachers to teach bled these funds up, particularly with refer­ agreed with the statement that general these children, but at least we can funnel ence to teachers' salaries. I favor the cate­ aid is needed but must come on top of, some of the funds into these other areas. gorical aid and I would also hesitate or I 4184 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 24, 1969 would be inaccurate by say if block grant tended for block grants, I could make a A FARM LEADER SPEAKS OUT came to us I would take it over and above. better answer. AGAINST HIGH INTEREST RATES • • Frequently, when I raise questions I find In other words, we have to attach priori­ that there are certain limitations or direc­

mourners-his porta·ble radio, his clothes, churches, a hospital, two gas stations, a gro­ THE HISTORIC FUTURE her handmade quilts. Funeral sharing is less cery store and a lunch counter cafeteria. For William Good Voice Elk, whose name civilized than Probate Court; still, it persists the rest of life's necessities or luxuries, the evokes beauty and harmony to the Sioux, among the very poor. people drive off the reservation (even for stood amid his squalor and six children and "The Indian is not one bit like the white their alcohol, since the tribe enforces tried to talk about the future. Ask him a.bout man, who thinks about nothing but his prohibition). tomorrow, and he begins by discussing to­ money," a high school senior said in a class­ Aside from the modest welfare checks and day and yesterday. room essay. "The whites also never help any­ all of the social services it provides, the Gov­ "We wanted to get one of those new body. They must always get paid for it." ernment is the only stable employer. Unem­ houses," he offered, pointing to Army-sur­ But the essayist conceded that things are ployment runs close to 40 per cent on the plus homes across the road. "We filled out changing: "They will keep changing for the reservation. Of the Indians who do receive an application." His family lives in a small Sioux until they live like white people. When paychecks, more than half work for the Gov­ tent heated by a wood stove, and has been that happens, this reservation will be a liv­ ernment--as school bus drivers or account­ living there for five years. ing hell." ants, policemen or highway crewmen, as "We were going to get a pump so we A PRICE TAG ON SHARING bureaucrats for the tribe's elected council or wouldn't haul water," his wife Rose put in. The money economy has already obliter­ as subjects of an antipoverty program. "I asked the Public Health for a pump, ated the basis of the old values and the Inevitably, the better educated, the mixed but I never did get it." cultural fabric is torn beyond repair. An breeds who look and act more like white A basket filled with rotting garbage stood Oglala family is still likely to take in a men, get most of the jobs, which sows re­ outside the tent. A small boy with a runny brother's or sister's family that is homeless, sentment. "If anything comes along," said nose and puffy face, with a ring of dirt on further crowding the cabin. But a son-in­ an old full blood, "the ieska (mixed breeds) his belly just above the trousers, stood by law with a car may charge Grandma $5 to get it first. Whatever it is, the housing or his father. drive her into town so she can consult the the cattle loans, it will reach the Indian last." Mrs. Good Voice Elk complained about the free Government clinic. EVEN FISHHOOKS FAil. welfare checks. They work summers on the When a missionary introduced the simple For one reason or another, the long suc­ farms in Nebraska and every year their lease institution of a rummage sale, his parishion­ cession of attempts to make the Indians into check is $375, but mainly they are living by ers were unsettled. "They were happy to self-sufficient white men have failed. So the the hands of others. donate their old clothes to the church," he Sioux are developing a peculiar reservation The father and mother are 36 years old but recalled, "but they were shocked when we culture. their faces seem past 50, an age which the percentages say they will never reach. "I put them up for sale." In time, they ac­ Cattle ranching has increased over the last cepted it. decade, but it has a limited future because went down to the Pine Ridge last month to When telephone service was extended to of the huge amount of land required. The see about a job," he said. "There's no jobs the more amuent Indian families, many of Bureau tried relocating the people in cities, around here at all." them found it necessary to get unlisted num­ but many of them came back. The outlook Good Voice Elk looked off down the road, bers. Other, less fortunate Indians were for economic development is not especially then glanced over at the visitor. For an in­ using their numbers to make long-distance promising. stant, when their eyes met, a flicker of em­ calls. Sharing has its limitations in the barrassment crossed his face. He had not A fishhook factory opened at Pine Ridge in answered the question. modern scheme. 1961 and employed 200 to 300 Indians. The The landscape of Pine Ridge, raw but THE PERISHABLE YOUNG beautiful, is littered with evidence of the wages were low and the jobs had no future, cultural conflict. Trails of cow dung and but the workers, it is said, were adjusting to "These Indians,'' said Hobart Keith, an beer cans line the main-traveled roads across a time clock-and-paycheck mentality. Last Indian, too, "better learn to swim or they're the prairies. Along the canyon creeks, where summer, the fishhook factory closed. Its going to drown." cottonwoods have grown twisted by the wind, managers explained that competition from As tribal judge, Keith presides over the the tiny shacks and log cabins are surrounded imported fishhooks made the reservation weekly procession of drunks, disorderly con­ by junked cars, an incredible number of production impractical. ducts, petty larcenies and truants who con­ junked cars. Over the years, the failures and frustra­ stitute Pine Ridge's juvenile crime problem. Each fall, most families receive their lease tions, the shifts of Government policy have In line with the other constrictions of checks, usually several hundred dollars, created such divisions among the people that reservation life, the kids face arrest for vio­ money collected and distributed by the Bu­ it ls hard to get them to agree among them­ lating a 10 p.m. curfew on weekends. To get reau of Indian Affairs, which leases the In­ selves on solutions. A promising proposal for drunk, they drive over the line to Nebraska dian-owned lands for cattle grazing and an Indian-controlled demonstration school saloons, and occasionally the ride back ends farming. During this brief false prosperity, ran afoul of tribal politics and was defeated in death. Many of the younger ones get high the used car lots in the surrounding white in a referendum. at home sniffing glue or gasoline. towns do a rush business: if a family lives Full bloods resent blond, blue-eyed In­ "It seems like we bury more of our young in an isolated cove, owning a car can be a dians who are making it as cattle ranchers people than the ;)ld ones who are through matter of survival. As the cars break down, on Indian land leased at preferential rates. with life," a parish priest observed. parts are swapped or tires are sold. The hulks The mixed breeds say that the "old Indians" The young people of Pine Ridge are the accumulate. would rather perish than face realities. They most perplexing because they seem so prom­ all resent the Bureau and its red tape, yet ising. Clothes-conscious and pretty, the girls TENTS STil.L PERSIST live with the fear that the Government will wear miniskirts and bell-bottom slacks and With the introduction of trailers and the someday walk away and leave mass suffering green eye shadow. The boys carry transistor construction of several public housing proj­ in the vacuum. radios tuned to KMOA, the rock voice of the ects, reservation housing has improved con­ These pressures seem to be cracking the middle border. siderably in recent years. But a third of the tribe's strongest institution-the family. All "Everything should be geared to the chil­ Indian families still live in log cabins and of the statistics on divorce, separations, un­ dren," said Toby Eagle Bull, the tribal leader. a few still live in tents. Because their homes wed mothers suggest that the family is los­ "We can't do that much for the older group; are so small, the ya.rd is used as an attic. ing some of its durability. Foster children, we can't stay on the reservation forever. We When the spring snows are done, families once unheard of among the Indians, are be­ have to educate these kids so they can get move outdoors to tents and makeshift beds coming commonplace. along with the whites." in the abandoned cars. Against this history, the Oglala Sioux do Most whites would buy that, probably. Es­ Some prefab buildings are scattered across not talk about dramatic breakthroughs. A sentially, that has been the policy of the the reservation, left over from an Army ord­ few young men who have been away to col­ Government from the start. Assimilate. Let nance depot which closed. They are warmer lege are trying to organize business co-ops, them jump into the melting pot with every­ than a tent, bigger than a log cabin, but but their ideas are still vague and untested. one else. some families regard them as mixed favors. They already face opposition within the Somehow, something goes terribly wrong. In a blizzard, the people cannot find the tribe. Six out of every ten Pine Ridge high school bottled gas to run the stove or the money kids quit school without graduating. Many to pay an electric bill by searching the As one missionary suggested, most of the Sioux have tried to invoke their ancient never start. Suicide attempts-including a creek bottom, where they once found wood. lot of young people--are twice as high as Survival now depends almost exclusively adaptability to conform with the welfare colonialism. "They see these programs com­ the national rate. Juvenile crime is nine on the Government. The 10,000 Indians are times greater than in other rural areas. Alco­ scattered over acreage twice the size of Dela­ ing from Washington, and they've seen so ware, but the economic center is Pine Ridge, many of them," he said, "they view them in holism starts early. a community of nearly 3000 with the Spartan terms of survival. A Public Health Service study of mental appearance of a temporary Army post. "We had a committee to decide who would patients at Pine Ridge reported that "55 per The BIA, the police, the municipal center get jobs in one of the poverty programs. The cent of the dreams and early memories dealt are in brick buildings. There is a row of whites on the committee would look at an with problems around dependence-independ­ identical white houses where the Govern­ applicant's work record and experience. The ence, that 40 per cent dealt with the prob­ ment officials live. The rest consists of flot­ Indians were looking at who had the most lems of aggression . . Of the dreams and sam housing surrounding several schools and children." early memories related to aggression, 68 per 4200 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE Februa1·y 24, 1969 cent dealt with themes of being hurt, either change Commission, and I understand DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE by others or by oneself." that a thoroughgoing SEC investigation TAKES FIRM STAND AGAINST THE BREAKING POINT has been requested. EEC'S PROPOSED INTERNAL TAX Studies of school performance suggest the However, it occurs to me that the ICC ON SOYBEAN OIL AND MEAL personal agony. The Indian kids start out also should look into this situation, which (Mr. MIZE asked and was given per­ below average on the national tests, then promises to be repeated if the Carter mission to extend his remarks at this they seem to catch on and actually score Group should be successful in their Rio above average for several years. At adoles­ point in the RECORD and to include a let­ Grande venture. The railroad industry, ter from the Deputy Under Secretary of cence, their performance falls apart--at the after all, is one of the most heavily point when they grasp what it means to be Agriculture.) an Indian in a world made for white men. regulated in the Nation, and surely the Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, every Member A group of teen-agers kicking it around Commission would look with alarm at the of Congress is a ware of the crucial im­ found different words. At an age when most demise of an expert management by a portance of a favorable balance of trade. kids feel like conquering the world, they group which-to quote the prospectus That fragile balance, smaller this past talked of the future realistically, without again-is trying to pro.fit by "the crea­ year than anticipated, is truly one major inspiration. tive interplay of the acquisition tech­ foundation upon which our currency "They're just fed up and trying to get nology." out," said Louis Moves Camp, a 16-year-old must depend for support. full blood. "The reason a lot of teen-agers In the past few weeks, many knowl­ drink ls because the parents drink. A lot of DRAMATIC INCREASE IN THE PRICE edgeable Americans have become in­ kids want to go, but they don't want to OF LUMBER creasingly concerned over reports from leave their families. the European Economic Community in­ "I've been in big cities," said Iris Between (Mr. MARTIN asked and was given Lodge, "and I felt like I was that low-like permission to address the House for 1 dicating that those nations are seriously I was dirt because I was an Indian." minute, to revise and extend his remarks, considering imposition of an "internal Yet she and her friends want to go, too. and to include extraneous matter.) tax" on oilseed products. The proposed "We want to be with our people, said Mr. MARTIN. Mr. Speaker, I would tax is so high that it would, if imposed, Louis, "but if there's no jobs, what's the like to call your attention to the dramatic effectively deny U.S. access to an annual use?" market of nearly $500 million in oilseed That ls the push-pull which the sociolo­ increase which has occurred in the last 15 to 18 months in the price of lumber products. Its impact on American agri­ gists think is tearing them apart. They have culture would be serious; its impact on one eye on the outside world, which means and plywood in our country. As a retail opportunity and fears; the other eye on the lumber merchant, I am thoroughly fa­ the U.S. balance of trade would be cata­ reservation, which means security and hope­ miliar with this situation. strophic. lessness. I would like to call your attention, Mr. Mr. Speaker, because of the wide­ Gerald One Feather, a 30-year-old college Speaker, to statistics put out by the spread interest Members have shown in graduate who returned to Pine Ridge in the Bureau of Labor showing that between this delicate trade problem, I insert a hope that he could aid !.ts development, de­ December 1967, and December 1968, the recent letter I received from the Honor­ scribed the dilemma: able George V. Hansen, Deputy Under "The people have been trying, but you average mill price of softwood lumber reach a point where you give up. You don't rose 30 percent, and the price of plywood Secretary of the Department of Agricul­ have the power to do anything. The kids are rose 77 percent. ture, in the RECORD at this point. I am forced to make a decision--either be an In­ Since December of 1968, however, we pleased that the administration has dian or be an American. The kids say, 'Well, have had further dramatic increases in chosen to take a firm stand on this issue. I'll try to be an American'." the price of both softwood lumber and DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Some of them make it. But many drown, plywood, both items of which are funda­ Washington, D.C., February 20, 1969. the modern casualties of the Indian wars. mental and basic the construction of Hon. CHESTER L. MizE, Since Wounded Knee, the pacification has to House of Representatives. been going rather badly. new homes. DEAR MR. MIZE: This is with respect to the Dimension lumber which consists of concern which you have expressed over the 2 by 4; 2 by 6; 2 by 8; et cetera, in green European Community's proposal to place a DENVER & RIO GRANDE WESTERN fir sold late in 1967 at approximately $70 consumption tax on oilseeds and oilseed RAILROAD TAKEOVER per thousand. The price on January 16 products. was $112 per thousand; on February 12, As you may know, on December 19, 1968, (Mr. BROTZMAN asked and was giv­ $128 per thousand; and last week $140 the Commission of the European Community en permission to extend his remarks at per thousand. One-quarter-inch AD ply­ submitted to the Council of Ministers (the this point in the RECORD.) Community's Executive Body) its long wood-the price on this item indicates awaited policy program to reform the agri­ Mr. BROTZMAN. Mr. Speaker, the general prices on various grades of ply­ cutural sector, including specific provisions Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, wood-was approximately $60 per thou­ relating to fats and oils. The Commission which is domiciled in Colorado, recently sand late in 1967; by January 16, the proposes to introduce a tax of $60 per metric found itself involved in an apparent take­ price was $125 per thousand; and la.st ton on vegetable and marine oils and $30 over maneuver by an organization which week it was $144 per thousand. per ton on meals and to take the initiative describes itself as an "investment bank­ The lumber manufacturers on the west in launching negotiations for an interna­ ing-holding company." coast today do not seem to have any tional arrangement for fats and oils. Such This firm, the Carter Group, Inc., has measures ostensibly designed to stabilize the established price list, but it is simply edible fats and oils market, particularly but­ only been in existence since September handled on the basis of an auction with ter, are in fact designed to plug the hole in 1968. This is an unusual organization in the sale going to the highest bidder. the otherwise highly protective wall of their several respects. We had an instance which occurred Common Agricultural Policy through which For one thing, it was formed without in one of my retail yards 2 weeks ago oilseeds and high-protein meals enter duty a single member of its executive com­ where we had a quotation from a mill free without restriction. mittee having a substantial background on a carload of plywood that a contrac­ We consider this to be most important in railroad management-the individual tor needed. We quoted the contractor a trade problem that has arisen in agriculture resumes in the firm's prospectus bears between the United States and the European price, called the mill back on the tele­ Community because of the magnitude of our this out-and yet the first acquisition phone 2 hours after the quotation was trade in oilseeds and oilseed products­ which the Carter Group has its sights on received, were advised that they were nearly $500 million in 1967/68 and expand­ is the very successful Denver & Rio sorry but the price had gone up $8 per ing. Impairment of our access to the im­ Grande Western Railroad. thousand. portant European market would have a seri­ For another thing, I find it remarkable I urge, Mr. Speaker, that the Com­ ous impact on farm incomes and on the U.S. that two-thirds of the stock in this com­ mittee on Banking and Currency and balance of payments. In addition, it is an­ other example of the Community's policy of pany-which appears to be the principal also the Judiciary Committee investigate shifting most of the burden of supply ad­ trading commodity in the threatened this tremendous increase in the price of justment to third countries through inten­ tender offer-would be owned by a group lumber and building materials, which is sification of import restrictions and export of men who have put up only 8 to 9 per­ going to seriously hamper new construc­ aids. We have, therefore, taken an extremely cent of the tangible assets. tion and President Johnson's program of strong position in opposition to the tax. I believe this matter should be the con­ construction of thousands of lower-in­ The U.S. Government has continuously cern, primarily, of the Securities and Ex- come housing units in this country. and forcefully warned the European Commu- February 24, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 4201

nity that their proposed tax would sharply are being abused for partisan political in the field of law and the administration of reduce the Community's imports of oilseeds activity. law, has prepared a model law which would and oilseed products and would result in a Certainly, all of us would agree that chari­ govern the activity of tax-exempt organiza­ massive impairment of the present access table and humanitarian purposes rightly re­ tions. The Committee on Tax-Exempt Orga­ available to American exporters. We made it ceive support and encouragement from the nizations of the American Bar Association clear that we could not agree to any action Federal government in the form of special tax concluded that a distinction should be made or subscribe to any arrangement which would privileges. In equal degree, however, I am between supporting a political candidate and limit our export opportunities, or deny to us sure we would also agree that combatants a political issue as exemplified by proposed the benefit of concessions negotiated under in the political arena should all labor under legislation. GATT. We also made it clear that such ac­ the same set of rules and the same handicaps. The very purpose of many trade associa­ tion would leave us no choice but to retaliate From our mutual experiences in the realm tions is to promote legislation of interest promptly to restore the balance of conces­ of politics, I am sure we will all likewise to that trade association. The proposal of sions. You may have seen 1n newspaper agree that money is the mother's milk of the Subcommittee of the American Bar As­ stories the thought that our retaliation a political campaign. To the degree that one sociation did not prohibit such activities. might include such important exports as combatant in a political campaign receives In my own opinion, it ls a legitimate exer­ European automobiles, typewriters, office direct or indirect financial or material sup­ cise of the right of freedom of speech for a equipment, wines, and similar items that port to his campaign from a source enjoying group of lnvididuals, whether they be busi­ Americans buy from them in large amounts. a financial subsidy through special tax nessmen, la.borers, or churchgoers, to estab­ What we, in fact, are saying to the Euro­ privileges, to that degree the equality of lish an organization to present their views pean Community ls that the enactment of a rules between two political opponents is to legislative bodies and individual legis­ consumption tax on oilseed products could upset. lators for consideration. lead to the most serious trade policy con­ I noted with considerable amusement news The activity which ls prohibited in the frontation between the Community and the accounts of the appearance of Mr. McGeorge recommended code of the American Bar As­ United States with commercial and political Bundy, the Chairman of the Board of the sociation is direct intervention in a political implications extending beyond agriculture. Ford Foundation when he explained a dis­ campaign on behalf of or in opposition to a We will continue to make representations bursement of in excess of $131,000 to indi­ particular political candidate. to the Community through all available viduals who had been closely associated with I have incorporated in my proposed legis­ channels to keep unimpaired our access to the late Senator Kennedy in his campaign lation the language of the model law drawn Community markets for our oilseeds and oil­ for the presidency. It is my understanding by the· Committee on Tax Exempt Organiza­ seed products. that the purpose of the Ford Foundation is tions. This language would permit organiza­ Our latest information is that the Council to encourage research into fields which would tions to "lobby" on behalf of the causes and of Ministers is not likely to act on the pro­ otherwise go begging for research. I would purposes of the organization and permit or­ posal in its present form. Final action, if any, assume that any organization having this ganizations enjoying tax benefits to seek is not expected to be taken in the immediate purpose, before embarking upon a new ven­ public support for the causes which it future. ture involving considerable expenditure of espouses. Please let me know if I may be of further funds would first ask itself "What results The language of this proposed code, how­ assistance to you. are expected from this expenditure?" Indeed, ever, presents an absolute prohibition Sincerely, any business organization or government or­ against the use of funds by a tax exempt ganization which did not ground all of its GEORGE V. HANSEN, organization on behalf of a political party Deputy Under Secretary. activities upon this fundamental question or a political candidate. could not long survive. The penalty for violaitlon of the prohibi­ Mr. Bundy, however, is a man of great tion would be the loss of tax-exempt status imagination and is not limited to such sim­ (that is the deductability of donations or TAX REVISION AND TAX REFORM ple business or government fundamentals. gifts by supporters of the organization and It appears that his primary motive in mak­ the treatment of all revenues from any

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION tivi ties. The following table demonstrates 388,897 ,000 to individuals because of dis­ REPORT ON FEDERAL MEDICAL­ the substantial growth in Federal ap­ ability through programs in which it par­ HEALTH APPROPRIATIONS FOR propriations in the medical-health field: ticipa.tes. This makes a total of over $26 FISCAL 1969 Fiscal year: billion that the Federal Government 1953-54 ------$1,775,882,197 contributes to medical-health activities 1955-56 ------2,268,800,000 for the current fiscal year. HON. DURWARD G. HALL 1957-58 ------2,541,483,506 This objective report has been and is OF MISSOURI 1959-60 ------3,161,151,325 available for Members of Congress upon IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1961-62 ------4,437,746,072 1963-64 ------5,508,951,287 reques·t. It serves as a valuable reference Thursday, February 20, 1969 1965-66 ------6,581,372,121 tool in locating various Federal health Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, the Washing­ 1967-68 ------15,507,885,089 programs. ton office of the American Medical As­ 1969 ------16,771,182,095 Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con­ sociation has published annually since In addition to the $16,771,182,095 ap- sent, I insert "Federal Medical-Health 1952 a detailed report how Federal propriation in fiscal 1969, the Federal Appropriations" into the RECORD, as fol­ moneys are used for medical-health ac- Government will make payments of $9,- lows: